Discussion Alternative Psychologies (Due 11718)Thus far in your.docx

Discussion: Alternative Psychologies (Due 1/17/18)
Thus far in your experience as a psychology student, you have
been introduced to the field of psychology in terms of the mind
and its functions in relationship to human behavior. Most
introductory psychology textbooks and resources for other
psychology classes emphasize a cause-and-effect scientific
model, which typifies traditional psychology in the United
States and the Western hemisphere in general. Throughout this
course and in your course text, you read about Western
psychology, which is representative of the practice of
psychology in the United States.
Alternative psychologies evolved independently of Western
psychology because they are suitable for the needs of non-
Western cultures. One notable difference is that alternative
psychologies prioritize collective or group processes over
isolated individual processes. Alternative psychologies view
individuals as reflections of the larger culture or society. While
the various alternative psychologies do have differences, they
also have common themes such as those outlined in your course
text: meaning-making, collective construction of psychological
reality, time-dependent processes, and normative explanations.
Liberation psychology, which is one type of alternative
psychology, has been used to address the needs of the poor and
the oppressed in Latin America. With liberation psychology, the
focus is on social change. Social change is possible when
attempts are made to improve the conditions of the entire
community rather than to only address the needs of one specific
individual within the group. Additionally, this type of
alternative psychology makes a difference by addressing
challenges of the native people where they live, in their
professions, and in the world around them. Liberation
psychology also helps people understand what they need in
order to facilitate change.
To prepare for this Discussion:
· Review Chapter 6 in your textbook, Toward a Global

Psychology: Theory, Research, Intervention, and Pedagogy. Pay
particular attention to the sections about alternative
psychologies and liberation psychology.
· Referring to the video clips located in this week’s Optional
Resources as examples, utilize the internet to identify one video
that illustrates how liberation psychology empowers individuals
to address their challenges.
· After viewing your selected video, identify the issues that
were particularly challenging for the individuals in the video.
Focus on two issues of particular interest to you.
· Reflect on how the common themes of alternative
psychologies are evidenced in liberation psychology.
· Consider Walden University’s Mission for Social Change,
which is to create scholar-practitioners who can effect positive
social change.
With these thoughts in mind:By Day 3
Post a description of the video you selected. Specify two issues
that were particularly challenging for the individuals in the
video. Explain how liberation psychology could be or was
applied to address the two issues you identified. Discuss how
liberation psychology reflects at least two of the themes
common to alternative psychologies. Describe how you, as a
Walden University scholar-practitioner, might utilize liberation
psychology as a means to effect positive social change.
Course Text: Stevens, M. J., & Gielen, U. P. (2007). Toward a
glob al psychology: Theory, research, intervention, and
pedagogy. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
· Chapter 6, "Toward a Conceptual Foundation for a Global
Psychology"
· Chapter 7, "Qualitative Research Methods for a Global
Psychology"
Assignment: Culturally Appropriate Research Methods (Due
1/19/18)
In order to understand research methods that are suitable for
global psychology, it is important to state what is meant by

“global psychology.” Marsella (1998) refers to global
psychology as “concerned with understanding, assessing, and
addressing, the individual and collective psychological
consequences of global events and forces by encouraging and
using multicultural, multidisciplinary, multisectoral, and
multinational knowledge, methods, and interventions” (p. 1284).
Culturally sensitive research methods employed by
psychologists with a global perspective usually are qualitative,
while Western psychologists often employ quantitative
approaches. Quantitative approaches emphasize cause and effect
and reflect a traditional scientific method. Quantitative methods
also are objective and value statistical analyses. Qualitative
methods allow more subjectivity and often involve observation
and interviews that are harder to quantify. Recently, many
Western psychologists have increased their acceptance of
qualitative methods or blending quantitative and qualitative
methods (mixed methods). However, even in the realm of
qualitative methods, psychologists have identified some
methods that are more appropriate than others in satisfying the
needs of their discipline. Your course text explains four
specific, culturally appropriate research methods: action theory,
discourse analysis, grounded theory, and focus groups.
Despite global psychology's preference for culturally
appropriate qualitative methods, most peer review committees
of professional journals publish studies that use traditional
quantitative methods. Thus, psychologists who work
internationally or globally continue to encourage researchers to
apply culturally appropriate quantitative and qualitative
methods.
To prepare for this Assignment:
· Review Chapter 7 in your course text.
· Think about culturally appropriate research methods, such as
action theory, discourse analysis, grounded theory, and focus
groups.
· Use the link provided in this week’s learning resources to
review several past issues of the International Psychology

Bulletin.
· Within the past issue of your choice, select one peer-reviewed
article which is of interest to you that does not use action
theory, discourse analysis, grounded theory, or focus groups.
· Think about whether the research used in the article is
quantitative or qualitative.
· Consider how you might use action theory, discourse analysis,
grounded theory, or focus groups to conduct a study about this
same topic.
· Think about why the research method you selected could
benefit a study of this topic.
The Assignment (3–4 pages):
· Summarize the study in the research article you selected,
including a description of the type of research method that was
used.
· Is the study qualitative or quantitative? Discuss how you
know.
· Pick two culturally appropriate research methods (action
theory, discourse analysis, grounded theory, or focus groups)
and explain how you could apply each method to conduct a
study about the same topic described in the research article you
selected.
· Explain why the research methods you selected could benefit a
study about this topic and describe how they compare to the
type of research methods originally used.
Psychology"
Psychology"
Discussion: Healing as a Form of Intervention (Due 1/20/18)
A psychotherapeutic intervention is a treatment that addresses a
physical problem, a mental problem, or both. Psychotherapeutic

