Psi Chi and Psi Beta's Contributions to the International Situations Project
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Slides from talk at the 2014 annual Association for Psychological Science conference in San Francisco.
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Psi Chi and Psi Beta's Contributions to the International Situations Project
- 1. { Psi Chi’s and Psi Beta’s Contributions to the International Situations Project Erica Baranski Esther Guillaume
- 2. Goals of Project Extension of the International Situations Project (ISP) Application of crowd-sourcing methods Custom-made website Psi Chi and Psi Beta collaboration: National Psychology Undergraduate Honors Societies Opportunity for undergraduate research involvement
- 3. Goals of Project Extension of the International Situations Project (ISP) Application of crowd-sourcing methods Custom-made website Psi Chi and Psi Beta collaboration: National Psychology Undergraduate Honors Societies Opportunity for undergraduate research involvement
- 4. The International Situations Project Collaboration with universities from 19 countries Exploratory study investigating the similarity of students’ experiences of situations “What were you doing yesterday at 7:00 pm?”
- 5. Materials Custom-built website www.internationalsituationsproject.com Demographic information Open-ended response Riverside Situational Q-sort (RSQ) RSQ: 89 items Ex: “Situation is playful” Ex: “A job needs to be done” Riverside Behavioral Q-sort (RBQ) RBQ: 68 items Ex: “Smiles frequently” Ex: “Expresses criticism”
- 6. Evaluating perceptions of situations and behavior using the RSQ and RBQ Figure 1. The Riverside Situational Q-sort (RSQ)
- 7. 1 Extremely Uncharacteristic 9 Extremely Characteristic 2 3 4 5 Neutral 6 7 8 RSQ #005: Someone is trying to convince… RSQ #004: Someone is trying to impress P. RSQ #003: A job needs to be done. RSQ #002: Situation is complex. Q-Sort RSQ #001: Situation is Potentially Enjoyable. RSQ #014 Situation is uncertain
- 8. Mean Profiles: The average participant RSQ or RBQ ratings for one country r is the similarity of placement of items across the 2 cultures being compared. Profile Correlations Slide credit: Elysia Todd DE: Mean Situation 6.23 5.12 5.82 4.97 5.22 5.72 6.21 5.94 5.53 5.40 … 6.14 4.96 5.66 5.26 5.35 5.59 5.94 5.21 5.25 5.46 … r RSQRSQRSQ RSQRSQRSQ US: Mean Situation
- 9. AU AT CA CN CZ DK EE DE IT JP NL PL RU SG SK KR ES UK US AU - 0.76 0.84 0.80 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.76 0.81 0.79 0.82 0.78 0.80 0.86 0.85 0.75 0.82 0.84 0.91 AT - 0.86 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.81 0.88 0.83 0.77 0.85 0.82 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.76 0.83 0.81 0.82 CA - 0.89 0.84 0.83 0.86 0.87 0.87 0.83 0.88 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.85 0.82 0.90 0.89 0.89 CN - 0.82 0.80 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.81 0.81 0.85 0.82 0.87 CZ - 0.84 0.88 0.86 0.86 0.78 0.82 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.87 0.79 0.83 0.83 0.84 DK - 0.84 0.87 0.83 0.80 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.81 .074 0.82 0.84 0.81 EE - 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.83 0.87 0.85 0.84 0.87 0.77 0.84 0.84 0.85 DE - 0.85 0.77 0.82 0.86 0.85 0.86 0.83 0.77 0.86 0.84 0.83 IT - 0.80 0.83 0.83 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.86 0.83 0.87 JP - 0.79 0.77 0.79 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.82 0.83 0.84 NL - 0.82 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.79 0.86 0.85 0.90 PL - 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.80 0.83 0.84 0.86 RU - 0.85 0.84 0.81 0.85 0.84 0.88 SG - 0.84 0.80 0.86 0.88 0.91 SK - 0.75 0.82 0.85 0.85 KR - 0.80 0.78 0.83 ES - 0.89 0.91 UK - 0.91 US - Intercorrelatons of RSQ profiles across 19 countries Note. Countries are as follows: Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Singapore, Slovakia, South Korea, Spain, UK, US. Averages computed using the r to z transformation. The most similar countries (with each other and overall) are highlighted in; green the least similar are highlighted in red. 0.74 0.94
