Tikal Research Paper

Tikal Research Paper
Oscar Jaime Martinez
Professor Myers
HIST–1301–182
27 August 2015
Tikal: The Great Ancient City
One may know the Stonehenge of England, The Great Pyramid of Khufu in Egypt, and the Roman Coliseum in Rome, Italy. What one ought to have
known is The Great Ancient city of Tikal.
Tikal located in present–day Guatemala is just one of the sites of the Mayan Civilization. The Mayan Civilization ranges from Mexico to the south in
Central America. Embedded in their society were beliefs that evolved around sacrifices to their Gods who were usually past kings. Although
archaeologist have worked hard trying to discover more information about the Mayan world, they have just scraped the surface of their history. One
of the greatest mysteries of the Maya today is the rapid decline of the society depicted by the last stela, an upright stone slab or column, located
around 869 A.D. at Tikal and 909 A.D. in the Mayan World
– about 1000 years before Columbus reached the island of El Salvador in 1492. While there
is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Long Count calendar was calibrated by means to record major events such as those described from glyphs on stelae. Starting around the 1960's
archaeologists and researchers turn their focus to the hieroglyphs left behind by the Maya. Due to the increase of study of the hieroglyphs, researchers
hit a turning point in what they mistakenly knew about the Maya. Like J. Eric Thompson, Carnegie Institution of Washington archaeologist, many
early explorers would have thought that the Mayan society was very peaceful. This declaration was mistaken since at the time there was little to no
understanding of the Mayan hieroglyphs. Today, with the understanding of most Mayan writing, archaeologists have concluded that the Maya were
warrior–like people with a very active community who took place in battles, sacrificial ceremonies, and even
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Compare And Contrast Aztec And Roman Architecture
s, this lesson will be focused on Aztec, Japanese and Roman. The word Architecture comes from the Greek word "arkhбё—" which means origin and
"tГ©khnД“" which means art or craft, and is the process of designing and constructing buildings such as houses, temples, public facilities, roads and
aqueducts. Aztec, Japanese and Roman architecture styles, building materials and purposes reflect the civilisations degree of technological and cultural
advancement. What is architecture? Well the main concept behind architecture, is the planning, designing, and constructing of buildings and other
physical structures.
Roman architecture covers a time period starting from the establishment of the Roman Republic to the fall of the Roman Empire in the mid–5th century.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a social context, many of Rome's buildings such as monuments and public facilities like forums or public bath houses, reflects the advanced social
structure of Rome and its civilization. Furthermore the complex architectural design of buildings throughout the Roman Empire and Republic, for
example the grand Aqueduct of Segovia in Spain which still stands tall today after 1900

Mayan Hieroglyphics Summary
The deciphering of the Mayan hieroglyphics reveal a much more violent depiction of the mind people than scholars originally thought. This new light
sure that the Mayans engaged not only in territorial wars blood rituals and sacrifices for religious practices. Their writings are a complex system that
contain a certain type of fluidity between concepts, words, and sounds used together to express many elaborate ideas. This is all completed without the
use of a definite alphabet. Scholars rely on context with the aid of elite software to interpret the Mayans content. The mayan wrote down much of the
information in what is called codices, unfortunately the best majority of the handwritten ledgers were destroyed when the Catholic Spaniards ransacked

The Maya And The Mayan Civilization
The Maya were a people from Middle America, which includes modern Guatemala, Southern Mexico, and Northern Belize (Editors). The Maya
civilization was considered to be "one of the most dominant indigenous societies of Mesoamerica," (Maya). "The Maya excelled at agriculture, pottery,
hieroglyph writing, calendar–making, and mathematics, and left behind an astonishing amount of impressive architecture and symbolic artwork,"
(Maya). They also gave mankind the modern calendar (Jarus, Maya). The Mayans were a very advanced people, but one of the most important things
in the Mayan culture was their religion/god worshipping rituals. The Mayans were an architectural type of people who based some of their
masterpieces off of their religion. The... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These were said to have been very big, joyous celebrations with lots of drinking and merrymaking between neighboring friends and family. The
Mayans ate a lot of things at these parties, including vegetable stews, roasted meats, maize cakes and the desirable cocoa. As their guests left their
extravagant party, the Mayans would give their guests a gift, almost like a goody bag, but the host would give their attendees a vase and a pedestal.
This is like when your grandmother gives you some food take home after visiting her. Every Mayan person would have to these feasts, even the
poor. In return for going to someone's party, one had to throw their own party and invite them; the only people who did not have to exactly return the
favor would have been poor. As mentioned before, every person had to throw the feast. If the person died before they could throw their extravagant
party, their heir would have to throw that party; there was no getting past that (McManus). Though this had a role in the lives of the Mayans, this was
still little of what the Mayans did. One very interesting thing about the Mayans was that they had a very different view of creation than most common
belief systems. The Mayans believed that the earth was just a plain old watery void to start out. Then, animals and plants came into the earth's wide
picture (Jarus). It was just animals and plants on the planet––no humans. But the gods needed humans, something or someone to worship them. The
gods

Mayans Misunderstood Essay
Mayans: Bloodthirsty Savages or Misunderstood?
Were the Mayans really the savages everyone has made them out to be, or were they just normal, misunderstood citizens, just trying to make it through
another day. The Mayans are not only one of the most mysterious cultures in history, but one of the most intelligent early civilizations, discovering
things such as the concept of zero, and how to make accurate 365–day calendars. It is agreed upon that the people of Maya were way ahead of their
time, but how much did they really know? They settled in Yucatan (now Mexico) between 2600 BC and 1800 BC and were the indigenous people of
Mexico and Central America.
Maya kings were the centers of power for the Maya civilization, and each Maya city–state was controlled by a dynasty of kings. A Maya king was
expected to be a military leader have a great mind to solve city problems like wars or food crises. Kings also sacrificed their own blood to the gods,
the higher kings. When a king died and left no heir to the throne, there was usually a war to determine the next ruler. Pakal, also known as Pacal the
Great, was one of the main figures responsible for rebuilding Palenque, and was known ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of their gods represented a form in nature, for example the Sun God (Kinih Ahous). They worshiped these gods everyday and religion was at
the center of everything they did. They believed their ancestors lived in a small piece of heaven, and kept a watchful eye on their relatives on earth.
The Maya also believed in an underworld, which to them was a horrible place filled with demons. If the Mayans did not worship the right way, these
demons would be released onto earth and attack them, or so they believed. No Mayan woman would ever look in a mirror, for it was believed that the
demons from the underworld could reach through the mirror and yank you into the underworld. Men, however, would look into mirrors as an act of

