1. ” “ ” 9
8
“ ”
9
“ ”
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

2. 9.
100
100
4,000 6
1962,
19 250
1
80 , , ,
, , , , )

3. 3,106
1905 9
1 550.2
Tower of London
Diamond Adamas
13

4. (Ruby) (Corundum)
Fancy shappire
ratanraj"
6

5. Spinel
Chemical composition) : Al2O3, Aluminium oxide)
(Crystal system) : Trigonal)
Hardness) : 9
Colour) :
Localities) : Mokok

6. (Carbuncle) Ruby)
Rebeus

7. 15
13

8. RUBY
Ruby
Corundum) “ ”
"ratanraj"
Corundum)
Trigonal system)
9 1.76-1.77 4.0
Cr) 1
Pink Sapphire)
Cabochon)
1 12
Ultrasonic)

9. 20
Verneuil Method)
Ga)
Finger Print)
10
---- Rubellite) “ ”
3.1 1.62-1.64
2.67
1.54
Timur Ruby)
Ruby
Ruby) Corundum
King of Gem)
Ruber"

10. Melee)
-Emerald
Emerald) Beryl) -
Green Beryl)

11. -Green Sapphire
Green Sapphires)
Corundum)
DichroismColur)
Oriental Emerald)
, ,
,
5,500
Sikait-Zabara Cleopatra
Nadir 2282
300
Ottoman
Cortez Aztec
Cortez
Muzo Colombia

12. Muzo 2101
Cortez
Isabella
Cortez
Beryl
Be3 Al2 (SiO3)
Aluminum Beryllium Silicate 2.7
http://www.emeraldsofcolombia.com/emeralds/rough/mining_rough.html
Chromium Oxide Cr2 O3 Beryl
Muzo Colombia
Inca)
Ural
Devonshire Emerald British Museum
of Natural History 1,343
360
manometer
Lithium Molybdate 1,000
Beryllium Oxide, Aluminum Oxide, Silica Chromium
Pliny the Elder
Colombia Zambia

13. Isotope
16O 18O Isotope
8 8 10
Beryl Chromium
B
eryl
G. Giuliani Petrographic and Geochemical Research Center
Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy
Science 28 2543 Giuliani
9 Ion
Microprobe 2-3 4
Hyderabad 3 3 Colombia
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Giuliani 4 National Museum of Natural History
9
R.J. Hauy 18
Swat
Silk Road)
Hauy
Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Society Key
West Nuestra Senora de
Atocha 378
TeGuendama Colombia

14. -Yellow Sapphire
Yellow or Golden Sapphires)
Corundum)
Oriental Topaz)

15. Yellow Sapphire)
Yellow Sapphire
9
“ ”
*
*

16. *
1.
2.
3.
4. “ ”
6
“ ”
5.
”
(
“ ”

17. Corundum) AI2 O3
2
“ ”
“ ”
“ ”</< center>b>

18. -
Yellow Sapphire

19. ?...........
PEGMATITE)
GREEN SAPPHIRE)
18
SCHNECKENSTEIN
NATURAL INCLUSION)

20. FINGERPRINT LIQUID
INCLUSION
--
CITRINE
TOPAZ
MIXED CUT) BRILLIANT CUT)
STEP CUT)
2
9
IRON) SPECTROSCOPE)
ABSORBTION)
GUEDA
Garnet
Garnet)
Rhodolite)

21. Pyrope) Spessatite)
Almandite)
Demantoid) Tsavorite)
Garnet)

22. Teplice
GranatTurnov
Dlouha Panska Street
, CZK
,
Wiki
Cubic
rhombic-dodecahedral)
-

23. Pyrope)
Cr , Fe
-
-
Almandine)
Almandine in metamorphic rock
Fe , Cr

24. °
Garnet - glass
doublets)
-
Fe
-
Fe
Rhodolite)
“ ”
-
-
Spessartine)
Mn , Fe
-
-
Grossularite)
Transparent grossularite)

25. Tsavorite)
Cr ,V
-
-
Hessonite)
Fe
Cinnamon stone)
Heat wave effect)
-
-
Hydrogrossular)
Cr
“ ” (Transvaal Jade) “ ” (African Jade)
, Mn
Chromite)
Magnetite)
---- ,
---- ,
Andradite)
Demantoid)

26. Cr
“ ”
“ ” (Horse-tail) Byssolite)
-
-
Garnet)
Dispersion)
Malaya or Malaia Garnet (Mg,Mn) Al SiO
–
-
-Blue Sapphire
Blue Sapphire)
-
Pailin)
Kashmir)

27. Cornflower Blue)
Royal Blue)
-
520 BC, ,
,
, attesting
Undrilled

28. , , , Margarita
,
Aztecs
Seville
,
Powhattan Pocahontas ')
armlets,
,

29. The Book of Pearl
(Natural Pearl)
Cultured Pearl)

30. AkoyaPearl)
, ,
White South Sea Pearl)
, ,
10 20
Tahitian Pearl)

31. Freshwater Pearl)
,
(MabePearl)

32. “ ” “ ”
1. LUSTER)
2.
3.
4.
“ ”
10

33. Zircon)
Zircon (
Uranium)
Thorium)
,
1.

34. 2.
(
3.
4.
5.
-----
1.
2.
3.
Lapis
Lazuli)

35. “Jargoon”
“starlite”
“hyacinth” “jacinth”

36. dichroism)
½-
¼
½

37. ¼- ½
Zircon vermilion
zargoon
X-ray filters
--------