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Non
1. Non-definingrelative clausesare composedof arelative pronoun,averb,andoptional otherelements
such as the subjector objectof the verb.
EXAMPLES
John'smother,wholivesinScotland,has6 grandchildren.
My friendJohn,whowenttothe same school as me,hasjust writtenabest-sellingnovel.
My grandmother,whoisdeadnow,came fromthe North of England.
We stoppedatthe museum,whichwe hadnevervisitedbefore.
I've justcome back fromLondon,where Johnlives..
YesterdayImeta womannamedSusan,whose husbandworksinLondon.
The followingrelativepronounsare usedinnon-definingrelative clauses.Theserelative pronouns
appearat the start of the non-definingrelativeclause andrefertoa nounthat appearsearlierinthe
sentence.
Person Thing Place
Subject who which
Object who/whom which where
Possessive whose
DIFFERENCESWITH DEFININGRELATIVE CLAUSES
In definingrelative clauses,the pronounswho,whom,andwhichare oftenreplacedbythatinspoken
English.Innon-definingrelative clauses,youcannotreplace otherpronounswiththat.Youalsocannot
leave outthe relative pronouninnon-definingrelativeclauses,inthe wayyousometimescanindefining
relative clauses.The pronounisrequired,evenwhenitisthe objectof the verbinthe relative clause.
Finally,non-definingrelative clausesare alwaysseparatedfromthe restof the sentence bycommas,
unlike definingrelative clauses,whichhave nopunctuation.
INTRODUCTORY EXPRESSIONSIN NON-DEFININGCLAUSES
Non-definingclausescanbe introducedbyexpressionslike all of ormanyof followedbythe relative
pronoun.
2. Person Thing
all of,any of,some of,a fewof,bothof,eachof, eitherof,half of,manyof,mostof,much of,none of,
one of,two of,etc. whom which
EXAMPLES
There were a lotof people atthe party,manyof whomI had knownforyears.
There are 14 girlsinmy class,a fewof whomare my friends.
He wascarrying hisbelongings,manyof whichwere broken.
He had thousandsof books, mostof whichhe had read.
He pickedupa handful of stones,one of whichwassharp.
USING "WHICH" TO REFER TO ANOTHERCLAUSE
The relative pronounwhichatthe beginningof anon-definingrelative clausecanrefertoall the
informationcontainedinthe previouspartof the sentence,ratherthanto justone word.
EXAMPLES
Chrisdidreallywell inhisexams,whichisquite asurprise.
My friendswere all hidinginmyapartment,whichisn'twhatI'dexpected.
She'sstudyingtobecome a doctor,whichisdifficult.