The Classic May A Time Of Great Expansion During The...
The Classic Maya was a time of great expansion in the Yucatan peninsula. Socially impactful art, massive architecture, and thriving complex
societies. Across the swath of time that was the Classic Maya, there were great rulers that defined cities. Pakal in Palenque, Tahn Te ' K 'inich in
Acqueteca, several kings in Tikal, and several other cities all possessed great leaders that created stability. The Terminal Classic period was when
most all central power, across the Yucatan, was disrupted. There were cities that were totally abandoned, cities where people dwelled outside of but all
activity within the city had halted, and a general loss of central power. While it can be puzzling to understand what created the "shift," or "collapse"
from... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The characteristics that defined the Classic Maya were no longer being pursued. The strong central governments of the Classic Maya built palaces
and monuments. Pakal of Palenque built a massive palace beginning in 650 AD. Tahn Te ' K 'inich of Acqueteca wanted to elevate the status of
Acqueteca, and his model for that was through massive construction and ceremonial activity. He dedicated large steala which depicted the king as
a great warrior. He also commisioned for a great pyramid to be built. It never was finished, but the point is that he was very intentional in
displaying his power through construction. Acqueteca is a great example of a city who 's central political system was disrupted that led to its
eventual abandonment. As said above, Tahn Te ' K 'inich was commissioning many buildings while maintaining a strong ceremonial center. This all
changed when Acqueteca was faced with imminent military attacks. K 'inich had to abandon all commissioned work, and begin construction on a
series of wall to protect the city. Because there was such a rush to put up defensive walls, it created great disruption in the ceremonial and social
lives of the people of Acqueteca. The walls were never fully finished, and through excavations, Acquetca was a place that was hastily left. The palace
was swept clean except relics that were sealed away presumably for hiding purposes. The fate of K 'inich is unknown, but it is obvious that he fled.
There is no evidence

How Did The Mayan Architecture Affect The Architecture Of...
The immense Mayan empire, now in the present day Guatemala tropical lowlands, was once a vast empire that had its highest point of power and
impact close the sixth century AD. Some of the accomplishments made by the Mayans were in cultivation, earthenware and stoneware, hieroglyphic
writing, the production of the calendar, and mathematics. This culture also impacted later civilizations by handing down exquisite architecture and
figurative artwork ("Maya" 2017). The Maya stayed in one central location for security from invaders in the Yucatan Peninsula. Within this were three
individual areas of northern Maya lowlands, southern lowlands, and southern highlands ("Maya" 2017). The organization of the empire included
individually ruled city states, with no sovereign power overlooking the entire realm. Architecture... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Maya architecture reflected the Maya's values and culture through hierarchy, astrology, and religious purposes and functions. Both palaces and temples
had a substantial impact and function within the Maya civilizations and these structures also portrayed hierarchy in their configuration and internal
functions. Many palaces were present in Mayan civilizations. Palaces were most likely housing options for upper class citizens. Other parts of the
palaces, like the multitudes of rooms and format, also indicated that these palaces were used for government functions and also vaults for expensive
objects and heirlooms (Culbert 1993, 61–62). These palaces were not open for all citizens just for the higher classes for use of housing, gathering
places, and safe storage. The palaces were the households for the king and his royal family, but they were also a key center for upper class interaction
and social events. These palaces were hubs for communication on trade and other governing topics but also communication between the upper and
lower classes. Finally, feasts, dances, and other intercommunication affairs were held in

Khufu And Mayan Architecture : The Great Pyramid Of Giza
The Great Pyramid of Giza was built for the Pharaoh Khufu who ruled Egypt from about 2547–2524 B.C. The pyramid was to be Khufu's and his
descendents tomb. Khufu's brother, Hemienu, supervised the building of "all construction projects of the king". Hemienu's tomb is one of the largest
in a cemetery right next to the pyramid. The Great Pyramid was built with about two million stone blocks that weighed an average of 2.5 tons. The
Great Pyramid stood 481 feet tall and was the tallest structure for more than 3,800 years until England's Lincoln Cathedral was built standing at 525
feet, a mere 44 feet taller. In 2006, Michel Barsoum, a materials engineering professor at Drexel University, performed an "extensive chemical and
X–ray... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As previously mentioned, Michel Barsoum investigation of the external and internal sections of the pyramid stones, with chemical and X–ray, found
that portions were made from concrete. This discovery has been gradually changing the view of groups of workers pushing huge stone blocks up
the sides of the pyramids. Since this pyramid theory does not work, there is a second theory. The second theory is based on Herodotus's machines.
Herodotus was a Greek historian who put forth the earliest found theory on how the pyramids were built. He visited Egypt around 450 B.C, when
the pyramids were 2,000 years old. Herodotus's machines are crane like devices made of wood called a shaduf to bring water from the Nile for
irrigation. However, this theory is just as unlikely as the first because there would have had to have been hundreds of these cranes spaced on the
pyramid at different levels. A second flaw is the amount of wood needed to create these cranes. Egypt did not have unlimited access to wood. The
wood would have had to of been imported and importing the needed amount of wood would be expensive. The third theory is fairly new. This new
idea had been proposed by Jean–Pierre Houdin. Jean–Pierre is a french architect who has devoted over seven years to create a detailed computer model
of the Great Pyramid. Houdin's theory suggests that blocks were pulled up a straight, external ramp just for the bottom third of the pyramid. Figure 2 is
Houdin's 3–D model of

Maya Civilization Collapse
The example of societal collapse in which I will be making reference to throughout this essay is the Maya civilization. The Maya civilization is,
"probably the best known of all early American civilizations." (Fagan, 1995) It was at its strongest point between AD 300 AND 900. Around AD 900
was the time of its collapse. This civilization was developed in a densely, tropical forest on either highlands or lowlands. Today to visit a Mayan site,
people would go to the modern Mexican state, capital city of Merida. This site was once home to the "New World's most advanced Native American
civilization before European arrival." (Diamond, 2009) Over the years there has been many predictions on what had caused the Maya civilization to
collapse. At ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He stated that if the communication between the rulers and the Gods failed and the hope for a good harvesting season and the production of rainfall
to occur, tensions would develop rapidly among the group. Here we have another example of how climate change and societal factors can affect the
societal well–being of a group. Traditions were handed down from generation to generation. The ways of living and teaching were embedded into each
Mayan person. Some of these ways of living consisted as being hunter–gatherers, this is because their predecessors were known for their hunting and
gathering of supplies to keep them alive. Climate change and education come into consideration here whilst talking about their well–being. Due to the
fact that their predecessors were hunter–gatherers, the weather had a major impact on their ways of collecting food and supplies. If there was severe
weather conditions throughout the forest there was a limit in the amount of food collected and in terms of the education view it declines also because
they cannot learn from their ancestors how to survive in these conditions. It is believed that they were not 'savages' but people who developed their
own culture

The Influence Of Architecture: Mystic Mayans
Mystic Mayans Quaydon betar Architecture The Mayan architecture was quite advance their buildings were all made out of stone since they made
it out of stone they have hardly been degraded by the weather and other things that's why a lot of the buildings still remain standing. The Mayans
didn't have just one leader each city had their own and if they lived close enough to each other they would make city trades the Mayans setted out
there city in big bunches around like a palace or temple or a ball court .they built irregular buildings because of the landscape they did that to avoid
floods but the later Mayans built their cities on higher ground for defence against attacks .the Maya kings lived in stone palaces close to the temples
but the normal Mayan's they lived in small house that made the city centre .the city centre had houses clumped together apparently the house that were
clumped together meant that thee extended family lived together (fig1.) Most of the simple designs were constructed mostly from wooden poles and
thatch. The Mayan's tend to build on the same place after their house gets destroyed or eroded. This mainly happened to the lower ranked Mayan's as...
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The evil gods what make death destruction because droughts hurricanes and war they make hunger and misery (an image of the god of rain in fig
2.) The main point of the Mayan religion was to keep the people in order and take care of them as well as the gods that's why there was very
important ceremonies that everyone had to attend if you broke any of the sins you would need a purification a part of the purification would be eating
meat and salt and