- 10. The US at 7:00 pm
- 11. Location University N % Female Mean age (SD) % Born and raised in US Southern California Saddleback College 78 49% 21.82 (6.28) 77% Southern California Irvine Valley College 87 65% 22.05 (7.15) 84% Southern California San Diego Mesa College 98 62% 25.20 (7.95) 74% Texas North Lake College 88 64% 26.43 (8.71) 58% Texas South Texas College 40 73% 26.83 (9.46) 72% Pennsylvania Luzerne County Community College 76 72% 29.18 (10.88) 67% Pennsylvania Lehigh Carbon Community College 115 81% 24.71 (9.31) 87% Ohio Ashland University 78 55% 19.33 (2.95) 84% Colorado Community College of Denver 24 88% 30.67 (13.74 60% Puerto Rico University of Puerto Rico 23 73% 21.09 (1.23) ?? Washington Pacific Lutheran University 96 76% 23.50 (9.18) 96% New York Hunter College 173 79% 20.09 (4.49) 66% Wisconsin UW – Green Bay 69 78% 20.10 (5.32) 88% US Collaborators
- 13. AUO HC IVC LCCC NLC PBC PBLLC PLU SC SDMC STC UPR UWGB AUO 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.88 0.84 0.94 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.81 0.93 HC 0.91 0.91 0.87 0.86 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.90 0.84 0.86 0.96 IVC 0.94 0.92 0.84 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.91 0.87 0.93 LCCC 0.93 0.85 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.92 0.90 0.85 0.91 NLC 0.81 0.91 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.82 0.90 PBC 0.82 0.85 0.80 0.84 0.79 0.84 0.85 PBLLC 0.90 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.81 0.93 PLU 0.90 0.93 0.84 0.92 0.90 SC 0.95 0.88 0.85 0.91 SDMC 0.88 0.89 0.94 STC 0.77 0.87 UPR 0.87 UWGB Intercorrelatons of situational profiles across US samples Note: Colleges are abbreviated: Ashland University, Ohio; Hunter College, New York; Irvine Valley College, California; Lehigh Carbon Community College, Pennsylvania; North Lake College, Texas; Community College of Denver, Colorado; Luzerne County Community College, Pennsylvania; Pacific Lutheran University, Washington; Saddleback College, California; San Diego M College, California; South Texas College, Texas; University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico; The University of Wisconsin, Green Bay. The most similar countries (with each other and overall) are highlighted in; green the least similar are highlighted in red. Average RSQ intercorrelation across 10 US sites: r = .88 Lowest: r = .77 Puerto Rican students and Texan students Highest: r = .96 Southern California students and southern California students 0.77 0.96
- 14. AUO HC IVC LCCC NLC PBC PBLLC PLU SC SDMC STC UPR UWGB AUO 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.86 0.94 0.92 0.96 0.95 0.87 0.80 0.95 HC 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.89 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.86 0.87 0.94 IVC 0.96 0.92 0.89 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.94 0.86 0.86 0.94 LCCC 0.95 0.91 0.98 0.96 0.93 0.95 0.92 0.82 0.95 NLC 0.87 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.93 0.92 0.81 0.92 PBC 0.91 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.86 0.80 0.91 PBLLC 0.95 0.93 0.96 0.91 0.82 0.96 PLU 0.92 0.95 0.86 0.87 0.94 SC 0.96 0.89 0.81 0.95 SDMC 0.90 0.85 0.96 STC 0.77 0.89 UPR 0.82 UWGB Intercorrelatons of behavioral profiles across US samples Average RBQ intercorrelation across 10 US sites: r = .90 Lowest: r = .77 Puerto Rican students and Texan students Highest: r = .98 Pennsylvania students and Pennsylvania students 0.77 0.98 Note: Colleges are abbreviated: Ashland University, Ohio; Hunter College, New York; Irvine Valley College, California; Lehigh Carbon Community College, Pennsylvania; North Lake College, Texas; Community College of Denver, Colorado; Luzerne County Community College, Pennsylvania; Pacific Lutheran University, Washington; Saddleback College, California; San Diego M College, California; South Texas College, Texas; University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico; The University of Wisconsin, Green Bay. The most similar countries (with each other and overall) are highlighted in; green the least similar are highlighted in red.
