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ببسسمم اا االلررححممنن االلررححييمم 
ققََالالللُوُوواوااْ اْ  سُوسُوببْ ْ ححََالالنتنَتَكَكَ لاَلاَََ ععِيمِيمللْ ْ مَمَ للََننََالال إِيمإِيملاَلاَّكَ ّكَ  ممََالال ععََللّكَ ّكَ ممْ ْ تتََننََالال إِيمإِيمنتنّكَ تّكَ كَكَ أَأَنتنتتَتَ االلْ ْ عَعَللِيمِيميميممُومُو االلْ ْ ححََكِيمكِيميميممُومُو 
((سسواواررةة االلببققررةة (( 3322
diagnostic aapppprrooaacchh ttoo 
aa bblleeeeddiinngg cchhiilldd 
MMaaddee bbyy 
AAhhmmaadd AAbbddeell-- 
FFaaddeeeell HHoouussssiinn
OOBBJJEECCTTIIVVEESS 
- OOvveerrvviieeww ooff hheemmoossttaassiiss .. 
- CClliinniiccaall aapppprrooaacchh iinn mmaakkiinngg aa 
ddiiaaggnnoossiiss .. 
- RReevviieeww tthhee mmoosstt ccoommmmoonn bblleeeeddiinngg 
ccoonnddiittiioonnss aanndd tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ttrreeaattmmeenntt 
ssttrraatteeggiieess ..
Overview ooff hheemmoossttaassiiss 
There are four distinct phases in hemostasis 
which is geared to stop blood loss. 
•First the damaged blood vessel narrows 
(vasoconstriction) to reduce the blood flow and 
therefore blood loss. This happens almost 
immediately once the blood vessel is 
damaged.
• Second the platelets in the blood 
(small particles of larger cells) 
adheres to the lining of the 
damaged blood vessel and stick to 
each other to plug the site of blood 
loss (platelet plug). This is known 
as the platelet phase and occurs 
within seconds of a tear in the 
blood vessel.
• The third is the clotting phase or coagulation 
phase in which the various clotting factors 
activate each other (coagulation cascade) to 
turn the liquid blood components into a more 
semi-solid to solid mass (blood clot). The clot 
also retracts to draw the damaged ends of the 
blood vessel together and form a tight seal 
and this is sometimes mentioned as separate 
phase known as clot retraction.
• The last phase involves the 
removal of the clot once the blood 
vessel is completely repaired. The 
clot may be dissolved (fibrinolysis) 
or sometimes contributes to scar 
formation at the site (fibrosis). 
Monagle P, Barnes C, Ignjatovic V, et al. . 2006
OOvveerrvviieeww ooff HHaaeemmoossttaassiiss 
INJURY 
Collagen Exposure 
Platelet Adhesion and release 
reaction 
Platelet aggregation 
VASOCONSTRICTION 
Serotonin Platelet Phospolipid 
Thromboxane A2 
ADP 
Primary haemostatic plug 
Stable haemostatic plug 
Tissue Factor 
Coagulation 
Thrombin 
Fibrin 
Fibrinolysis
CCooaagguullaattiioonn ccaassccaaddee 
Kinins HMW Kininogen 
Kallikrein Contact Activation 
XII Prekallikrein 
XIIa 
XIa XI 
IXa Ca++ IX 
VIIIa VIII 
Ca++ 
Phospholipid 
Intrinsic Pathway 
Xa X 
Va V 
Ca++ 
Phospholipid XIII 
II IIa 
XIIa 
Fibrinogen Fibrin XIII 
Common Pathway 
VII VIIa 
Ca++ 
Tissue Factor 
Extrinsic Pathway
Clinical approach in mmaakkiinngg aa ddiiaaggnnoossiiss 
1-HISTORY 
Clinical evaluation of a bleeding patient begins with 
taking a careful history, taking into account the 
child's age, sex, clinical presentation, past history, 
and family history. 
the history also should include complete details as to 
the type of bleeding, location, degree of symptoms, 
nature of provoking injuries, and whether such 
injuries are consistent with the child’s development 
and level of activity 
(( KKhhaaiirr aanndd LLiieessnneerr..,,22000066 ))
Age and sex of the patient 
• An inherited bleeding disorder should be 
strongly considered when the onset of 
bleeding manifestations occurs in infancy or 
early childhood and is associated with a 
positive family history. 