How Were The Mayans Civilized
To what extent were the Mayans a highly civilized society?
Read this and you will know about a civilization that founded the actual Mexico & Guatemala and were conquered because of the decrease of
population as a result of many human sacrifices and not enough sources such as food and water.
The mayans were a empire on the actual Mexico and Guatemala on the time period between A.D. 250–900. There's being a debate over the years
between historians to conclude if the mayans were civilized or not. Many historians use the 8 features of a civilization to evaluate and conclude if
they were really civilized or not. Based on the 8 features of a civilization the mayans were a civilized society because of many advancement in areas
such as writing, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each of the eight features of a civilization were very important but their main advancements were in writing, astronomy and mathematics, architecture
and art. Many other things made them civilized and their belief system (religion) made them less civilized.
The significance of the mayans on history is that they were the first civilization on the actual Mexico/Guatemala and they were also a very
advancements society in that time period and the actual reason for the existence of Mexico today.
Bibliography:
Jarus, Owen. "The Maya: History, Culture & Religion." Livescience.com. December 6, 2013. Accessed May 20, 2016. Web:

Mayans Dbq Analysis
Exceptional Tribe
What happened to the Mayan civilization before it mysteriously collapsed is still a mystery, but heart–stopping achievements were made. Throughout
3000 years the Native tribe of the Maya inhabited MГ©xico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras until the Spanish arrived. They were so secluded from
anyone else, that they could not learn information from other tribes and they came up with all ideas themselves.(BGE) Trade routes, the creation of
beautiful cities, establishing the number system and developing three calendars we all breathtaking achievements accomplished by the Mayan culture.
Using scale, effort, genius, and significance four achievements will be argued about which was the most remarkable. Obviously the development ...
Using a base of 20, the system used combinations of dots, bars and shells to represent numbers.(Doc C) Ingenious thinking and mental effort were
invested into creating this incredible philosophy of counting using different symbols. Exchange industry, goods, travel, what do all of these words have
in common, they were all part of the complex Mayan Trade Routes. The trade routes stretched from Ecuador and Colombia to southwesternUnited
States. They were completely isolated from their neighbours, so the journey to trade with them was treacherous. (Doc A) The significance today
would be the fact that people were able to safely travel and explore new places, and meet new people/tribes along the way. Through meeting new
people the Mayan culture was able to expand the land and area to which they lived. CopГЎn, Tikal, El Mirador are all exquisite examples of Mayan
architecture. In large Mayan cities it took around 80–130 full time workers and two–three months to build one home for a family. Over 2,500 Mayan
city locations have been found suggesting that some cities had populations in the tens of thousands, with colossal stone pyramids, palaces, temples, ball
courts and other ritual buildings. (Doc B) Mental and physical effort were used in the organization of all of the people and the carrying of the materials
without any modern machines and creating the extraordinary

The Mayans Research Paper
Mayan culture and their amazing minds For a civilization that existed for more than 3500 years. It is no surprise they lasted so long, but yet so
mysteriously disappeared. In my opinion their incredible lifestyle and early scientific methods should have outlasted any culture present. Which raises
the questions: How were their technology or methods so advanced and precise? And what could have been the reason they left their civilization? The
Mayan civilization, dating as far back as the 1800 B.C. also known as the Pre–classic period, were an indigenous people of Mexico and Central
America. Through the centuries, the Mayans went through several stages of technological advancements. Within this research, we'll explore their
advancements from... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was building was an astronomical observatory, since the Mayan were obsessed with both time and the stars, it isn't too difficult to believe that
an observatory would be one of the most valued structures in Mayan culture. The impressive design of the building is evidence of their intellect and
creativity. "El Caracol" was divided into several levels, and was clearly not aligned with the rest of the building in the city, but it was aligned with the
position of Venus, when present in the nightly sky. The window openings weren't for viewing anything on the ground, but the opening were aligned
specifically to view a certain event in the sky, like that of the movement of Venus and the

The Maya Influence Of Mexico On The Yucatan Area
The Maya was formed in the 2600 B.C. and by people. In know what is Mexico on the Yucatan area. They found lots of thing in the area. The still
have some Maya people that follow the religion. The Mayans were some of the smarts out of the civilians. They had raised dog and turkeys is in
pens. El Mirador center cover 10 square miles and was home to thousands of monuments,temples,homes and other buildings. They developed one of
the first solar calendar. They made the first 260 day calendar. The Maya had forty city states and spoke around seven different languages. The king
could have several wives and but the woman could only have one Husband. Each city has cropped based. Only less than ten percent could read. They
had a canal system that

Essay about Mayan Indians
Mayan Indians The Mayan Indians lived mainly on or near the Yucatan Peninsula. This region had many volcanic mountains or Highlands in the south
and the Lowlands in the central and northern regions. The southern part of the Lowlands was covered by a rain forest and the northern by much drier
forests. You could also find savannas and swamps scattered throughout many of these regions. The fields that farmers would use to grow crops are cut
and burned around February to May. During this time period, it is the dry season, in which it is very hot and uncomfortable for the people. When the
practice this slash and burn technique, the sky becomes gray and smoky, making the weather even more unbearable.... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The tribes usually lived in homes made of poles. The poles were young trees of had their bark stripped off and than set in a stone foundation for
the building of the home. There were two doorways place in front of each other to allow for the free air to flow. The structure had rounded ends
and was either filled with more poles or stucco. The roof was made out of a thick palm thatch, which sufficiently protected the interior. There was
also a stone version of this home, which was lived in by the more powerful. It was similar, but instead was made in a rectangular form. In places
where there are many large trees, wooden planks would be used in place of piles, which also lacked rounded ends. Some of these homes and
structure are still standing today. The Mayans were skilled farmers who cleared large sections of tropical rain forests for their farming. Also, when
they were running low on water, they would make an underground storage for rainwater. Maize was their main staple and still is, though they have
various diets depending on the local geography. Agriculture was based on slash and burn farming which meant that the field has to be left alone from
5 to 15 tears after only 2 to 5 years of farming. The normal garment of men was a cotton breechcloth wrapped around the middle, with sometimes a
sleeveless shirt, either white or dyed