interventions are targeted differently in non-Western cultures.
In Western cultures, such interventions tend to focus on the
mind. They are separate from medicine, which focuses on the
body. Psychotherapeutic interventions in non-Western cultures
(referred to as “traditional cultures” in your text) often are
identified as healing and focus on the health of the whole
person rather than on addressing an individual problem. In non-
Western cultures, medical interventions are not separated
clearly from psychotherapeutic interventions.
The use of psychotherapeutic interventions in different parts of
the world is influenced by both society and culture. Your text
refers to these influencers as “the sociocultural context.” The
term sociocultural context includes such factors as religion,
community beliefs about health and illness, rituals such as
initiation or purification ceremonies, and relationships with
family.
· Review Chapter 8 in your course text, paying particular
attention to the section on psychotherapy in its sociocultural
context. Review non-Western healing therapies such as Morita,
Naikan, and Zen.
· Review the articles: "Buddhist psychotherapy" and "The effect
of yoga on functional recovery level in schizophrenic patients."
· Review this week’s media about psychotherapy in Argentina.
You may wish to view the clips more than once and take notes.
· Select a non-Western psychotherapeutic intervention and think
about how that intervention is an expression of its sociocultural
context.
· Consider the similarities and differences between the
psychotherapeutic intervention you selected and
psychotherapeutic interventions in Western cultures.
· Using the Walden University library, search and find one
current peer-reviewed article that reports on a
psychotherapeutic intervention practiced in traditional cultures.
Post a description of the non-Western psychotherapeutic

intervention you selected. Explain two ways in which this
intervention is an expression of its sociocultural context.
Finally, explain two similarities and two differences between
the psychotherapeutic intervention you selected and
psychotherapeutic interventions in Western cultures
· Chapter 8, "Psychotherapeutic and Related Interventions for a
Global Psychology"
Shibusawa, T., & Chung, I. (2009). Wrapping and unwrapping
emotions: Clinical practice with East Asian immigrant elders.
Clinical Social Work Journal, 37(4), 312–319.
Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library
databases.
Blando, J. A. (2009). Buddhist psychotherapy with older GLBT
clients. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 5(1/2), 92–81.
databases.
Kavak, F., Ekinci, M. (2016). The effect of yoga on functional
recovery level in schizophrenic patients. Archives of
Psychiatric Nursing, 30(6), 761–767.
databases.
Online Video: JerichoTV. (2008, August 19). Tango and
analysis [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rRNczyT0OI&feature=relate
d
This approximately 4-minute video explains why psychoanalysis

is so popular in Argentina.
Online Video: JerichoTV. (2007, December 5). Argentina in
therapy - Trailor film [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uqprzvx4pbY
This approximately 2-minute video reinforces the part that
psychotherapy plays in Argentina.
Online Video: JerichoTV. (2008, August 18), Argentina in
therapy - Pre-title sequence [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNprhvBjmP0&feature=relat
ed
This approximately 3-minute video continues to reinforce the
part that psychotherapy plays in Argentina. Assignment:
Individual Therapy (Due 1/22/18)
In this week's Discussion, you considered broad differences
between non-Western and Western psychotherapeutic
interventions. The focus of this week's Application is individual
therapy, one specific type of psychotherapeutic intervention.
Most people think of individual therapy as a client sitting with
their therapist to address the client's concerns. This is indeed
one type of individual therapy. This week’s learning resources
refer to different approaches in individual therapy such as:
psychoanalysis, behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, and
counseling. Regardless of the approach, individual therapy
depends on a person's willingness to seek therapy and the
relationship between a therapist and a client. In this
Application, you consider how sociocultural context influences
individual therapy.
particular attention to the following sections: "A Global
Panorama of Psychotherapy: Innovations, Modifications, and

Elaborations", "Psychotherapy in its Sociocultural Context",
and “Expectations, Preferences, and Styles: Cultural,
Characteristics and Differences”.
· Consider the differences in the expectations, preferences, and
styles of psychotherapy with Chinese clients and African and
Indian Clients.
· Review the article, " Wrapping and unwrapping emotions:
Clinical practice with East Asian Immigrant Elders," paying
particular attention to attitudes toward psychotherapy and
therapist-client relationships.
· Review the following videos: "Tango and Analysis,"
"Argentina in Therapy – Trailer Film," and "Argentina in
Therapy – Pre-Title Sequence." Focus on attitudes toward
psychotherapy and therapist-client relationships.
· Consider similarities and differences in attitudes toward
individual therapy in Argentina and Eastern Asia.
· Think about how sociocultural context, in general, influences
attitudes toward therapy.
· Consider similarities and differences in therapist-client
relationships between Argentina and Eastern Asia.
· Reflect on how sociocultural context, in general, influences
· Explain how the sociocultural context influences attitudes
toward both therapy and therapist-client relationships.
· Compare the differences in the expectations, preferences, and
styles of psychotherapy among Chinese, African, and Indian
clients.
· Describe the similarities and differences in attitudes toward
both individual therapy and therapist-client relationships in
Argentina and Eastern Asia.
Global Psychology"

databases.
databases.
databases.
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part that psychotherapy plays in Argentina.
· Chapter 9, "Macro-Level Interventions: Psychology, Social
Policy, and Societal Influence Processes" Website
Unite for Children (UNICEF). (n.d.). Photo essays. Retrieved
January 31, 2017, from
http://www.unicef.org/photoessays/index-pe.html
This UNICEF site houses a collection of photo essays which
powerfully depict global issues and crises.
Discussion: Community Empowerment (Due 1/24/18)
Last week, you explored how individual therapy is viewed in
both Western and non-Western cultures. This week, you
discover how global psychology contributes to macro-level
interventions. "Macro" refers to interventions that address
large-scale needs at community, national, or global levels.
Psychologists involved in macro-level interventions often
contribute to policy development and social change by
addressing psychological issues such as posttraumatic stress,
anxiety, and depression.
According to Chapter 9 in your course text, "macro-level
interventions consist of community-based programs
implemented on a large scale in a manner that contributes to
peace and social justice." Psychologists collaborate with local

