2. PARTS OF BRAIN
PART SUBDIVISIONS
1. Forebrain
(Prosencephalon)
A. Telencephalon (Cerebrum)
B. Diencephalon (Thalamencephalon)
a) Thalamus
b) Hypothalamus
c) Metathalamus
d) Epithalamus
e) Subthalamus
2. Midbrain
(Mesencephalon)
1. Crus cerebri
2. Substantia nigra
3. Tegmentum
4. Tectum
3. Hindbrain
(Rhombencephalon)
A. Metencephalon
1. Pons
2. Cerebellum
B. Myelencephalon (Medulla oblongata)
9. DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
During the 3rd week of development,
ectoderm on the dorsal surface of the
embryo forms NEURAL PLATE
Neural plate changes to NEURAL GROOVE
NEURAL FOLDS appear & deepen the
neural groove to form NEURAL TUBE
Neural tube starts fusing at the center, hence
leaving the openings i.e. ANTERIOR AND
POSTERIOR NEUROPORES
10.
11.
12. DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neural tube closure completes within 28
days
The anterior neuropore closes first
The posterior neuropore closes after 2 days
13.
14. FORMATION OF NEURAL CREST
During the formation of neural tube, some of
the cells of neural plate remain as a strip of
ectodermal cells
That strip lies between the neural tube and
the covering ectoderm, known as neural
crest.
15. NEURAL CREST
The neural crest cells will differentiate and
hence give rise to the cells of:
1. Posterior root ganglia
2. Sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves
3. Autonomic ganglia
4. Cells of supra-renal medulla
5. Melanocytes
16.
17. CLINICAL NOTES
SPINAL CORD INJURIES:
1. Dislocation /fracture dislocation of cervical
vertebrae Respiration stops if spinal
cord is completely severed above the
segmental origin of phrenic nerves (C3-5)
Paralysis of diaphragm Death.
2. Fracture and dislocation in lumbar vertebral
region may involve nerves/roots and lesion
accordingly.
18. HERNIATED INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
Protrusion nucleus pulposus through anulus
fibrosus of the disc may cause:
1. Central compression or
2. Lateral compression
Depending on involvement of sensory or
motor roots
May lead to SCIATICA OR CAUDA EQUINA
SYNDROME / PARAPLEGIA etc
19. Involvement of L-5 motor root weakens
dorsiflexion of the ankle
Involvement of S-1 motor root causes
weakness of planter flexion, hence
weak/absent ankle jerk reflex
A large, central, bilateral protrusion may
cause urinary retention
20. SPINAL TAP / LUMBAR PUNCTURE (LP)
Indications may be:
1. To take CSF sample for microscopic or
bacteriologic examination OR
2. To inject drugs for spinal anesthesia
An imaginary line joining the highest points
on the iliac crest passes over the 4th lumbar
spine
Spinal anesthesia given above or below the
4th lumbar vertebra
21. STRUCTURE PIERCE BY LP NEEDLE (2.5 TO 10
CM)
1. Skin
2. Superficial fascia
3. Supraspinous ligament
4. Interspinous ligament
5. Ligamentum flavum
6. Areolar tissue containing internal vertebral
venous plexus
7. Dura mater
8. Arachnoid mater
22. CSF PRESSURE
When the patient is in recombent position,
normal CSF pressure is about 60 to 150 mm
of water
The pressure shows oscillations
corresponding to the movents of respiration
and the arterial pulse
23. QUECKENSTEDT SIGN
Compression of the internal jugular vein in
the neck will raise the cerebral venous
pressure and inhibits the absorption of CSF
in the arachnoid granulations, thus showing
the raised CSF pressure by manometery.
If this rise does not occure, the test is
positive
The positive test may be due to a block of
the sub-arachnoid space in the vertebral
column which may be caused by:
1. Tumor of the spinal cord or its meninges
24. CAUDAL ANESTHESIA
Anesthetic solution may be injected into the
sacral canal through the sacral hiatus
This is used by obstetricians for painless
labor and operations of anorectal regions
25. HEAD INJURIES
Bruises
Fractures of skull (common in adults than
infants) because of resilient bones fibrous
sutural ligaments
In adults, inner table of the skull (Diploe) is
brittle
Sutural ligaments begin to ossify during
middle age
Adult skull, when injures eggshell shaped
Young child’s skull table tennis ball
“POND” fracture (Ping-pong fracture)