History of Mayan Culture
History of Mayan Culture The mysterious culture of ancient Maya once covered a vast geographic area in Central and South America. Their
civilization extended to parts of what are now Mexico, Honduras, and El Salvador, and most of Guatemala and Belize. The Mayans first settled in
1500BC. The Mayans environment consisted of tropical rainforests, which was also one of their main sources of resources, they turned the jungles into
great cities. The rainforest would provide them with food, clothing, weapons, tools, and many more useful items. It rained almost everyday, but the
temperature was not cold at least in the daytime. The environment played a major role in what the Mayans culture became, they needed rain and heat to
survive both the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each large city had one supreme chief who ruled for life, upon his death a son or brother took over. In some cases wife took over. If no family
successor was available a new ruler was selected from the upper class. Crime was also an issue for the Mayans. Criminals were punished in
different ways according to what they had done. A thief would become the servant of his victim. Murderers were put to death, sometimes as part
of ritual sacrifices. For minor crimes, hair was cut as a sign of disrespect. There were also class separations like the ruling class and the common
people. Warriors were a separate class themselves too. In battle the Mayans fought with wooden clubs, flint knives, spears, and slingshots. Weapons
and tools were made from bone, parts of animals, soil, stone, metal/copper, and wood. RELIGION The Mayans were very religious people; their
religion regulated almost everything in their life. Priests were the most important people in the tribes. The Mayans believed their gods had destroyed
and recreated their earth several times that is why they always tried to please their gods with sacrifices. Each God represented something for them.
Their Supreme Being and creator of the universe was called " Hunan Ku ". The next important gods were the sun and moon gods. " Kinich Ahau " was
the sun god. They

What Are The Mayans
The Mayans Maya was a longest lasting, great Mesoamerican civilisation settled through southern Mexico, Guatemela, northern Belize and western
Honduras. There wasn't a single Mayan state so they didn't have a central ruler of their empire. It consisted of many independent city states. Each city
had it's own king and noble class supported by smaller cities, villages and farms. Palenque, Tikal, CopГЎn and Calakmul were the major cities. Mayans
were superior in agriculture, pottery, hieroglyph writing, architecture and art. Also they made important developments in mathematics and astronomy,
such as the use of zero and the calendar system based on 365 days. The Classic Maya built many pyramids, temples, palaces and observatories,
decorating them

Guatemala
7. 12 Ancient Ruins You Have to Visit in Guatemala
The mere mention of Guatemala is enough to get most people's imaginations in full flight. Home to a beguiling ancient culture, Guatemala has still
managed to retain a strong Mayan identity despite colonization by the Spaniards in 1524. The home of a highly sophisticated civilization that was
adept in astronomy, architecture and weaving, modern–day Guatemala seamlessly fuses the ancient with the modern while still remaining completely
authentic. Snorkel in the sapphire–tinted waters of the Caribbean, take in the breathtaking sights of a Mayan handicrafts market and then head into the
steamy inland jungles and explore one of the plethora of ancient temples that lie dotted around the country. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6. Nakum
This ancient ceremonial centre and Mayan city is flanked by bright green swathes of tropical flora and features an abundance of restored architecture,
making it one of the best preserved ruins in Guatemala.
7. Uaxactun
23km north of Tikal in the Peten basin of the Mayan lowlands, Uaxactun is located in the heart of the jungle, miles away from any paved roads and
functioned as Tikal's political and military rival. The site features many step pyramids set inside jungle clearings.
8. El Mirador
Just 7km south of the Mexican border lies El Mirador, home to the largest conglomeration of buildings of any single Mayan site including the biggest
pyramid built in the entire Mayan world. Archaeologists believe that they have only scratched the surface, with many secrets still believed to be buried
underground.
9. Aguateca
Standing on a high hilltop at the south end of Laguna Petexbatun lie the ruins of Aguateca. Flanked by cliffs and split by a ravine, the city is believed
that have prospered and enjoyed military successes until about 700

Mayan Architecture And The Mayan Civilization
Mayan Architecture Represented Through Their Beautiful Art The Mayan civilization is identified for many significant accomplishments, one of
those significant accomplishments is their architecture. The Mayan civilization was capable of building massive structures such as; palaces,
temples and pyramids. Each Mayan pyramids is dedicated to a deity. The Mayans were also known for their art, their developed writing,
astronomical and mathematical systems, and supernatural beliefs. One of the major sites of the Mayan civilizations is Tikal. Tikal is a Mayan
city in the rainforest of Guatemala. Tikal consist several major pyramids build by the Mayans, the Mayan buildings were made out of limestones,
mortar, and stucco was used on the exterior of the buildings which were also decorated. For example, in Figure 1 we can appreciate a painting
done on a stucco vase, this image would probably be similar to the ones made on the building walls, in this painting we can appreciate another
example of their buildings and the art decorating the walls of those buildings. The scene on the painting most likely takes place at a palace, the
walls of that palace are covered with colorful Mayan art. In the painting shown in figure 1, there is four men, one could be a ruler standing wearing
a headpiece of a bird, the ruler is holding some sort of fan or banner, we can also appreciate a second person standing behind the ruler, that second
person seems to also be wearing a headpiece, we cannot

Taking a Look at Ancient Empires
Ancient Empires such as Gupta, Rome, Maya, and Rome were some important empires.They all have Pros/Cons in their Empire. No empire was
perfect, each empire had its own ups and downs. The Romans had a strong military that gained lots of new land compared to the Mayans who did not
have a strong military because their military did not help gain lots of land and didn't really defend their land well like the Romans did. Rome had
better beliefs and religion such as Roman mythology which had stronger beliefs compared to hinduism in Gupta. Even though, Maya enjoyed good
trade such as animal skin, and jade, Romans still had better architecture which was more helpful. Rome has better characteristics compared to the other
empires which makes it the most successful.
When the idea comes to military, it is important that the military is strong so it can help protect land/people and help the empire in gaining new land.
Mayans didn't have a good military compared to the military the Romans had. Furthermore, the Roman's military was strong because they conquered
lots of land in places like Italy, Malta, Spain, Portugal, and etc with strong military tactics compared to the Mayan's military which didn't help in
gaining lots of new land. Weapons like shield, sandal, gladius, other weapons and smart strategies like the orb helped Romans in achieving lots of
new land. For example, The orb was a defensive position which helped in the defense of the Romans. People can refute saying that Rome had

The Mayan Civilization : Ancient Civilization
The Mayan Civilization:
For many centuries the Mayan was of life was a mystery to archaeologists. Their geography, social structure, government, economy/trade, technology,
writing, and arts were all thought to be forever lost. Now, as archaeologists are still uncovering more information, what was once referred to as "The
Lost Civilization of Maya", has been awakened from the grave of unknown. Geography:
The ancient Mayan Civilization surrounded by the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean stretched from the southern tip of Mexico to Belize,
Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. The tropical climate was ideal for growing, their main crop, maize along with sweet potatoes, avocado pears,
and paw paws. There was plenty of rain in the whole ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Commoners could not vote as the Mayan Civilization was not a democracy. The Mayan Civilization has always had a strong social class and was
always a monarchy. Government:
The Mayans always were a separated nation, that was made up of a collection of city–states. They had a hierarchical system in their government. They
lived in city–states much like the Egyptians and the Mesopotamians. The Mayans has no professional armies but warfare was still quite important to
the government. Mayan government would also raid other city–states. The Mayan rulers were thought of as a human–god hybrid. The rules were
passed down by generation. It was unlikely for women to become rulers but occasionally when the king was too young, at war or unavailable for some
other reason women would rule. All city–states were similar in the laws, the gods they believed in, architectural style, clothing and their way of life.
Yet the Mayans never came together because of the common greed that nobles shared: wanting more power and land. Economy/Trade: The most
important trading item for the Mayans was salt and the Yucatan Peninsula had lots of salt. The people of the Yucatan Peninsula traded honey, beeswax,
bird feathers, and slaves. The feathers traded ranged from toucans all the way to hummingbirds, these feathers were used in clothing. The lowland
products included cacao, lime stone for building, vannila, jaguar pelts and