leaders to gain the support of villages or tribes to initiate and
implement interventions. Your course text also describes
additional examples of macro-level interventions in which
community empowerment was an important mechanism for
successfully addressing the intervention and initiatives that
address: the HIV/AIDS worldwide pandemic, school
desegregation in the United States, and the institutionalization
of orphans from war-torn regions.
attention to the section on "Community Empowerment and
Capacity Building."
· Review photo essays of macro interventions on the UNICEF
web site. Select one photo essay that interests you.
· In the photo essay you selected, consider whether you see
evidence of community empowerment.
· Think about how community empowerment might have been
increased if you do see existing evidence of it or how
community empowerment might have been engendered if you do
not see evidence of it.
· Consider how a capacity building approach can improve
outcomes in at-risk environments.
Post a brief description of the photo essay you selected. Explain
whether you see evidence of community empowerment. If you
see evidence, explain the evidence and explain how community
empowerment might have been increased. If you do not see
evidence, explain how community empowerment might have
been engendered. Lastly, discuss how a capacity building
approach can improve outcomes in at-risk environments.
Note: Identify the title of the photo essay you selected in the
first line of your post. You will be asked to respond to a
colleague who selected a photo essay that you did not.

Assignment: Strategies for Change and Macro-Level
Interventions (Due 1/26/18)
Child soldiers, HIV/AIDS, and education in war-torn countries
are just some examples of macro-issues of global significance
that are in need of macro interventions. Global psychologists
intervene by implementing strategies called change strategies.
The three change strategies detailed in your text are top-down,
bottom-up, and middle-out. Top-down strategies are those that
top-level leaders implement by directing action to those who
report to them. Bottom-up strategies work from the grassroots.
In bottom-up strategies, laypeople work together to create
change. Middle-out strategies are implemented by mid-level
leaders to influence top-level leaders as well as their public
constituencies. In this Application, you review macro-issues and
their macro-level interventions, identify a global issue that
might benefit from the presence of a psychologist, and consider
strategies that might be used to intervene in such situations.
attention to the section that addresses change strategies.
· Identify one global issue currently in the news that might
benefit from a macro-level intervention that includes a
psychologist.
· Think about one bottom-up change strategy a psychologist
might use to intervene and address the issue, one middle-out
strategy, and one top-down strategy.
· For each strategy, consider which specific change strategy

might be the most effective in addressing the issue you selected.
· Describe the global issue you selected.
· Determine the macro-level intervention (that includes a
psychologist) that you assert will work best in this situation.
Explain why you believe this intervention will work best.
· Provide examples of how a psychologist may use each of the
following change strategies to address the situation:
· Bottom-up
· Middle-out
· Top-down
· Explain which change strategy or which combination of
strategies you believe would be the most effective in addressing
the situation and why.
Discussion: Characteristics of Indigenous Psychology (Due
1/28/18)
Indigenous psychology is an emerging field of psychology that
relies on a local understanding of human behavior to develop
theories, conduct research, and address challenges. Indigenous
psychology evolved in response to the use of Western
psychology in countries where it did not seem to fit. The main
purpose of indigenous psychology is to practice psychology in a
way that is appropriate for the social, political, historical, and
cultural contexts in the area it serves.
Your course text highlights the limitations of general
psychology, a term the authors frequently use interchangeably

with Western psychology and mainstream psychology. In the
article "Origins and Development of Indigenous Psychologies:
An International Analysis," 15 contributing authors describe the
characteristics of indigenous psychology in different regions.
They also detail the limitations of Western psychology when
applied to non-Western countries.
attention to the sections on "Limitations of General Psychology"
and "Indigenous Psychologies."
· Review the article "Origins and Development of Indigenous
Psychologies: An International Analysis." Consider the
similarities and differences in what authors from different parts
of the world have to say.
· Think about the limitations of Western psychology in non-
Western countries.
· Reflect on the characteristics of indigenous psychology.
· Think about how indigenous psychology responds to the
limitations of Western psychology.
· Select two limitations of Western psychology in non-Western
cultures.
· Then, select two characteristics of indigenous psychology that
could be used in response to the limitation you selected.
Post an explanation of two limitations of Western psychology in
non-Western countries. Next, describe two characteristics of
indigenous culture that speak to the need for indigenous
psychology. Finally, provide examples as to how these two
characteristics of indigenous culture could be used in response
to the two limitations of Western psychology you identified.
· Chapter 5, "Development of Indigenous Psychologies:
Understanding People in a Global Context"

Article: Allwood, C. M., & Berry, J. W. (2006). Origins and
development of indigenous psychologies: An international
analysis. International Journal of Psychology, 41(4), 243–268.
databases.
This seminal article examines the development of indigenous
psychology in different parts of the world.
Article: Kim, U., & Park, Y. (2006). Indigenous psychological
analysis of academic achievement in Korea: The influence of
self-efficacy, parents, and culture. International Journal of
Psychology, 41(4), 287–292.
databases.
This article explains how indigenous psychology has
contributed to academic achievement in Korea.Assignment:
Applications of Indigenous Psychology: Educational
Achievement (Due 1/30/18)
One research area of indigenous psychology is the study of
educational achievement in different countries. The research
questions why students in some countries perform much better
than students in other countries. Their findings have emphasized
four major factors that impact educational achievement. The
first factor, interdependence and proxy control, refers to a
child's dependence on parents. The second factor, self-
regulation, refers to the effort a student puts into academic
pursuits. The third factor, collective control, refers to
cooperation between family members and educators.
Organizational cultural, the fourth factor, refers to the
underlying cultural value system that emphasizes human-
relatedness. Your text provides further details about each of
these factors. The article provided in this week’s resources
illustrates the four factors and their effect on educational
achievement in Korea. (Note that the authors of the article use
the terms educational achievement and academic achievement

interchangeably).
Studies show that East Asian students are high academic
achievers, particularly in math and science. In contrast, studies
indicate that students in the United States perform poorly in
science, math, and often other academic areas as well.
Psychologists are interested in understanding whether factors
that influence high achievement in East Asia might somehow be
"imported" into the United States to improve educational
achievement.
attention to the section on understanding achievement in East
Asia.
· Review the article "Indigenous psychological analysis of
academic achievement in Korea: The influence of self-efficacy,
parents, and culture." Focus on the following sections:
"Traditional approaches; cultural values," "Family and self-
cultivation in Korea," and "Discussion."
· Think about how the factors of interdependence and proxy
control, self-regulation, collective control, and organizational
culture contribute to high educational achievement in East
Asian countries such as Korea.
· Consider how the absence of interdependence and proxy
culture may correspond with low educational achievement in the
United States.
· Think about whether you believe the East Asian approach to
interdependence and proxy control, self-regulation, collective
control, and organizational culture might somehow be
"imported" into American culture in order to improve
educational achievement.
· Explain how the East Asian approach to interdependence and
proxy control, self-regulation, collective control and
organizational culture contributes to high educational
achievement in East Asian countries.

