2. DEFINITION
• Monitoring is the observing and recording
“Whether right thing is being delivered to the
right people at the right time in a right way
(process)”
3. What is Monitoring?
A continuous management function.
Provides managers with regular feedback and
early indications of progress or lack thereof in the
achievement of intended results.
Tracks the actual performance against planned or
expected.
4. • Inputs: Money, Material, human resources
• Activities: A set of tasks performed
• Process
• Outcomes
What to Monitor
5. • Ensuring all activities are carried out by the right
people and in time.
• To ensure that inputs, activities and outputs proceed
according to plan.
• Determine whether the inputs are optimally utilized
Purpose of Monitoring
6. • To provide record of inputs, activities, and outputs
• To warn of deviations from objectives
Purpose of Monitoring
7. Purpose of Monitoring:
Monitoring helps to provide constructive
suggestions like.
• Rescheduling the project (if the project run
behind the schedule)
• Re budgeting the project (appropriating funds
from one head to another).
• Re – assigning the staff (shifting the staff from
one area to other; recruiting temporary staff to
meet the time schedule)
8. STEPS IN MONITORING:
• Identifying the different units involved in planning &
implementation.
• Developing proforma/ Criteria for reporting.
• Determining the periodicity of reporting.
• Fixing the responsibility of reporting at different levels.
• Processing and analyzing the reports.
• Identifying the critical / unreliable areas in
implementation.
• Providing feedback to corrective measures.
9. INTRODUCTION
• One of the most effective tool of any
management system.
• Supervision is a process of act of seeing
and carried out for achieving certain
purposes. It is a cooperative relationship
between a supervisor and the
subordinates
10. MEANING
• Supervision is a compound of two terms
“super” and “vision” which means
“overseeing”.
CONCEPTS
• Earlier, the supervision was conceived as
inspecting and finding fault of subordinates.
• The modern concept of supervision is to guide
and help the subordinates in their work by way
of training, demonstration, checking, individual
counseling, and guidance.
11. DEFINITION
• An art or a process of watching and directing
what someone does or how something is done
- Webster
• Supervision means guiding and directing
efforts of employees and other resources to
accomplish stated work output - Terry and
Franklin
12. PURPOSE OF SUPERVISION
• Help to do their job skilfully and
effectively to give maximum output with
minimum resources-cost effectiveness.
• Guide or assist in meeting predetermined
work objectives.
• Help to promote effectiveness of the
subordinates/ staffs.
13. • Help to motivate subordinates to maintain
high morale.
• Help to develop team spirit
• Helps in improving the attitude of the
members towards bridging the gap
between the worker’s personal goal and
the organizational goal.
14. STYLES OF SUPERVISION:
1. Technical
vs. creative
supervision
2. Co-
operative
vs.
Authoritarian
3. Scientific
vs. Intuitive
15. 1.TECHNICAL VS CREATIVE SUPERVISION :
• Technical methods are some of the basic supervisory
skills which need to be trained. They include Group
conferences, group discussions etc.
• Creative supervision provides maximum adaptation to
the situation. For example, instead of an orientation
period of two weeks for each new staff member, a
variable plan in both contents and time according to
the needs of each individual should be formulated
16. 2.CO-OPERATIVE VS AUTHORITARIAN
SUPERVISION
• In co-operative supervision there is a full participation
of each member of the group in planning, action and
decision.
• whereas in authoritarian supervision responsibility
centre entirely on the supervisor, with the staff following
his/her orders. Both are needed according to situation
and circumstances
17. 3.SCIENTIFIC VS INTUITIVE SUPERVISION
• Scientific supervision relies on objective study
and measurement than personal judgement or
opinion.
• Whereas intuitive(based on what one feels to be
true even without conscious reasoning)
supervision needs to maintain the interpersonal
relationship.
18. THE PROCESS OF SUPERVISION:
STAGE 1: PLANNING
• In this phase planning regarding what is expected
form supervisor is made.
• In planning following task need to be done—
– Clarify the goals and objective of the
organization and what is expected of the
people.
– Specify the work standards or norms of
performance.
19. THE PROCESS OF SUPERVISION:
• Decide on allocation of tasks and plan the
work schedule
• Prepare job description.
• Decide the authority and responsibility that
worker need to carry out the task.
• Specify whose job is to be supervised by
whom.
20. THE PROCESS OF SUPERVISION:
• Specify what is to be communicated by
whom and when and plan two-way
communication .
• Explore and plan the resources required and
who is responsible to secure it.
21. STAGE 2: IMPLEMENTATION
• Action phase in which the plan is put into
action.
• Supervisor is responsible for maintaining
the quantity and quality of work
performance.
• Helps and guide the subordinates by
using technical knowledge and skills.
22. STAGE 2: IMPLEMENTATION
Supervisor are responsible to carry out following
task—
• Maintain the quality and quantity of the work .
• Assist subordinates to carry out the task.
• Identify the factor that reduces work
performance and try to solve them.
23. STAGE 2: IMPLEMENTATION
• Meet the staff need for knowledge and skills
needed to carry out the task.
• Hold formal meeting periodically to keep
the channel of communication open.
24. STAGE 2: IMPLEMENTATION
• Acts as mediator to resolve any conflicts.
• Listen to staff personal problem and help
them cope with them and provide necessary
assistance.
25. STAGE 2: IMPLEMENTATION
• Maintain discipline in organization.
• Develop the relationship of mutual trust by
treating them fairly.
• Motivate by giving the positive rewards.
26. STAGE 3: EVALUATION AND FEEDBCK
• Supervisor assess the work performance
against preset criteria.
• Job description and performance standard acts
as a criteria for judgement.
• Supervisor task in this phase—
• Assess performance through records and
reports.
• Use standardized evaluation tool [rating
scale or checklist] for fair and objective
evaluation.
27. STAGE 3: EVALUATION AND FEEDBCK
• Use performance measure to give rewards to
employee as to inspire them.
• Provide feedback to employee on their
weakness and provide necessary help and
guidance in correcting them.
28. TOOLS FOR SUPERVISION:
1.Observation:
• Recorded observation : Audio taped
supervision ,videotaped supervision
• Live observation: e. g through field visits,
spot checking.
29. 2. Supervisory Rounds
3.Checklist
Checklist is a common tools of supervision
that can be used in direct and indirect
methods of supervision. Its help in effective
and systemic supervision ,avoids
duplication.
30. 4.Rating scale
• Rating scale is a useful device to evaluate skills ,
product outcomes ,activities , personal
characteristics .
5. Reports( written or verbal)
6. Records
31. 7.Others............
• Individual conference
• Group conference
• Assistance with bedside care
• Supervision of nursing procedure.
• Asking questions
• Demonstration of desirable performance
• Positive suggestions
32. CHALLANGES OF SUPERVISION
• Unmotivated staff
• Authoritative supervision
• Lack of professional knowledge and skill of
supervisor
• Checking and fault finding
• Biasness from the side of supervisor.
• No predetermined standard to measure
performance.