Mayan Achievements
The Maya prospered in Mesoamerica for many years. Their brilliance cut edge thinking for mastery in various areas have amazed those who know
about them. When you think remarkable you usually expect something extraordinary or astonishing. If a word were to describe the Maya "remarkable"
would be the most appropriate word to use. They accomplished many remarkable achievements that intrigued us all. Among the remarkable
achievements of the Maya I believe the Mayan trade network were the most remarkable. Other than the Mayan trade network there was the Mayan
calendars, the Mayan city, and the Mayan number system. These achievements were remarkable as well as the Mayan trade network. According to
document B the Mayan civilization ranks... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To be remarkable I would say you at least have to fit in to two of those categories. The Mayan trade network fits in all of them which certainly
makes it remarkable. Though, there are two main categories that made the Mayan trade network the most remarkable to me. Those two categories
are significance and effort. The effort in that project was immense. To know all of your land and know what is found in it you would have to have
been to every little piece of land there is. According to document A the Maya had no donkeys, horses, or other beasts of burden. If you wanted to go
somewhere you walked or rode in a ship. It took a lot of physical effort due to no animals existing at that time that were able to carry them to a certain
destination and it took mental effort also because you would have to think of short and safe ways to arrive to your destination. The mental part seems
pretty easy, but if you think about it there must have been some hard thinking that they had to encounter to be able to make a successful trade network.
The significance was as immense as the effort. The community learned and new resources which helped them be more modern and develop their
community further than anyone else in their

Chichen Itza Descriptive History
Chichen Itza Chichen Itza is a pre–Columbian historical archaeological site located in Yucatan, Mexico. The site was a city built and occupied by the
Mayan people of the Central Americas. It was built and populated from 600 to 1,200 Common Era. The name Chichen Itza translates to "at the mouth
of the well of the Itza people" in Yucatec Maya.Chichen Itza is one of the most significant sites in archaeological studies, and has great cultural
importance to archaeology and the world around it. Chichen Itza is a very interesting archaeological site, featuring amazing architecture, distinct
artifacts, innovative agricultural, as well as a fascinating history.
Chichen Itza has had a fairly unique excavation history compared to most famous archaeological sites. The site was originally excavated during the
late 1800s by several different archaeologists, and has been continually excavated since. The city was hidden under debris and lush forests when
excavations first took place, but was eventually revealed to be the beautiful city that it is. The site was first excavated during the Mexican revolution,
so there were no political barriers preventing archaeologists from coming and going from the site. Once a political system was reestablished after the
Mexican Revolution, many archaeologists were banned from excavating the site until recently. Several different famous archaeologists have passed
through the walls of Chichen Itza to help excavate and uncover the secrets hidden within the

Key Features Of The Mayan Civilization
Mayan civilization held the gateway to a society of varying cultures, religious beliefs and systems of writing. Its society holds the key features used in
ancient civilizations and are still used in modern–day living, and had contributed greatly towards the history of the ancient world. Mayans weren't the
only civilization known for their success in trade and contacts, religious beliefs and development of writing and science. Both Egyptian and Mayan
civilizations had similarities with their trade routes and contacts, religion and beliefs and their development of science and writing. The success of both
Mayan and Egyptian civilization was affected by their religious beliefs, progression in science and writing and trade and trade contacts. With... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the Mayans natural resources such as shellfish and dried fish would be exported to coastal communities and be exported up and across rivers
to be delivered to inland centres around Mesoamerica. An important part of the trading networks and contacts that the Mayans had was the imported
resources that they would receive. During this age in Mesoamerica, especially in Honduras, the rarity of resources such as pottery clay, hardwood and
obsidian glass was a must–have. The Mayans had received these valuable resources from the Olmec's through long–distance trade. Obsidian had such a
great value for its multiple purposes such as its use for tombs, art, vases and masks. With Egyptian economy, it gained its source of wealth through
farming and fishing, manufacturing and mining. Farming and fishing provided fresh fish and vegetables that can be cooked and eaten, or used as
trade offerings. Manufacturing was a large part of Egypt's wealth as it produces raw materials used in trade. With mining, miners would use tools
made from bronze and copper to dig for valuable gems and minerals such as iron, which had high valuable just about

Compare And Contrast Inca And Aztecs
In 1906 a horrible Earthquake in San Francisco took the lives of "3,000 people and left 400,000 people without homes" (McGowan). A little over a
decade ago we couldn't save thousands of homes but the people of ancient civilizations: Mayans, Incas, and Aztecs still have buildings that were built
and standing dated back in 100 A.D. During this time wars and plagues were taking over the rest of the world except for Mexico and part of South
America, here engineers were coming up with intricate buildings that are standing today because of how they were built, unique features that would
make these areas thrive and create meaning behind each building! Centuries before us, the Mayans, Incas and Aztecs were building famous, perplex and
unique buildings and structures like Tenochtitlan out of rocks that were used for religious meaning, sacrifice and palaces that are now turned into "the
most advanced buildings of that era!,"(BBC). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Mayans took advantage of limestone and calcified rocks held together by mortar. Which later advanced into a common item for humans, mortar is
used between bricks to hold them in place. The Aztecs created a "foundation system made of wooden pilings to keep their buildings from sinking in the
swamp landscape"(History Channel). The Incas cut perfectly cut, geometric rocks to form sturdy buildings without the help of any tools. We still use
many of these techniques today when people are building homes, with a foundation and the heavy paste mortar on

Similarities Of The Mayan Civilization
Despite bearing some minor similarities the difference between Mayan artwork like the Cylindrical vessel with ritual ballgame scene and Pablo
Picasso's Les Demoiselles d' Avignon are pronounced.
The best way to understand the Mayan is to have some historical information about them. The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization from
around 2000 BCE to 1500 CE. This civilization developed in areas like Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, YucatГЎn Peninsula, western El Salvador and
Honduras. Ritual, religion, and Cosmology are essential components of Mayan life, (Ca.A.D. 1200–1513) and Colonial (A.D. 1513–1830) periods of
indigenous migrations and Spanish Conquest. Many of their actions were based on ceremonies and rituals. Ritual also ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
His artwork was intertwined with his life; he used the word "diary" in reference to his work. Later the family moves to Barcelona where Pablo is
enrolled in "La Lonja" in advanced art classes. At the age of 49 his painting is exhibited at the Paris exposition Universelle. Picasso discovered what
had been implied in the theme of blindness during his Blue Period. In summer of 1907 he discovers African sculptures at the ethnographic museum at
Palais du Trocadero. In 1908 Cubism is born, Pablo gives a banquet at the Bateau–Lavoir in honor of Douanier Rousseau. Nine years later he works on
costumes and dГ©cor of ballet costumes for the Paris Parade at Theatre du Chatelet. He meets ballerina Olga Khokhlova. The following year,
Olga and Picasso marry and move to rue La Boetie. In 1921 Picasso's son is born he continues to work for Diaghilev and works with mother and
child subjects. In 1934 Pablo takes a trip back to his home town with his wife and son, where he does drawings, paintings, and engraving, of
bullfights. After the birth of his daughter Maia, he returns to watercolors, painting, and drawing. The republican government appoints Pablo director
of the Prado Museum. Forty years of his life were displayed at the Museum of Modern Art in New, York. "Picasso is an