- 15. Pennsylvania “I was in Zumba class at the gym with my mom.” “I was eating dinner with my mom in my kitchen.” “I was watching the television show Monk with my boyfriend at my house in the living room.”
- 16. Pennsylvania Situations (RSQ) Average rating “Situation is basically simple and clear-cut.” 6.96 “Social interaction is possible.” 6.73 “Success requires cooperation.” 6.24 Behaviors (RBQ) Average rating “Seems to enjoy the situation.” 6.75 “Is expressive in face, voice or gestures.” 6.44 “Behaves in a cheerful manner.” 6.36 Most characteristic items across PA
- 17. California “I was at home studying for my astronomy exam.” “I was eating gumbo at Disneyland's New Orleans Square with my boyfriend.” “I was at home with my mom and my sister. I was just sitting on my mom's bedroom floor flipping through tv channels looking for something good that was coming on.”
- 18. Situations (RSQ) Average rating “Social interaction is possible.” 6.67 “Situation is basically simple and clear-cut.” 6.46 “Success requires cooperation.” 6.28 Behaviors (RBQ) Average rating “Seems to enjoy the situation.” 6.74 “Behaves in a cheerful manner.” 6.39 “Concentrates on or works hard at a task.” 6.33 Most characteristic items across CA California
- 19. Goals of the project Extension of the International Situations Project (ISP) Application of crowd-sourcing methods Custom-made website Psi Chi and Psi Beta collaboration: National Psychology Undergraduate Honors Societies Opportunity for undergraduate research involvement
- 20. Situation Behavior Situations associated with behavior * In collaboration with Samantha Henderson at Pacific Lutheran University
- 21. Behavior RBQ Situations associated with behavior * In collaboration with Samantha Henderson at Pacific Lutheran University
- 22. Behavior RSQ Behavioral Taxonomy Inter-personal Circumplex Model (ICM) RBQ Situations associated with behavior * In collaboration with Samantha Henderson at Pacific Lutheran University
- 23. Communion + Assured/ Dominant Gregarious/ Extraverted Arrogant/ Calculating Cold Hearted Aloof/ Introverted Unassured/ Submissive Unassuming/ Ingenuous Agency+ Warm/ Agreeable ICM behavioral taxonomy * In collaboration with Samantha Henderson at Pacific Lutheran University RBQ018: “Talks at rather than with partner” RBQ028: “Exhibits condescending behavior”
- 24. Duty Intellect Adversity Mating Negativity Deception Sociality • -.16*** Assured--Dominate • -.14*** Aloof--Introverted • .17*** Unassuming-- Ingenuous • .13*** Warm--Agreeable • .16*** Aloof--Introverted • .19*** Cold hearted • .15*** Arrogant--Calculating • .28*** Gregarious--Extroverted Situations ICM BehaviorsBeta Situations associated with behavior pOsitivity * In collaboration with Samantha Henderson at Pacific Lutheran University
- 25. Conclusion College students are experiencing similar situations across the US College students are behaving similarly in those situations across the US Situations and behaviors are more similar within states than across states Situations are strongly associated with behaviors: DIAMONDS situations ICM behaviors
- 26. Conclusion Crowd-sourcing methodology is a successful way to give opportunities to undergraduate students the opportunity to participate in research Unique collaboration experience with Psi Chi and Psi Beta chapters Collaborations prove to be fruitful for the advancement of research
- 27. Future Directions A call for collaborators! Extension of the International Personality Project How to get involved: Email: erica.baranski@mail.ucr.edu Visit: rap.ucr.edu for more information about this and other on-going projects
- 28. 1. Jerry Rudmann, Irvine Valley College, California, US 2. Jon Grahe, Pacific Lutheran University, Washington, US 3. Liza Veliz, South Texas College, Texas, US 4. Rebecca Escoto, North Lake College, Texas, US 5. Laura Milan, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico 6. Betsy Swope, Lehigh Carbon Community College, Pennsylvania, US 7. Neda Mosafaei, Saddleback College, California, US 8. Morgan Phillips, Ashland University, Ohio, US 9. Diana Joy, Community College of Denver, Colorado, US 10. Lynn Grilli, Luzerne County Community College, Pennsylvania, US 11. Laura Milan Melo, Hunter College, New York, New York, US 12. Vanessa Romero, San Diego Mesa College, san Diego, California, US 13. Cynthia Sanchez, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, Wisconsin, US Thank you to our collaborators!
