1. The Effects of 3 Levels of pCO2 on
Early Development of the Pacific
Oyster
Emma Timmins-Schiffman
Steven Roberts
Carolyn Friedman
Michael O’Donnell
University of Washington
Worldwide University Network
Friday Harbor Labs, August 30, 2011
2. How does OA affect larvae?
Effect of OA Organism Reference
Decreased shell Oyster, mussel, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 12
size, strength, barnacle, crab
calcification
Transcriptome/ Urchin 5, 6, 10
physiology
Protein Barnacle 7
Developmental Urchin, shrimp, 8, 9, 13
delay and change brittle star
in energy budget
Increased growth Sea star 11
rate
Abnormal Brittle star, urchin, 12, 2
morphology oyster
Response to other Urchin, barnacle, 14, 3
stressors crab
3. Which physiological mechanisms are
changing?
¤ Calcification
¤ Hydrogen ion balance across membranes
¤ Energy metabolism
¤ Timing of developmental processes
¤ Stress response
4. How does ocean acidification affect
development and physiology of Pacific oyster
larvae (Crassostrea gigas)
5. CO2-free air
CO2 (canister)
Honeywell Controller
Treatment-
equilibrated
water
DuraFET pH probe Venturi injector
6. Experimental Design
Equilibrate treatment water
Fertilization 1 hpf 6 hpf 24 hpf 72 hpf 96 hpf
Fix samples for
Sample for transcriptomics
developmental stage, size,
and calcification
7. pH
8.5
8.0
7.5
Ran out of CO2
pH
7.0
400 !atm
6.5
700 !atm
1000 !atm
6.0
0 1 2 3 4
Day
8. Relationship between TA and Salinity Total Alkalinity
2100
2030
400 !atm
700 !atm
2020
1000 !atm
2050
2010
TA (!mol/kg)
TA (!mol/kg)
2000
2000
1990
1950
1980
1970
1900
0 1 2 3
28.0 28.5 29.0
Day
Salinity (ppt)
11. Results: Larval Development, Growth,
and Calcification
¤ Larvae were fixed for later microscopy
¤ Developmental stage was assessed
¤ Growth was measured: hinge length, shell
height
¤ Calcification:
¤ double polarization of light
¤ SEM
12. Average Larval Density by Treatment
3500
400 !atm
700 !atm
3000
1000 !atm
Average Density in 3L
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 2 4 6 8
Day
13. Average Larval Density by Treatment
3500
400 !atm
700 !atm
3000
1000 !atm
Average Density in 3L
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 2 4 6 8
Day
30. Conclusions
¤ pCO2 of 700 and 1000 µatm caused decreased growth in
C .gigas larvae at 96 hpf
¤ There is evidence of physiological stress
¤ Significant for exposure to other stressors
¤ Significant for continued growth, development, and survival
32. References
¤ 1Watson et al. 2009. Early larval development of the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata under near-future predictions of CO2-driven ocean acification. Journal of Shellfish Research. 28
(3)): 431-437.
¤ 2 Gaylord et al. 2011 Functional impacts of ocean acidification in an ecologically critical foundation species. J Exp Biol. 214: 2586-2594.
¤ 3 Parker et al. 2010. Comparing the effect of elevated pCO2 and temperature on the fertilization and early development of 2 species of oyster. Marine Biology. 157(11): 2435-2452.
¤ 4 Findlay et al. 2009. Post-larval development of 2 intertidal barnacles at elevated CO2 and temperature. Mar Biol. 157: 725-735.
¤ 5 Todham & Hofmann 2009 Transcriptomic response of sea urchin larvae Strongylocentrotus purpuratus to CO2-driven seawater acidification. J Exp Biol. 212: 2579-2594.
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¤ 10 Martin et al. 2011. Early development andmolecular plasticity in the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus exposed to CO2-driven aciidification. J Exp Biol. 214(8): 1357-1368.
¤ 11 DuPont et al. 2010. Near future ocean acidification increases growth of lecithotrophic larvae and juveniles of the sea star Crossaster papposus. J Exp Biol Part B. 314B(5): 382-389.
¤ 12 Kurihara et al. 2007. Effects of increased seawater pCO2 on early development of the oyster C.rassostrea gigas. Aquat Biol. 1:91-98.
¤ 13 Dupont et al. 2008. Near-future level of CO2-driven ocean acidification radically affects larval survival and development in the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 373: 285-294.
¤ 14 O’Donnell et al. 2009. Predicted impact of ocean acidification on marine invertebrate larvae: elevated CO2 alters response to thermal stress in sea urchin larvae. 156(3): 439-446.