The Cultural Similarities & Differences Between the Inca...
Though the Inca and Mayan empires existed at different times in history, they have a few things in common. Like other societies throughout history
though, they have many things that set them apart from each other. The biggest similarity they share is that they both had control of massive empires
that eventually ceased to exist. To start off with, the Mayans existed earlier in history than the Incas. The Mayans existed from 1000 BC to AD 1697
and no one is quite certain what wiped out their ancient civilization. Mayans are still around today but not as many as there once was. The Incas
existed from AD 1438 to around 1534 and were wiped out by a combination of smallpox and being conquered by the Spanish. Although the Mayans
existed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both the Incas and the Mayans had spoken languages. In fact, the Mayans had several spoken languages. Along the language lines, the Mayans also
were very good with art. Left behind in their cities were hieroglyphics and art depicting their everyday life. They even had a written language as well.
The Incas, however, only had a spoke language and no written language. I believe this also goes to show the intellectual capacity of the Mayans versus
that of the Incas. While the Incas were intelligent, they were no competition for that of the Mayans. When many people think of the Incas and Mayans,
they think of brutality. This is a common misconception though. Although the Mayans were brutal, the Incas were not. They preferred to settle disputes
amicably and peacefully. Even though they were peaceful, they still would become viscous fighters when pressed. The Mayans were, by far, much
more keen to brutality than the Incas. So, as stated before in this essay, the Incas and Mayans had quite a few things in common but they were much
more different than similar. Although both civilizations failed, at one point they flourished greatly. They were intelligent and paved the way for things
liken mathematics, architecture,

Tikal Temple Analysis
The Tikal is an ancient temple that is located in Guatemala there are many, many version of
the ancient Tikal temple but the temple I have presented is between the third to twentieth one
.Here is an example of a couple of some standards Standard 1: Tikal Nationwide botanical gardens is a outstanding sample of
the image and humanoid mastermind of the Maya. It's riches of architectural also creative
tongues also covers significant representative basics, such as the idea of pyramid–as
mountains that describe a universe where human beings lived with their environment. It is
also an excellent place of planetary senses and was considered to have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More than 2000
developed plants, including 200 sapling class have been inventoried. Tributes, epiphytes, orchids
and bromeliads abound in the various forest types. The more than 100 creatures comprise over
60 class of bat, five class of fields – Jaguar, Puma, Ocelot, Margay, and Jaguarundi, as well as Mantled Howler Monkey and many rare species such
as Yucatan Spider Monkey and Baird's Tapir. The more than 330 logged bird class include the close
–threatened Ocellated Turkey, Crested Eagle, and
Ornate Hawk–Eagle, as well as the vulnerable Countless Curassow. Of
the more than 100 reptiles the rare Central American River Turtle, Morelet's Crocodile and 38 species of snakes stand out. In addition to 25
recognized amphibian species, there is a notable fish fauna and a great diversity of invertebrates. The property is also known for wild diversities
of several important agricultural plants.tikal is also the most significant archaeological structures

left by the Mayan civilization an internal city zone of around 400 hectares contains the principal colossal architecture and
monuments which include palaces, temples platforms for rites, small and

Apocalypto Essay
Apocalypto was perhaps one of the films in which I was most curious to see because of my Hispanic heritage. I was excited and then shocked by the
films brutal portrayal of the Mayan culture. I remember only hearing good things about how advanced the Mayans' were in astronomy, math and
architecture but never the bad stuff. After watching the film I began reading more about the Spanish conquest and the Pre–Hispanic America, so it was
interesting to see the historical references and level realism captured in the film.
The film Apocalypto was shot digitally by Dean Semler under the direction of Mel Gibson. He had previously worked with Gibson in several films
such as We Were Soldiers, The Road Warrior and others but never with Gibson as... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The film starts deep in the jungle where an isolated village is carrying on their hunting and peaceful ways of life. The story follows the brave
character Jaguar Paw and his tribesman as their intimate village is decimated and taken captive by a larger Mayan tribe. Jaguar Paw fortunately is
able to foresee the impending attack on his village and hides his wife and son in a profound cenote. However, Jaguar and some of his fellow
tribesman are taken captive and partake on a long journey through the jungle to a large Mayan city. Not knowing what lies ahead, Jaguar Paw holds
on to hope that he will see his family again and fights desperately to escape his captors from certain death. Upon arrival, the steep stepped pyramids,
flourishing markets, and most of all human sacrifice shock the captives. However, Jaguar Paw manages to escape and take the fight to his home
territory. He eventually finds strength and takes the upper hand against the hunters, as they become the hunted. He eventually arrives upon a beach
and once again becomes overwhelmed by the site of Spanish Ships. The hunters trailing behind him also become shocked and forget about Jaguar
Paw as he escapes to rescue his family from a flooding cenote. Towards the end of Apocalypto, Jaguar Paw reunites with his wife and daughter began
to drift off through the jungle to begin a new

Essay Classic Mayan Architecture
Classic Mayan Architecture
Mayan culture existed a thousand years ago, in what is now part of Central America. Its ruins were almost entirely abandoned by 600 A.D, and were
not rediscovered until the early 1500's, by Spanish settlers. Mayan architecture astounded the early conquistadors, and continues to be of great interest
to modern archeologists as well. These scientists have labeled a certain period of Mayan architectural history as the "Classic" period.
This refers to a period when the Mayan civilization flourished, and extended from 300 to roughly 900 A.D (Miller 52). Because of our image of classical
antiquity, the word "Classic" implies the heights of cultured accomplishment. In the classic period, we envision musicians ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These people built fake mountains by piling rock, and building a foundation on top to build a temple. The Mayans developed these temples further by
adding sculpture, and painted faces onto these pyramids. The whole building would then be covered with plaster, and painted red or other bright
colors. The Temples were often small, and had three dark rooms in their interior. One of the rooms would be an inner sanctuary where the king
preformed his rituals (Liz 1–6). That temples were, in fact, religious buildings is beyond question; structures of the same shape were still in use when
the Spaniards arrived and described with horror the bloody sacrifices that took place within the temple walls. Some Mayan temples have multiple
doorways and suites of interconnected rooms. In some rooms, plaster–and–stone thrones look through doorways onto courtyards where one can easily
envision crowds of religious supplicants (Culbert 165). Many temples also contain architecture that curiously corresponds with certain astrological
phenomenon. Most temples constructed during the Classic period have a total of 365 stairs, and openings that align with the summer and winter
solstices. When the temples were built, the architects aligned the temples with the sun, the moon, and the stars (Liz 1–6).
Some of the most distinct features of Classic Mayan culture were the pyramids. The pyramids were either temples or