Editor's Notes
- With this talk I intend to provide an review of Psi Chi and Psi Beta’s contribution to the International Situations Project while suggesting ways in which we can continue collaboration with these chapters in promotion of crowd-sourcing science.
- So with this talk I want to highlight two salient goals of our collaboration with Psi Chi and Psi Beta. The first benefit of the project is the opportunity for our lab to extend our large scale International Situations Project The second is the application of crowd-sourcing methodology in which various institutions from across the US assist in the project’s data collection and its subsequent data analyses. It’s important to note that crowd-sourcing for this project would not be possible without widespread access to our custom made website, of which I will highlight in a little bit more detail later in the talk. Finally, this project is unique in that the collaborators are Psi Chi and Psi Beta chapters. For those of you who don’t know, PSI Chi and PSI Beta are undergraduate psychology honor organizations. Psi Chi and especially Psi Beta, are great organizations that, through projects like ours, give undergraduate students the opportunity to contribute to research when they would not have the opportunity to otherwise. ----- Meeting Notes (5/20/14 10:06) ----- picture psi chi and psi beta picture --untilzation of this crowd-sourcing methods use of plu collaboration --psi chi banner pic --what exactly is participants doing
- All that being said, I’m going to first focus on the extension of the International Situations Project
- With this project we sought to understand the similarities of how individuals perceive their situation and their behaviors in these situations cross-culturally And so we asked 5,363 participants, recruited by research collaborators from 19 different countries, what they were doing at 7 pm the night before.
- To do that we directed the participants, to our aforementioned custom made website. After choosing their appropriate flag, they were asked to describe their situation and then, using The Riverside Situational Q-sort and Riverside Behavioral q-sort, to rate the degree to which 89 situational attributes and 68 behavioral attributes characterized their situation.
- The RSQ and RBQ are essentially a forced choice measure of which participants are asked to sort, or rank order, each item in to one of 9 categories ranging from extremely uncharacteristic to extremely characteristic.
- Here’s a visual to get a better idea of how Q-sort methodology works. As you can see this type of measurement resembles a bell shaped distribution where most of the items fall in the neutral category while fewer fall in to the more extreme categories.
- With these data we typically do profile-level analyses; looking at the average participant rating for each item to get one RSQ profile’ for each site. In other words, we can take all of the participants from one country, average their RSQ ratings together, to get one “country profile” to get at how all participants on average for say, Germany for example, are experiencing a particular situation, 7 pm. And we can do this for both the RSQ and the RBQ. We can then correlate each “country profile” with one another to get an idea of how similar on average university students in Germany are experiencing this situation to university students in say Australia
- Intercorrelation matrix where we can compare each country with one another And from these data we can determine that the least similar counties are… And the most similar countries are… With the ISP data, we were able to understand how similar, or dissimilar, countries around the world are experiencing the same situation, 7:00 pm. However, there is clear within country variation in this respect that we weren’t able to tap in to with these data.
- Collaboration with Psi Chi and Psi Beta provided a great opportunity to extend the ISP and understand the how different regions, or states, within a country are experiencing this same situation, especially in a country as diverse as the United States.
- After pitching the extension of the project to Psi Chi and Psi Beta chapters across the US, 13 agreed to be a part of our study.
- And they turned out to be pretty well spread out across the US. And after collecting the data via our project’s website and analyzing the data the same way we did with the international sample…
- we were able to get an intercorrelation matrix comparing each site around the country with each other. Now there are a lot of numbers up here but the thing to take away from this matrix is that all the intercorrelations are really high. In fact, the lowest r is a .77 between Texas and Puerto Rico. Also, interesting to point out the highest r is between San Diego Mesa College and Irvine Valley College – both located in Sothern California. ----- Meeting Notes (5/20/14 10:06) ----- keep RBQ vs RSQ and country vs state
- A similar story is seen when we look at how participants rated their behavior on average. Overall there is a lot of similarity for behaviors across the 13 sites. Indeed the lowest r is again .77 between Texas and Puerto Rico student. Like the RSQ scores in California, the highest RBQ r is between two Universities located in Pennsylvania. So from these analyses we can conclude that…
- But what exactly what are people doing at 7 pm across the US? Here’s an idea of some of the participant’s responses in PA. ----- Meeting Notes (5/20/14 10:06) ----- add comments on responses
- When looking at the the highest rated items on average for PA students, we see that they are perceiving their situation as simple and clear-cut, possibly social, and where their success requires cooperation. Also, their behavior in these situation is generally positive. On average, they’re enjoying the situation, and they are behaving in an expressive and cheerful way.
