management

2. o Planning is a rational action
mixed with a little of forethought.
o It is seen everywhere.
o In a business, planning is the
primary of all managerial
functions as it involves deciding
of future course of action

3. o Planning is the process of deciding in
advance what is to be done, where,
how and by whom it is to be done.
o Thus, it is basically a process of
‘thinking before doing’.
o All these elements speak about the
futurity of an action.

4. o “Generally speaking, planning is deciding in
advance what is to be done”
-W H Newman

5. o Koontz and O’Donnell have defined planning in
terms of future course of action. They state “that
Planning is the selection from among alternatives
for future courses of action for the enterprise as a
whole and each department within it.
......continued

6. o “Planning is fundamentally a mental predisposition
to do things in an orderly way, to think before and
to act in the light of the fact rather than guesses”.
-L.F. Urwick

7. The nature of planning can be highlighted
by studying its characteristics. They are as
follows
(a) Planning is a mental activity.
o Planning is not a simple process.
o It is an intellectual exercise
o involves thinking and forethought on the part
of the manager.

8. (b)Planning is goal-oriented.
o Every plan specifies the goals to be attained in the
future and the steps necessary to reach them.
o A manager cannot do any planning, unless the
goals are known.

9. (c) Planning is forward looking.
o planning means looking ahead.
o It is futuristic in nature since it is performed to
accomplish some objectives in future.

10. (f) Planning is based on facts.
o is based on objectives, facts and considered
forecasts.
o Thus planning is not a guess work.

11. (g) Planning is flexible.
o Planning is a dynamic process capable of
adjustments in accordance with the needs and
requirements of the situations.
o Thus planning has to be flexible and cannot be
rigid.

12. (h) Planning is essentially decision making.
o planning process involves finding the alternatives
and the selection of the best.
o Thus decision making is the cardinal part of
planning.

13. 1. To set the goal:
o Planning actually starts with the
formulation of goals and objectives.
o Goals guides futures activities.
o It establish priorities & help to avoid
problems in futures.

14. 1. To focus on meaningful activities:
o Effective planning focuses the various
course of action which are useful to
accomplish the objectives.
o Reduce unproductive activities.
o makes it clear for working at different
levels.

15. 3. To economizes the time & efforts & others
resources:
o Planning at all levels keeps the whole process in
order.
o Money, men, machines & materials are properly
utilized & wastages are minimized.

16. 4. To maintain coordination:
o Planning facilitates better mobilization, allocation
& coordination of resources.
o Activities are pulled together for achieving
interdepartmental cooperation & coordination.
o Communication about plans avoids confusion.

17. 5. To reduce risk & uncertainty:
o Proper planning reduces the uncertainty.
o predetermine future targets & actions.
o forces managers to think ahead, anticipate changes,
consider the impact of change & develop
appropriate responses.
o It roadmap for futures.

18. 6.To ensure proper control:
o Control is not possible without planning.
o Planning sets standards of performance for control.
o Actual performance is compared with planned
targets to find deviations & make correction.

19. 7. To achieve the organizational Effectiveness:
o ensures that the resources are utilized as per plan
that helps to the organizational effectiveness.
8.To promotes creativity:
o Planning helps innovations & creativity thinking.
o Many new ideas come to mind of a manager
during planning.

20. 9.Environmental adaptation:
o Planning identifies environmental opportunities &
threats.
o helps organizations adapt to change
o Planning encourages innovation & creativity.
o reduces the negative impact of change.
o Change management become effective.

21.  Planning leads to success in
achieving goals and objective
 It gives meaning to work
 Provide means to the effective
use of available resources

22.  Help to cope with situational crisis.
 It is cost effective and needed for
effective control.

23. OBJECTIVES
o Objectives are the description of performance or
activities.
o Objectives are the statement of the end result,
which the management wishes the organization to
achieve.

24. o Objectives makes goals more specific and
measurable by giving managers the ability to
measure goal achievement.
o Objectives provide direction for all management
activities.

25. o According to koontz and O’Donnel , objectives
represent not only the end point of planning but
the end toward which organizing, staffing , leading
and controlling function are aimed.

26. Guidelines for writing objective
o Objective should have consistency
o Objective should be clear and acceptable.
o Objective should be realistic
o Objective should be arranged in priority order.
o Objective should be expressed in observable
behaviour.

27. Guidelines for writing objective
o Objective should establish the standard of
performance.
o Objective should be balanced.
o Objective should be challenging.
o Use participative approach.