Fall Of The Mayan Empire Essay
Fall of the Maya Empire
From the late eighth through the end of the ninth century, something unknown happened to shake the Maya civilization to its foundations. One city
after another, cities starting from the southern lowlands to the Yucatan Peninsula were abandoned, and by 900 A.D., Maya civilization in that region
had collapsed. Countless scholars have combed through the Maya ruins for clues to help drive their own theories to what caused this massive empire
to vanish. The fall of the Maya empire has been hypothesized to three main scenarios, exhaustion of resources, feuding city–states and rulers, and an
extreme period of drought which contributed to the Maya demise.
Some believe that by the ninth century the Maya had exhausted the environment around them to the point that it could no longer sustain an
exponentially growing population. Other Maya scholars argue that constant warfare among competing city–states led the complicated military, family
(by marriage) and trade alliances between them led to the breakdown, along with the traditional system of divine power. Finally, some catastrophic
environmental climate change, like an extremely long, intense period of drought, may have wiped out the Maya civilization. By the time the Spanish
explorers arrived, however, most Maya were living in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through Archaeology and personal accounts recorded by first contact explorers, the Mayan civilization built a network of structures with a constant
connection to the heavens. Their belief system valued multiple god and shamanism. With fierce barbarism, events of teamed games entertained citizens
called Pok–a–Tok, which the winners were sacrificed to the gods. This was prevalent in the glyphs later deciphered from lost codices by eager
scholars in the early 1970's (Aveni, Saturno, Stuart,

The Mayan Civilization
The Mayan Civilization at its height was one of the greatest civilization to ever reign on the planet. Their advances in astronomy and mathematics
well in advance has helped present civilizations to prosper. But one of the great questions is what happened to the Mayans? Why did they collapse?
What caused them to collapse? It is a question that had gone unanswered for decades until some of the worlds great historians and scientist finally
concluded to three reasons why the Mayan Civilization collapsed. The Mayans Collapse was fast and occurred due to Deforestation and Climate
Change, Overpopulation, and Internal and Exterior Rivalry. The Classical Maya was lost to the archaeological records until the last 200 years due to
it's abandonment. When the Mayans left there great cities, thick vines and jungles overtook the great monuments they once built. But in the last 200
years, in depth research has lead to breakthroughs into what the Classic Maya was like. The earliest Mayans were agriculturalist, growing crops such
as corn (maize), beans, squash and cassava. The Mayans also invented a very accurate calendar, a math code using 0's, constructed buildings still intact
today, and a writing system that took decades to decode. The Mayans were situated in one geographical block covering all of the Yucatan Peninsula
(Mexico), modern–day Guatemala, Belize, parts of the Mexican states of Tabasco and Chiapas, and the western part of Honduras and El Salvador. Due
to their location on the

Mayan Archaeological Investigation
When I was faced with choosing what archaeological site I should pick for this research project, I had no site in mind except that I wanted to pick one
that would teach me the most about past civilizations, but also about what archaeological investigation entails. To complete this task and with a
personal interest in the Maya civilization I felt that El Mirador was the right choice.
El Mirador or the "the lost Mayan city" is a huge site that's area in total is larger than Los Angles. It's located in the jungle of northern Guatemala in a
section called the Mirador Basin, a vast area of forest that contains dozens of Mayan ruins including several large cities, and El Mirador is the largest
of these known cities. Known as the cradle of Mayan ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By 2008, Hansen and his team had published over 100 scientific papers and many more technical reports and scientific presentations. Hansen's work
still continues today as he is the director of what is called the Mirador Basin project. In the article "El Mirador, the lost city of the Maya" the author
Chip Brown explains how Hansen has excavated, explored and mapped 51 ancient cities in the Mirador Basin and he has observed how "the
achievements of the Pre–Classic Maya were reflected in the way they made the leap from clans and chiefdoms to complex societies with class
hierarchies and a cohesive ideology." According to his discoveries he thinks that the mapped sites in the Mirador Basin may have formed the earliest
well–defined political state in Mesoamerica. An early political state or not, this leap that the Maya were able to make at the time was not due to
simple one factor but many. In the article "Top 10 Discoveries of 2009– Popol Vuh Relief" by Zach Zorich who describes that there was a fairly new
discovery that was found while a team was investigating the water collection system at the city El Mirador. What they found was a "sculptural panel
with one of the earliest depictions of the Maya creation story, the Popol Vuh." The depiction of the Maya mythology is not all though, Zorich explains
that "the sculptural panel decorates the wall of a channel that was meant to funnel water through the central administrative area of the city." According
to Hansen every roof and plaza in the city was designed to guide rainwater into the reservoir and while a rainforest does not seem to a place of
drought, the Mirador Basin gets very little rain from January through May. Not

Mayan Civilization and Culture
The Ancient Mayan civilization contained nearly two–thirds of Mesoamerica. The area included mostly volcanic mountains to porous limestone, also
referred to as the lowlands in the more central regions. Mayan civilization extended from Belize and Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula in the north, to
Honduras in the south. What made the Mayans stand out to me the most, were their complex societies, which were built and modernized far ahead of
its time in a tropical rainforest climate (Aissen, 1992). Normally, ancient populations lived in much drier climates, where irrigation practices served as
the foundation of societies. The Mayans excelled at pottery, hieroglyphic writing, making calendars, science, and mathematics. The Mayan Civilization,
which... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also referred to as "milpa," the Mayans would then plant in other areas while the areas that they burned, was given time to grow back. Terrace
farming is the process of cutting terraces into the hillsides to make useable plots to farm. The reason behind terrace farming was so that when
farming was taking place on steep hills, water and nutrients would not just flow to the very bottom causing erosion and loss of nutrients for crops
at the very top. With terrace farming, Mayans were able to control their agriculture, making sure all of their crops were receiving the proper
amount of water and nutrients. Most of the crops of the Mayans consisted of mainly corn, beans and squash. Aside from their immense belief in
using what nature has given them for survival, the Mayans were also a highly religious culture and favored many gods. This included the god of
sun, moon, rain, and corn. The people with the most power in their society were the kings. They were called "Kuhul ajaw" which means many
lords. They were believed to have a connection to the gods and followed a "heredity succession." Priests, warriors, and scribes followed these kings
on the hierarchy scale, and at the very bottom of the scale were subsistence farmers and servants (Coe, 1966). As the Mayan civilization began to
grow, they began trading necessary cooking items such as pottery, stone, and salt. They also began trading fish and seafood to

Mayan Architecture: Tulum Essay
Mayan Architecture &
The City of Tulum
Outline
I. Intro
II. The Mayan Civilization
A. Mayan Time Periods
B. Mayan Territory
C. Mayan Accomplishments
D. Mayan Collapse
III. Mayan Architecture
A. Intro
B. Tulum (Case Study)
1. Tulum's History
2. Tulum's Influences and Styles
3. Tulum's Design
a. Site
1. Economy
2. Social Class Orientation
3. Defenses
b. Buildings
1. El Castillo
2. Temple of Frescos
3. Temple of the Wind
4. Temple of the Descending God
5. Temple of the Initial Series