- Now lets travel 3000 miles to California to get a better idea of perceptions across the US
- when we look at the Californian students we see an interestingly similar story. In California, on average, students rated the same exact situational aspects as the most characteristic of their situation as their PA counterparts. Indeed when we look at the top highest rated RSQ items for the entire US sample, these three items are at the very top of the list. Likewise, the behaviors they rated as the most characteristic on average are generally positive and optimistic in the same way PA students behaviors were.
- -Switching gears a little, I want to point out the 2nd benefit of the Psi Chi and Psi Beta project and that is the opportunity to collaborate with other universities and give undergraduates from non-research focused institutions the opportunity to contribute to research. As an example of this great benefit of our project with these chapters, our collaborator from PLU Dr. Jon Grahe and his undergraduate student Samantha Henderson looked at these same data and analyzed them in a completely different way in order to understand the predictive power situations have on behavior. - - ----- Meeting Notes (5/20/14 10:06) ----- include undergraduate participation
- They started with the idea that there is a clear relationship between the situation and behavior Historically it’s been difficult to really understand this relationship in great detail because there have always been issues measuring what a situation is.
- However, measuring, or quantifying the situation was made possible with the advent of the RSQ. Likewise, behavior can be reliably measured using the RBQ. However, the RSQ and RBQ have 89 and 68 items, respectively, which is cumbersome to say the least when doing these sorts of regression analysis.
- John Rauthmann from Humboldt University in Germany set out to solve this problem and recently developed a situational taxonomy of which reduced the 89 RSQ items by factor analyzed them and came up with 9 situational constructs that he has named DIAMONDS with each letter in the an acronym representing a different situational construct.
- Likewise, in order to reduce the number of RBQ items, Samantha mapped the items on to the Inter-personal Circumplex model, depicted here, and mapped the 68 RBQ items on to these 8 behavioral constructs. ----- Meeting Notes (5/20/14 10:06) ----- bullet point to say about the behavior constructs
- When we look at DIAMONDS constructs: Duty, Intellect, Adversity, mating pOsitivity, Negativity, Deception and Sociality as IVs, we can see how well certain aspects of the situation predicts certain behaviors. So, positivity significantly predicts gregarious and extroverted behavior with a beta of .28 and —Negativity significantly predicted cold hearted behavior, and so on. Its important to note that these relationships between DIAMONDS situations and ICM behaviors was reliably replicated across all 13 US sites. ----- Meeting Notes (5/20/14 10:06) ----- bring it back to undergraduates are involved in this undergraduates ... with these data *in collaboration siwth jg and sh at plu
- From our analysis looking at mean-profile correlations, we are able to determine that in general, students across the US find themselves in similar situations, more specifically, they are consistanty in situations that are simple and clear-cut, involve social interaction in which their success requires cooperation with others. Likewise, students are behaving very similarly within these situations, however they are more similar within one state than they are between states. Furthermore, regression analysis with these data indicate that aspects of the situation are reliably associated with certain behaviors as see with DIAMONDS situations and ICM behaviors.
- Finally, our experience with working with Psi Chi and Psi Beta has proven to not only be a successful way for undergraduates to be involved in data collection and data analysis, but also, as an application of crowd-sourcing science, we have the opportunity for many researchers from different institutions to lend a unique perspective on the data at hand and produce interesting and novel results. Finally, working with Psi Chi and Psi Beta chapters have allowed for the prospect of ongoing data collection across the United States. This point brings me to our future directions with the project…
- We are currently placing a call for collaborations in order replicate another large scale international study undergoing at UCR called The International Personality Project. Briefly, we are adding a personality q-sort measure in addition to behavior and situations, in order to analyze the Personality Triad cross-culturally. We are excited to have the opportunity to replicate this project in with US samples collected via Psi Chi and Beta chapters. If you are interested in being a part of this upcoming project email me or visit our website for more information about this and other ongoing project.
- I’d like to give a big thanks to our Psi Chi and Beta collaborators. Thank you!