•However, a negative family history does 
not exclude an inherited coagulation 
disorder, as up to one-third of patients with 
hemophilia have a negative family history .
Family history 
The family history is helpful in formulating a possible diagnosis 
of an inherited disorder of coagulation. 
The presence of bleeding manifestations only in male siblings 
and maternal uncles is suggestive of X-linked recessive 
inheritance, such as that seen in hemophilia A or B. 
In contrast, in autosomal dominant traits such as hereditary 
hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease), an 
accurate pedigree will show affected individuals of both sexes 
for several generations. 
In autosomal recessive disorders, such as severe forms of the 
rarer coagulation factor deficiencies (eg, factor VII or factor XI 
deficiency), the family history may be negative; consanguinity 
increases the probability of such disorders.
Medication 
• specific information should be sought about the 
ingestion of aspirin, aspirin-containing over-the-counter 
medications, and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory 
drugs such as ibuprofen or naproxen. 
Such drugs impair platelet function and may 
exacerbate an underlying coagulation disorder . 
•In addition, use of such drugs within one to two 
weeks of platelet function testing may cause 
abnormalities, which may lead to further expensive 
and unnecessary studies.
Is a bleeding tendency present or 
not ? 
While assessing a patient, one has to keep in 
mind that not all bleeding episodes suggest 
a generalized bleeding disorder. 
For example, epistaxis may be caused by 
rhinitis, trauma, superficial vessels, or dry 
air, 
and abnormal post-surgical bleeding (eg, 
tonsillectomy) may be caused by surgical 
trauma rather than a generalized bleeding 
disorder.
22-- EExxaammiinnaattiioonn 
General stability, vitals signs, evidence of chronic disease, 
evidence of malignancy. 
Skin stigmata : 
> PETICHEAE 
> ECHYMOSES 
>JOINT BLEED &DEEPSEATED HEMATOMAS 
> HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY 
> SIGNIFICANT LYMPHADENOPATHY 
> ACTIVE AND PLAYFUL VS. ILL LOOKING 
> DYSMORPHIC FEATURES 
> CAFÉ-AU-LAIT SPOTS 
>TELANGIECATIC VESSELS 
>HEMANGIOMAS
3- laboratory eevvaalluuaattiioonn 
• cceerrttaaiinn llaabboorraattoorryy tteessttss ooff 
hheemmoossttaassiiss aarree uusseedd aass iinniittiiaall 
ssccrreeeenniinngg tteessttss,, wwhheerreeaass ootthheerr 
mmoorree ssppeecciiffiicc tteessttss aarree ppeerrffoorrmmeedd 
aatt aa llaatteerr ttiimmee iinn oorrddeerr ttoo nnaarrrrooww 
tthhee ppoossssiibbiilliittiieess oorr mmaakkee aa 
ddeeffiinniittiivvee ddiiaaggnnoossiiss..
• The usual initial screening tests 
include 
- Quantitation of platelets 
- examination of the peripheral blood smear 
- prothrombin time/international normalized 
ratio (PT/INR) 
- activated partial thromboplastin time 
(aPTT) 
- the fibrinogen activity level.
• Proper collection of the blood sample is 
essential for interpreting the results of clotting 
tests. 
• Blood for coagulation tests should not be 
drawn from an existing heparinized indwelling 
line. 
• Coagulation tests are performed on blood 
anticoagulated with a solution of sodium 
citrate in a ratio of nine parts of blood to one 
part of citrate.