6. House of the Haiach Uinic
IV. Conclusion
In world history, the Ancient Mayan Civilization was dubbed the "Greeks of the New ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the northern Maya were finally integrated into the Toltec society by A.D. 1200, the Maya dynasty finally came to a close, although some smaller
cities continued to thrive until the Spanish Conquest in the early sixteenth century (Ruddell).
Mayan Architecture
Tulum lies on the coast of Quintana Roo, Mexico, which is on the eastern side of the Yucatan Peninsula. Tulum is different from most of the other
Mayan cities because of its location, its defenses, and its time period.
The name "Tulum" means wall, although that was a name given by Mayan descendants much later. The name Zama was most likely the original
Mayan name. It comes from a modification of the word "Zamal" (morning), associated with the dawn (Mureiko). My visit to Tulum in the early
morning was quite an experience and an amazing view. It is no wonder they named the city "morning."
The meaning of "Tulum" stands true however. The city is surrounded on three sides by a fortified wall that reaches heights of 16 feet at the doorways.
The fourth side is a 40–foot high cliff that overlooks the Caribbean reef and ocean. Because the city was constructed on a cliff, Tulum was/is the only
large and significant Mayan coastal city.
Tulum was constructed during the Post–Classic Period (AD 925 – AD 1540), and was one of the last cities built by the Mayan people. It was
constructed around the 12th century AD,

Mayan Achievements
The Mayan were very creative, self–straining, and knowledgeable. That is why I think their greatest achievement was Art. The Mayans had a lot of
free–time. This explains all of the art that they created. The greatest achievement of the Maya was art. The Artwork of the Maya was the Mayans'
greatest achievement. I'm sure there are many more achievements, but their Art was their most important. They had many pieces of art due to their
large amounts of free–time. The Mayan Artwork was very pulchritudinous and somewhat extronaridy. They made pottery, statues designed with deities
and carvings. As you can see the Maya made outstanding art. Art was the greatest accomplishment of the Maya. This is because, the Artwork told their
stories and how

Mayan Culture Essay
Maya, a beautiful, noble, mysterious name 'what kind of brilliant achievements have ever had? Even the Maya predicted that the end of 2012
doomsday have caused panic around the world. However, it is such a strong civilization that seems to have evaporated from this earth overnight. Let
people have deep curiosity on Mayan culture! Let us work together to understand more Maya it.
It is said that the Maya people started to construct religious buildings before the year 1000 AD. The earliest relics consisted of simpleearth mounds and
later evolved into pyramids. Early Mayan culture seemed to be influenced by earlier Olmec civilizations. After their civilization was spread to today's
Yucatan Peninsula, the Olmek civilization fell through its demise. 200 BC to 800 AD is the most... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most prominent of these are the pyramids and royal palaces built in the religious center. Other important archaeological remains are the carved
slate, which are written in hieroglyphs to describe the genealogy, the victory of the war, and other accomplishments. Palenque is the most beautiful
Mayan city in classical times, and even people call it "Athens of America". Another famous city is Copan. From the point of view of modern ruins,
Tikal, Copan and Palenque can be regarded as the largest three city states in the classical Mayan civilization. From the ninth century AD, the Mayan
culture in the classical era of the sudden sudden decline at the same time, the reason is still the subject of historians. Between the 10th and the 11th
centuries AD, the once flourishing Mayan cities were abandoned and covered by jungles. Since then, with the rise of Chichen–Iza, some Mayan city
states have emerged in the northern savannah of the Yucatan Peninsula, beginning the classical period after the Mayan culture in history. The regime of
the city of Chichen Itza was overthrown in 1221 AD, followed by a city–state alliance led by Maya Pan. In 1441, the Mayan Pen

Frank Lloyd Wright Falling Water Essay
This essay entails the career of Frank Lloyd Wright, his contribution to the 18th and 19th century world of Architecture, Art and Architecture
movements that were present at the time of his work and how they were influenced by his philosophy, his intrinsically fitting philosophies and beliefs
that are Organic Architecture, and how he rightfully stresses its importance to the world of Architecture as we know it. Included in this essay is also a
spatial analysis of his most recognised work, Falling Water, and how his philosophy is reflected in the buildings genetics.Frank Lloyd Wright
(1867–1959) was born in the farming town of Richland Center, Wisconsin. He was not only one of the most influential, controversial and inspiring
American architects – he was a writer, an art collector and philosopher; these all molded and inspired his approach to his craft, deeming him one of the
most influential American visionaries.
One could say that Wright was clearly a futuristic thinker. The design of many of his homes once seemed light–years ahead of their time, and people ...
Wright also introduced air conditioning, indirect lighting, and panel heating (p.64). The Larkin Building in Buffalo, New York was the first office
building to utilize air conditioning, double–panned glass windows, all–glass doors, and metal furniture (p.67). One of his most exceptional engineering
features was the design of the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, which was specifically constructed to withstand earthquakes. In the hotel he used cantilever
constructions with a foundation which would on a bed of soft mud. Ironically, soon after the building was completed (in 1922) an earthquake occurred,
the building suffered no damages as a result of the innovative technology Wright applied

Mayan Facts
"The end of the human race will be that it will eventually die of civilization"(Ralph waldo Emerson). The Mayans were a complex society that made
great advances in mathematics, science, writing, art, architecture and engineering. Their ability to wage war, vast knowledge of the cosmos, they had a
keen ability to adapt to an ever changing environments; was something the Maya were known for. They inhabited continually the land composing
modern day Yucatan, Quintana roo, campace Tabasco an ChiapasMexico. The early Maya date around 1800 bc in what is known as the pre classic
period. The Mayan civilization which came to be around 1100 b.c.e and collapsed between 800–1200 c.e. The movie shines light into the complex
society of what seems like the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the movie jaguar paw, lives in an idyllic hunting village set deep in the jungle. During the classical times the Maya were an agricultural people;
not necessarily hunter gatherers. As stated in chap 8 "Cultivators built villages made pottery and planted milpas, or fields where maize, beans,
manioc, avocados, and other crops grew side by side (American complexities, pg230)". They did not hunt often however game was a small
percentage of the diet. They are portrayed as hunter gatherers however this is not historically accurate to the classical period. At the end of the
movie u can see what looks like the Spanish arriving. In terms of having historical accuracy the arrival of the Spanish is kind of a problem. The
Spanish arrival did not occur until long after the classic Maya collapse in Mexico as the text explains "the Mayan collapse occurred between
800–1200 c.e. (American complexities ch8, pg 230). So we are looking at a four hundred year odd difference in both architectural style and history.
This movie seems to be mixing different periods of time. This classic find of kingship ended around 900 A.D. this movie personally after reading the
text and researching its historical perspective is not a useful tool to accurately teach or tool to understand

Tikal Research Paper

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