· Explain how the absence of interdependence and proxy
culture may correspond to low educational achievement in the
United States.
· Explain whether you believe the East Asian approach to
control, and organizational culture might be "imported" into
American culture in order to improve educational achievement.
Explain your answer.
databases.
Psychology, 41(4), 287–292.
databases.
contributed to academic achievement in Korea.
Discussion 1: Ethics of Global Psychology (Due 2/2/18)
The future of global psychology may rest on the ethics that
guide its practice. It is these moral principles that guide global

psychologists to act in ways that are the most beneficial for the
individual and their communities. Many psychological
associations from around the world have established ethical
codes or principles for the practice of psychology in the
countries or regions they serve. The codes typically include
references to dignity and human rights, education and training,
privacy and confidentiality, and licensing. In contrast, some
countries and regions do not abide by any ethical codes. As
psychologists expand their global practice, many associations
have expressed a need for a universal code of ethics that is
applicable internationally. They argue that a universal code
would ensure uniformity as psychologists work throughout the
world.
· Review Chapter 10 in your course text, paying special
attention to the following sections: “Guidelines for ethical
practice,” “Going international,” “Ethical guidelines of allied
international associations,” and “Observations on where to go
from here.”
· Utilize the websites provided in this week’s resources to
review ethical codes from the following associations:
· American Psychological Association
· Psychology and Counseling Organization of the Islamic
Republic of Iran
· Singapore Psychological Society
· European Federation of Psychologists’ Associations
· Review the third draft of “The Universal Declaration of
Ethical Principles for Psychologists”.
· Review the four ethical situations described below and their
related questions to consider in terms of the ethical codes
specified above:
4. Suppose Minneapolis, MN is hit by an enormous natural
disaster. Many people were unprepared for such a disaster and
suffered mental and physical trauma. Would it be ethical for a
psychologist to provide his or her services if he or she had not
been specifically trained in disaster response? Do the ethical

concerns change if the care is provided at the site of the natural
disaster as opposed to at an office visit after the disaster has
already occurred? Why or why not? Refer to the specific
standards involved and provide a rationale for your answer.
4. Iran is under the threat of war from neighboring countries.
There is concern that there are enemy sympathizers responsible
for attacks within Iranian borders. Under what circumstances is
it allowable for an Iranian psychologist to disclose confidential
information without the consent of the client? Refer to the
specific standards involved. Is there a possibility the Iranian
government could misuse these standards? Why or why not?
4. A psychologist in Singapore wishes to refer a client because
of a conflict in values and feelings of underlying threats to his
safety. Due to these circumstances, the psychologist feels that
he cannot provide competent services to his client. What steps
should the psychologist take to ensure an appropriate referral?
Can the psychologist “warn” the future psychologist that his
client may pose harm to them? Why or why not? Refer to the
specific standards involved.
4. A psychologist who is bound by the European Federation of
Psychologists’ Association is contacted by a former client who,
after a six-month absence from therapy, would like to resume
his sessions. The psychologist is completely booked. What are
the psychologist’s ethical responsibilities to the client? What
should the psychologist do? Refer to the specific standards
involved.
Post a response to one of the four ethical situations described
above using the ethical codes specified. Be sure to address each
question posed in the situation you selected. Next, select two
ethical codes from all listed above that you believe are the most
important for the future of global psychology and explain why.
Finally, respond to this question: Do you believe it is possible
for there to be one set of ethical principles to govern all
psychologists globally? Why or why not?

· Chapter 3, "Current Trends in Global Psychology"
· Chapter 10, "Toward a Global Professionalization of
Psychology"
Article: Berry, J. (2016). Global, indigenous, and regional
perspectives on international psychology. In J.L. Roopnarine,
D. Chadee, J.L. Roopnarine, D. Chadee (Eds.), Caribbean
psychology: Indigenous contributions to a global discipline (pp.
45–68). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological
Association. doi:10.1037/14753-003
databases.Websites
Gauthier, J. (2008). The universal declaration of ethical
principles for psychologists: Third draft. Retrieved from
http://www.sagepub.com/cac6study/pdf/UniversalDeclaration.pd
f
The International Association of Applied Psychology provides a
working draft of a Universal Declaration Code of Ethics for
Psychology.
·
·
·
·
·

American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles
of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from
http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/code-1992.aspx Discussion 2:
Is Psychology Global? (Due 2/6/18)
Throughout this course, you have seen the words global and
international frequently. Your course text has used the words
interchangeably. Chapter 3 in your course text refers to the
growth in psychology around the world. In your work
throughout this course, you have explored psychological issues
from a global perspective, and you have discovered how
psychology is practiced internationally. Despite the many times
you have seen the phrase global psychology, there are questions
about defining psychology as a global discipline. The assigned
article "Global, indigenous, and regional perspectives on
international psychology" states that psychology "claims" to be
a global discipline. What do you think based on what you have
examined so far in this course?
attention to the section titled "Current Global Trends."
· Review the article "Global, indigenous, and regional
perspectives on international psychology" Focus on the
following sections: "International Psychology: A Critique," and
"Global Psychology".
· Consider the reasons given to support the claim that
psychology is a global discipline, and think about the status and
future of psychology as a global discipline.
· Consider the reasons given to refute the claim that psychology
is a global discipline, and think about progress yet to be made
toward that goal.
· Reflect on the reasons you believe psychology is or is not a
global discipline.

