Describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests and nursing management for patients with abnormal cell growth of the head, neck and chest. Solution The abnormal cell growth of the head, neck and chest may be due to neuroblastoma or the head and neck cancer. The treatment and manifestations depend on type and location of growing cells, tumor size, how far it has spread, and if the tumor cells secrete hormones. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Cancers of the head and neck are recognized by using the area wherein they begin: the oral cavity, salivary glands, paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and lymph nodes within the neck. Tumors inside the neck can often be visible or felt as a hard, painless lump. The main reasons of head and neck cancers include tobacco (smoked or chewed), and alcohol. other threat factors are solar exposure, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, radiation to the top and neck, ancestry, Epstein-Barr virus infection, wooden dust or airborne asbestos, intake of certain preservatives or salted meals, terrible oral hygiene, and Plummer-Vinson syndrome. CLINICAL MENIFESTATION If the tumor is in the chest, it would press at the superior vena cava. This will motive swelling inside the face, neck, hands, and upper chest and occasionally with a bluish-crimson skin shade. it can additionally cause headaches, dizziness, and a alternate in awareness if it influences the mind. The tumor may press at the throat or windpipe, which could purpose coughing and problem respiration or swallowing. Neuroblastomas that press on nerves within the chest or neck can sometimes purpose other symptoms, together with a drooping eyelid and a small pupil. Stress on different nerves near the backbone might have an effect on the potential to experience or move their arms or legs. Symptoms of numerous head and neck cancer sites include a lump or sore that does not heal, a sore throat that does not leave, issue swallowing, and a change or hoarseness inside the voice. Neuroblastomas sometimes launch hormones that may reason problems with tissues and organs, those troubles are known as paraneoplastic syndromes which consist of steady diarrhea, Fever, excessive blood pressure causing irritability, speedy heartbeat, Reddening of the pores and skin, Sweating etc. DIAGNOSIS: Tests conducted to diagnose head and neck most cancers range relying on the symptoms and can include a biopsy, endoscopy, blood or urine checks, X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and pet scans. • Physical examination may encompass visible inspection of the oral and nasal cavities, neck, throat, and tongue the usage of a small mirror and/or lights. The physician may feel for lumps on the neck, lips, gums, and cheeks. • Endoscopy examines regions within the body. The kind of endoscope the doctor uses depends at the vicinity being examined. • Laboratory exams test the samples of blood, urine, or other substances from the body. If the analysis is cancer, the doctor will need to learn.

1. Describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests and nursing management
for patients with abnormal cell growth of the head, neck and chest.
Solution
The abnormal cell growth of the head, neck and chest may be due to neuroblastoma or the head
and neck cancer. The treatment and manifestations depend on type and location of growing cells,
tumor size, how far it has spread, and if the tumor cells secrete hormones.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Cancers of the head and neck are recognized by using the area wherein they begin: the oral
cavity, salivary glands, paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and lymph nodes
within the neck. Tumors inside the neck can often be visible or felt as a hard, painless lump. The
main reasons of head and neck cancers include tobacco (smoked or chewed), and alcohol. other
threat factors are solar exposure, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, radiation to the top and
neck, ancestry, Epstein-Barr virus infection, wooden dust or airborne asbestos, intake of certain
preservatives or salted meals, terrible oral hygiene, and Plummer-Vinson syndrome.
CLINICAL MENIFESTATION
If the tumor is in the chest, it would press at the superior vena cava. This will motive swelling
inside the face, neck, hands, and upper chest and occasionally with a bluish-crimson skin shade.
it can additionally cause headaches, dizziness, and a alternate in awareness if it influences the
mind. The tumor may press at the throat or windpipe, which could purpose coughing and
problem respiration or swallowing. Neuroblastomas that press on nerves within the chest or neck
can sometimes purpose other symptoms, together with a drooping eyelid and a small pupil.
Stress on different nerves near the backbone might have an effect on the potential to experience
or move their arms or legs. Symptoms of numerous head and neck cancer sites include a lump or
sore that does not heal, a sore throat that does not leave, issue swallowing, and a change or
hoarseness inside the voice. Neuroblastomas sometimes launch hormones that may reason
problems with tissues and organs, those troubles are known as paraneoplastic syndromes which
consist of steady diarrhea, Fever, excessive blood pressure causing irritability, speedy heartbeat,
Reddening of the pores and skin, Sweating etc.
DIAGNOSIS:
Tests conducted to diagnose head and neck most cancers range relying on the symptoms and can
include a biopsy, endoscopy, blood or urine checks, X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and pet scans.
• Physical examination may encompass visible inspection of the oral and nasal cavities, neck,
throat, and tongue the usage of a small mirror and/or lights. The physician may feel for lumps on

2. the neck, lips, gums, and cheeks.
• Endoscopy examines regions within the body. The kind of endoscope the doctor uses depends
at the vicinity being examined.
• Laboratory exams test the samples of blood, urine, or other substances from the body.
If the analysis is cancer, the doctor will need to learn the stage of disease by means of an exam
under anesthesia, X-rays and different imaging techniques, and laboratory tests. understanding
the stage of the sickness facilitates the doctor plan remedy.
NURSING MANAGEMENT:
Treatment for head and neck cancers relies upon on the exact vicinity of the tumor, the degree of
the cancer, and the character's age and general health. Remedy options consist of surgical
operation, radiation remedy, and chemotherapy. Depending on the place of the most cancers and
the sort of treatment, rehabilitation may additionally consist of physical therapy, dietary
counseling, speech remedy, and getting to know how to take care of a stoma after a
laryngectomy, reconstructive and plastic surgery if needed.
• Head and neck surgery often affects the person's ability to bite, swallow, or talk. The
affected person can also change in appearance after surgical treatment, and the face and neck can
be swollen. The swelling normally goes away within some weeks. but, lymph node dissection
can slow the drift of lymph, which can also accumulate inside the tissues; this swelling may
persist for a long term.
• Depending at the vicinity of the cancer and the form of remedy, rehabilitation may also
include physical therapy, dietary counseling, speech therapy, and learning a way to care for a
stoma after a laryngectomy.
• The person may also need reconstructive and plastic surgical treatment to rebuild the bones or
tissues of the mouth. If this isn't always feasible, a prosthodontist may be able to make a
prosthesis to restore swallowing and speech.
• Patients who've trouble in talking after treatment, or who have lost their ability to speak, may
need speech therapy. often, a specialist known as a speech-language pathologist will visit the
affected person within the sanatorium to teach speech sporting activities. Speech therapy
generally continues at home.
• Eating may be tough after remedy for head and neck cancer. A few sufferers acquire vitamins
without delay into a vein (IV) after surgical operation, or need a feeding tube till they are able to
consume on their own.