Post two convincing reasons why psychology is a global
discipline. Explain why each reason you stated reflects future
progress in establishing psychology as a global discipline. Next,
post two of the most convincing reasons that refute the claim
that psychology is a global discipline. Explain why each reason
reflects a lack of progress or progress yet to be made. Finally,
take a position on whether you believe psychology is a global
discipline. Justify your position.
Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific
references to the Learning Resources.
The American Psychological Association provides its ethics
code.
Psychology Resources from around the World. (n.d.). Iran -
Iranian Organization of Psychology and Counseling Code of
Ethics. Retrieved March 27, 2017, from
http://ethics.iit.edu/ecodes/sites/default/files/iran-code-eng.pdf
European Federation of Psychologists' Associations. (2008).
Ethical principles. Retrieved June 25, 2009, from
http://www.efpa.eu/
This is the ethics code of the European Federation of
Psychologists' Associations.
Singapore Psychological Society. (2005). Code of professional
ethics. Retrieved June 25, 2009, from
https://singaporepsychologicalsociety.org/code-of-professional-
ethics/
The Singapore Psychological Society provides its ethics code.
Discussion: Alternative Psychologies (Due 1/17/18)
Thus far in your experience as a psychology student, you have

been introduced to the field of psychology in terms of the mind
and its functions in relationship to human behavior. Most
introductory psychology textbooks and resources for other
psychology classes emphasize a cause-and-effect scientific
model, which typifies traditional psychology in the United
States and the Western hemisphere in general. Throughout this
course and in your course text, you read about Western
psychology, which is representative of the practice of
psychology in the United States.
Alternative psychologies evolved independently of Western
psychology because they are suitable for the needs of non-
Western cultures. One notable difference is that alternative
psychologies prioritize collective or group processes over
isolated individual processes. Alternative psychologies view
individuals as reflections of the larger culture or society. While
the various alternative psychologies do have differences, they
also have common themes such as those outlined in your course
text: meaning-making, collective construction of psychological
reality, time-dependent processes, and normative explanations.
Liberation psychology, which is one type of alternative
psychology, has been used to address the needs of the poor and
the oppressed in Latin America. With liberation psychology, the
focus is on social change. Social change is possible when
attempts are made to improve the conditions of the entire
community rather than to only address the needs of one specific
individual within the group. Additionally, this type of
alternative psychology makes a difference by addressing
challenges of the native people where they live, in their
professions, and in the world around them. Liberation
psychology also helps people understand what they need in
order to facilitate change.
particular attention to the sections about alternative
psychologies and liberation psychology.

· Referring to the video clips located in this week’s Optional
Resources as examples, utilize the internet to identify one video
that illustrates how liberation psychology empowers individuals
to address their challenges.
· After viewing your selected video, identify the issues that
were particularly challenging for the individuals in the video.
Focus on two issues of particular interest to you.
· Reflect on how the common themes of alternative
psychologies are evidenced in liberation psychology.
· Consider Walden University’s Mission for Social Change,
which is to create scholar-practitioners who can effect positive
social change.
Post a description of the video you selected. Specify two issues
that were particularly challenging for the individuals in the
video. Explain how liberation psychology could be or was
applied to address the two issues you identified. Discuss how
liberation psychology reflects at least two of the themes
common to alternative psychologies. Describe how you, as a
Walden University scholar-practitioner, might utilize liberation
psychology as a means to effect positive social change.
Psychology"
Psychology"
Assignment: Culturally Appropriate Research Methods (Due
1/19/18)
In order to understand research methods that are suitable for
global psychology, it is important to state what is meant by
“global psychology.” Marsella (1998) refers to global
psychology as “concerned with understanding, assessing, and
addressing, the individual and collective psychological

consequences of global events and forces by encouraging and
using multicultural, multidisciplinary, multisectoral, and
multinational knowledge, methods, and interventions” (p. 1284).
Culturally sensitive research methods employed by
psychologists with a global perspective usually are qualitative,
while Western psychologists often employ quantitative
approaches. Quantitative approaches emphasize cause and effect
and reflect a traditional scientific method. Quantitative methods
also are objective and value statistical analyses. Qualitative
methods allow more subjectivity and often involve observation
and interviews that are harder to quantify. Recently, many
Western psychologists have increased their acceptance of
qualitative methods or blending quantitative and qualitative
methods (mixed methods). However, even in the realm of
qualitative methods, psychologists have identified some
methods that are more appropriate than others in satisfying the
needs of their discipline. Your course text explains four
specific, culturally appropriate research methods: action theory,
discourse analysis, grounded theory, and focus groups.
Despite global psychology's preference for culturally
appropriate qualitative methods, most peer review committees
of professional journals publish studies that use traditional
quantitative methods. Thus, psychologists who work
internationally or globally continue to encourage researchers to
apply culturally appropriate quantitative and qualitative
methods.
· Review Chapter 7 in your course text.
· Think about culturally appropriate research methods, such as
action theory, discourse analysis, grounded theory, and focus
groups.
· Use the link provided in this week’s learning resources to
review several past issues of the International Psychology
Bulletin.
· Within the past issue of your choice, select one peer-reviewed
article which is of interest to you that does not use action

theory, discourse analysis, grounded theory, or focus groups.
· Think about whether the research used in the article is
quantitative or qualitative.
· Consider how you might use action theory, discourse analysis,
grounded theory, or focus groups to conduct a study about this
same topic.
· Think about why the research method you selected could
benefit a study of this topic.
· Summarize the study in the research article you selected,
including a description of the type of research method that was
used.
· Is the study qualitative or quantitative? Discuss how you
know.
· Pick two culturally appropriate research methods (action
theory, discourse analysis, grounded theory, or focus groups)
and explain how you could apply each method to conduct a
study about the same topic described in the research article you
selected.
· Explain why the research methods you selected could benefit a
study about this topic and describe how they compare to the
type of research methods originally used.
Psychology"
Psychology"
Discussion: Healing as a Form of Intervention (Due 1/20/18)
A psychotherapeutic intervention is a treatment that addresses a
physical problem, a mental problem, or both. Psychotherapeutic
interventions are targeted differently in non-Western cultures.
In Western cultures, such interventions tend to focus on the
mind. They are separate from medicine, which focuses on the

body. Psychotherapeutic interventions in non-Western cultures
(referred to as “traditional cultures” in your text) often are
identified as healing and focus on the health of the whole
person rather than on addressing an individual problem. In non-
Western cultures, medical interventions are not separated
clearly from psychotherapeutic interventions.
The use of psychotherapeutic interventions in different parts of
the world is influenced by both society and culture. Your text
refers to these influencers as “the sociocultural context.” The
term sociocultural context includes such factors as religion,
community beliefs about health and illness, rituals such as
initiation or purification ceremonies, and relationships with
family.
attention to the section on psychotherapy in its sociocultural
context. Review non-Western healing therapies such as Morita,
Naikan, and Zen.
· Review the articles: "Buddhist psychotherapy" and "The effect
of yoga on functional recovery level in schizophrenic patients."
· Review this week’s media about psychotherapy in Argentina.
You may wish to view the clips more than once and take notes.
· Select a non-Western psychotherapeutic intervention and think
about how that intervention is an expression of its sociocultural
context.
· Consider the similarities and differences between the
psychotherapeutic intervention you selected and
psychotherapeutic interventions in Western cultures.
· Using the Walden University library, search and find one
current peer-reviewed article that reports on a
psychotherapeutic intervention practiced in traditional cultures.
Post a description of the non-Western psychotherapeutic
intervention you selected. Explain two ways in which this
intervention is an expression of its sociocultural context.
Finally, explain two similarities and two differences between

the psychotherapeutic intervention you selected and
psychotherapeutic interventions in Western cultures
Global Psychology"
databases.
databases.
databases.
d

ed
part that psychotherapy plays in Argentina. Assignment:
Individual Therapy (Due 1/22/18)
In this week's Discussion, you considered broad differences
between non-Western and Western psychotherapeutic
interventions. The focus of this week's Application is individual
therapy, one specific type of psychotherapeutic intervention.
Most people think of individual therapy as a client sitting with
their therapist to address the client's concerns. This is indeed
one type of individual therapy. This week’s learning resources
refer to different approaches in individual therapy such as:
psychoanalysis, behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, and
counseling. Regardless of the approach, individual therapy
depends on a person's willingness to seek therapy and the
relationship between a therapist and a client. In this
Application, you consider how sociocultural context influences
individual therapy.
particular attention to the following sections: "A Global
Panorama of Psychotherapy: Innovations, Modifications, and
Elaborations", "Psychotherapy in its Sociocultural Context",
and “Expectations, Preferences, and Styles: Cultural,
Characteristics and Differences”.

· Consider the differences in the expectations, preferences, and
styles of psychotherapy with Chinese clients and African and
Indian Clients.
· Review the article, " Wrapping and unwrapping emotions:
Clinical practice with East Asian Immigrant Elders," paying
particular attention to attitudes toward psychotherapy and
· Review the following videos: "Tango and Analysis,"
"Argentina in Therapy – Trailer Film," and "Argentina in
Therapy – Pre-Title Sequence." Focus on attitudes toward
psychotherapy and therapist-client relationships.
· Consider similarities and differences in attitudes toward
individual therapy in Argentina and Eastern Asia.
· Think about how sociocultural context, in general, influences
attitudes toward therapy.
· Consider similarities and differences in therapist-client
relationships between Argentina and Eastern Asia.
· Reflect on how sociocultural context, in general, influences
· Explain how the sociocultural context influences attitudes
toward both therapy and therapist-client relationships.
· Compare the differences in the expectations, preferences, and
styles of psychotherapy among Chinese, African, and Indian
clients.
· Describe the similarities and differences in attitudes toward
both individual therapy and therapist-client relationships in
Argentina and Eastern Asia.
Global Psychology"

databases.
databases.
databases.
d
ed

part that psychotherapy plays in Argentina.
Discussion: Community Empowerment (Due 1/24/18)
Last week, you explored how individual therapy is viewed in
both Western and non-Western cultures. This week, you
discover how global psychology contributes to macro-level
interventions. "Macro" refers to interventions that address
large-scale needs at community, national, or global levels.
Psychologists involved in macro-level interventions often
contribute to policy development and social change by
addressing psychological issues such as posttraumatic stress,
anxiety, and depression.
According to Chapter 9 in your course text, "macro-level
interventions consist of community-based programs
implemented on a large scale in a manner that contributes to
peace and social justice." Psychologists collaborate with local
leaders to gain the support of villages or tribes to initiate and
implement interventions. Your course text also describes
additional examples of macro-level interventions in which

community empowerment was an important mechanism for
successfully addressing the intervention and initiatives that
address: the HIV/AIDS worldwide pandemic, school
desegregation in the United States, and the institutionalization
of orphans from war-torn regions.
attention to the section on "Community Empowerment and
Capacity Building."
· Review photo essays of macro interventions on the UNICEF
web site. Select one photo essay that interests you.
· In the photo essay you selected, consider whether you see
evidence of community empowerment.
· Think about how community empowerment might have been
increased if you do see existing evidence of it or how
community empowerment might have been engendered if you do
not see evidence of it.
· Consider how a capacity building approach can improve
outcomes in at-risk environments.
Post a brief description of the photo essay you selected. Explain
whether you see evidence of community empowerment. If you
see evidence, explain the evidence and explain how community
empowerment might have been increased. If you do not see
evidence, explain how community empowerment might have
been engendered. Lastly, discuss how a capacity building
approach can improve outcomes in at-risk environments.
Note: Identify the title of the photo essay you selected in the
first line of your post. You will be asked to respond to a
colleague who selected a photo essay that you did not.

Assignment: Strategies for Change and Macro-Level
Interventions (Due 1/26/18)
Child soldiers, HIV/AIDS, and education in war-torn countries
are just some examples of macro-issues of global significance
that are in need of macro interventions. Global psychologists
intervene by implementing strategies called change strategies.
The three change strategies detailed in your text are top-down,
bottom-up, and middle-out. Top-down strategies are those that
top-level leaders implement by directing action to those who
report to them. Bottom-up strategies work from the grassroots.
In bottom-up strategies, laypeople work together to create
change. Middle-out strategies are implemented by mid-level
leaders to influence top-level leaders as well as their public
constituencies. In this Application, you review macro-issues and
their macro-level interventions, identify a global issue that
might benefit from the presence of a psychologist, and consider
strategies that might be used to intervene in such situations.
attention to the section that addresses change strategies.
· Identify one global issue currently in the news that might
benefit from a macro-level intervention that includes a
psychologist.
· Think about one bottom-up change strategy a psychologist
might use to intervene and address the issue, one middle-out
strategy, and one top-down strategy.
· For each strategy, consider which specific change strategy
might be the most effective in addressing the issue you selected.
· Describe the global issue you selected.

· Determine the macro-level intervention (that includes a
psychologist) that you assert will work best in this situation.
Explain why you believe this intervention will work best.
· Provide examples of how a psychologist may use each of the
following change strategies to address the situation:
· Bottom-up
· Middle-out
· Top-down
· Explain which change strategy or which combination of
strategies you believe would be the most effective in addressing
the situation and why.
Discussion: Characteristics of Indigenous Psychology (Due
1/28/18)
Indigenous psychology is an emerging field of psychology that
relies on a local understanding of human behavior to develop
theories, conduct research, and address challenges. Indigenous
psychology evolved in response to the use of Western
psychology in countries where it did not seem to fit. The main
purpose of indigenous psychology is to practice psychology in a
way that is appropriate for the social, political, historical, and
cultural contexts in the area it serves.
Your course text highlights the limitations of general
psychology, a term the authors frequently use interchangeably
with Western psychology and mainstream psychology. In the
article "Origins and Development of Indigenous Psychologies:
An International Analysis," 15 contributing authors describe the

characteristics of indigenous psychology in different regions.
They also detail the limitations of Western psychology when
applied to non-Western countries.
attention to the sections on "Limitations of General Psychology"
and "Indigenous Psychologies."
· Review the article "Origins and Development of Indigenous
Psychologies: An International Analysis." Consider the
similarities and differences in what authors from different parts
of the world have to say.
· Think about the limitations of Western psychology in non-
Western countries.
· Reflect on the characteristics of indigenous psychology.
· Think about how indigenous psychology responds to the
limitations of Western psychology.
· Select two limitations of Western psychology in non-Western
cultures.
· Then, select two characteristics of indigenous psychology that
could be used in response to the limitation you selected.
Post an explanation of two limitations of Western psychology in
non-Western countries. Next, describe two characteristics of
indigenous culture that speak to the need for indigenous
psychology. Finally, provide examples as to how these two
characteristics of indigenous culture could be used in response
to the two limitations of Western psychology you identified.

databases.
Psychology, 41(4), 287–292.
databases.
contributed to academic achievement in Korea.Assignment:
Applications of Indigenous Psychology: Educational
Achievement (Due 1/30/18)
One research area of indigenous psychology is the study of
educational achievement in different countries. The research
questions why students in some countries perform much better
than students in other countries. Their findings have emphasized
four major factors that impact educational achievement. The
first factor, interdependence and proxy control, refers to a
child's dependence on parents. The second factor, self-
regulation, refers to the effort a student puts into academic
pursuits. The third factor, collective control, refers to
cooperation between family members and educators.
Organizational cultural, the fourth factor, refers to the
underlying cultural value system that emphasizes human-
relatedness. Your text provides further details about each of
these factors. The article provided in this week’s resources
illustrates the four factors and their effect on educational
achievement in Korea. (Note that the authors of the article use
the terms educational achievement and academic achievement
interchangeably).
Studies show that East Asian students are high academic
achievers, particularly in math and science. In contrast, studies

indicate that students in the United States perform poorly in
science, math, and often other academic areas as well.
Psychologists are interested in understanding whether factors
that influence high achievement in East Asia might somehow be
"imported" into the United States to improve educational
achievement.
attention to the section on understanding achievement in East
Asia.
· Review the article "Indigenous psychological analysis of
academic achievement in Korea: The influence of self-efficacy,
parents, and culture." Focus on the following sections:
"Traditional approaches; cultural values," "Family and self-
cultivation in Korea," and "Discussion."
· Think about how the factors of interdependence and proxy
culture contribute to high educational achievement in East
Asian countries such as Korea.
· Consider how the absence of interdependence and proxy
culture may correspond with low educational achievement in the
United States.
· Think about whether you believe the East Asian approach to
control, and organizational culture might somehow be
"imported" into American culture in order to improve
educational achievement.
· Explain how the East Asian approach to interdependence and
proxy control, self-regulation, collective control and
organizational culture contributes to high educational
achievement in East Asian countries.
· Explain how the absence of interdependence and proxy
culture may correspond to low educational achievement in the

United States.
· Explain whether you believe the East Asian approach to
control, and organizational culture might be "imported" into
American culture in order to improve educational achievement.
Explain your answer.
databases.
Psychology, 41(4), 287–292.
databases.
contributed to academic achievement in Korea.
Discussion 1: Ethics of Global Psychology (Due 2/2/18)
The future of global psychology may rest on the ethics that
guide its practice. It is these moral principles that guide global
psychologists to act in ways that are the most beneficial for the
individual and their communities. Many psychological
associations from around the world have established ethical

codes or principles for the practice of psychology in the
countries or regions they serve. The codes typically include
references to dignity and human rights, education and training,
privacy and confidentiality, and licensing. In contrast, some
countries and regions do not abide by any ethical codes. As
psychologists expand their global practice, many associations
have expressed a need for a universal code of ethics that is
applicable internationally. They argue that a universal code
would ensure uniformity as psychologists work throughout the
world.
· Review Chapter 10 in your course text, paying special
attention to the following sections: “Guidelines for ethical
practice,” “Going international,” “Ethical guidelines of allied
international associations,” and “Observations on where to go
from here.”
· Utilize the websites provided in this week’s resources to
review ethical codes from the following associations:
· American Psychological Association
· Psychology and Counseling Organization of the Islamic
Republic of Iran
· Singapore Psychological Society
· European Federation of Psychologists’ Associations
· Review the third draft of “The Universal Declaration of
Ethical Principles for Psychologists”.
· Review the four ethical situations described below and their
related questions to consider in terms of the ethical codes
specified above:
4. Suppose Minneapolis, MN is hit by an enormous natural
disaster. Many people were unprepared for such a disaster and
suffered mental and physical trauma. Would it be ethical for a
psychologist to provide his or her services if he or she had not
been specifically trained in disaster response? Do the ethical
concerns change if the care is provided at the site of the natural
disaster as opposed to at an office visit after the disaster has
already occurred? Why or why not? Refer to the specific

standards involved and provide a rationale for your answer.
4. Iran is under the threat of war from neighboring countries.
There is concern that there are enemy sympathizers responsible
for attacks within Iranian borders. Under what circumstances is
it allowable for an Iranian psychologist to disclose confidential
information without the consent of the client? Refer to the
specific standards involved. Is there a possibility the Iranian
government could misuse these standards? Why or why not?
4. A psychologist in Singapore wishes to refer a client because
of a conflict in values and feelings of underlying threats to his
safety. Due to these circumstances, the psychologist feels that
he cannot provide competent services to his client. What steps
should the psychologist take to ensure an appropriate referral?
Can the psychologist “warn” the future psychologist that his
client may pose harm to them? Why or why not? Refer to the
specific standards involved.
4. A psychologist who is bound by the European Federation of
Psychologists’ Association is contacted by a former client who,
after a six-month absence from therapy, would like to resume
his sessions. The psychologist is completely booked. What are
the psychologist’s ethical responsibilities to the client? What
should the psychologist do? Refer to the specific standards
involved.
Post a response to one of the four ethical situations described
above using the ethical codes specified. Be sure to address each
question posed in the situation you selected. Next, select two
ethical codes from all listed above that you believe are the most
important for the future of global psychology and explain why.
Finally, respond to this question: Do you believe it is possible
for there to be one set of ethical principles to govern all
psychologists globally? Why or why not?

· Chapter 3, "Current Trends in Global Psychology"
· Chapter 10, "Toward a Global Professionalization of
Psychology"
Article: Berry, J. (2016). Global, indigenous, and regional
perspectives on international psychology. In J.L. Roopnarine,
D. Chadee, J.L. Roopnarine, D. Chadee (Eds.), Caribbean
psychology: Indigenous contributions to a global discipline (pp.
45–68). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological
Association. doi:10.1037/14753-003
databases.Websites
Gauthier, J. (2008). The universal declaration of ethical
principles for psychologists: Third draft. Retrieved from
http://www.sagepub.com/cac6study/pdf/UniversalDeclaration.pd
f
The International Association of Applied Psychology provides a
working draft of a Universal Declaration Code of Ethics for
Psychology.
·
·
·
·
·

American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles
of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from
http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/code-1992.aspx Discussion 2:
Is Psychology Global? (Due 2/6/18)
Throughout this course, you have seen the words global and
international frequently. Your course text has used the words
interchangeably. Chapter 3 in your course text refers to the
growth in psychology around the world. In your work
throughout this course, you have explored psychological issues
from a global perspective, and you have discovered how
psychology is practiced internationally. Despite the many times
you have seen the phrase global psychology, there are questions
about defining psychology as a global discipline. The assigned
article "Global, indigenous, and regional perspectives on
international psychology" states that psychology "claims" to be
a global discipline. What do you think based on what you have
examined so far in this course?
attention to the section titled "Current Global Trends."
· Review the article "Global, indigenous, and regional
perspectives on international psychology" Focus on the
following sections: "International Psychology: A Critique," and
"Global Psychology".
· Consider the reasons given to support the claim that
psychology is a global discipline, and think about the status and
future of psychology as a global discipline.
· Consider the reasons given to refute the claim that psychology
is a global discipline, and think about progress yet to be made
toward that goal.
· Reflect on the reasons you believe psychology is or is not a
global discipline.
Post two convincing reasons why psychology is a global
discipline. Explain why each reason you stated reflects future

progress in establishing psychology as a global discipline. Next,
post two of the most convincing reasons that refute the claim
that psychology is a global discipline. Explain why each reason
reflects a lack of progress or progress yet to be made. Finally,
take a position on whether you believe psychology is a global
discipline. Justify your position.
Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific
references to the Learning Resources.
The American Psychological Association provides its ethics
code.
Psychology Resources from around the World. (n.d.). Iran -
Iranian Organization of Psychology and Counseling Code of
Ethics. Retrieved March 27, 2017, from
http://ethics.iit.edu/ecodes/sites/default/files/iran-code-eng.pdf
European Federation of Psychologists' Associations. (2008).
Ethical principles. Retrieved June 25, 2009, from
http://www.efpa.eu/
This is the ethics code of the European Federation of
Psychologists' Associations.
Singapore Psychological Society. (2005). Code of professional
ethics. Retrieved June 25, 2009, from
https://singaporepsychologicalsociety.org/code-of-professional-
ethics/
The Singapore Psychological Society provides its ethics code.

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