4- DIAGNOSTIC AAPPPPRROOAACCHH 
AA--AABBNNOORRMMAALL IINNIITTIIAALL 
CCOOAAGGUULLAATTIIOONN TTEESSTTSS 
11-- NNoorrmmaall PPTT aanndd pprroolloonnggeedd aaPPTTTT 
AAnn iissoollaatteedd pprroolloonnggaattiioonn ooff aaPPTTTT iiss 
cchhaarraacctteerriissttiicc ooff iinnttrriinnssiicc ppaatthhwwaayy ccooaagguullaattiioonn 
ffaaccttoorr ..
The following conditions are cchhaarraacctteerriizzeedd bbyy 
pprroolloonnggeedd aaPPTTTT:: 
●HHeemmoopphhiilliiaa –– HHeemmoopphhiilliiaa AA ((ffaaccttoorr VVIIIIII 
ddeeffiicciieennccyy)) iiss tthhee mmoosstt ccoommmmoonn iinnhheerriitteedd 
ddiissoorrddeerr yyiieellddiinngg aa ssiiggnniiffiiccaannttllyy pprroolloonnggeedd 
aaPPTTTT.. 
●FFaaccttoorr XXII ddeeffiicciieennccyy –– FFaaccttoorr XXII ddeeffiicciieennccyy 
iiss sseeeenn mmoorree ccoommmmoonnllyy iinn AAsshhkkeennaazzii 
JJeewwss aanndd pprreesseennttss wwiitthh aa vvaarriiaabbllee hhiissttoorryy 
ooff bblleeeeddiinngg
●Lupus anticoagulants – Lupus anticoagulants 
are acquired inhibitors that may produce a 
prolonged aPTT. They are commonly seen in 
children, frequently associated with recent 
infections, particularly viral infections, and 
usually are transient. 
●Deficiencies of factor XII, high molecular 
weight kininogen (HMWK), and prekallikrein 
usually are asymptomatic and not associated 
with clinical bleeding. 
●Heparin contamination – and is likely if the 
thrombin time (TT) is prolonged
2- Prolonged PT and normal aPTT 
- An isolated prolongation of the PT is 
characteristic of inherited or acquired 
factor VII deficiency. 
- Inherited factor VII deficiency displays 
phenotypic and molecular heterogeneity, 
whereas acquired factor VII inhibitors are 
very rare occurrences during childhood.
3- Prolonged PT and aPTT 
AA-- WWeellll cchhiilldd 
Prolongation of both PT and aPTT in a bleeding 
child who is otherwise well indicates an 
inherited disorder within the common pathway 
(factor X, V, II (prothrombin) or fibrinogen; 
these deficiencies are rare) or an acquired 
disorder involving multiple pathways
B- SSiicckk cchhiilldd 
IInn aa ssiicckk cchhiilldd wwiitthh pprroolloonnggaattiioonn ooff bbootthh PPTT 
aanndd aaPPTTTT,, ddiissoorrddeerrss ttoo ccoonnssiiddeerr aarree 
ddiisssseemmiinnaatteedd iinnttrraavvaassccuullaarr ccooaagguullaattiioonn 
((DDIICC)),, ffuullmmiinnaanntt sseeppssiiss wwiitthh DDIICC,, sseevveerree 
hheeppaattoocceelllluullaarr ddyyssffuunnccttiioonn,, aanndd sseevveerree 
vviittaammiinn KK ddeeffiicciieennccyy.. MMaajjoorr vveesssseell 
tthhrroommbboossiiss,, ccoonnssuummppttiioonn ccooaagguullooppaatthhyy iinn 
cceerrttaaiinn vvaassccuullaarr lleessiioonnss,, aanndd aaccuuttee 
rreessppiirraattoorryy ddiissttrreessss ssyynnddrroommee ((AARRDDSS)) aarree 
ootthheerr rraarree ccaauusseess
B- NORMAL INITIAL CCOOAAGGUULLAATTIIOONN 
TTEESSTTSS 
NNoorrmmaall ppllaatteelleett ccoouunntt 
In children with bleeding symptoms and an initial 
laboratory screen with a normal platelet count and 
initial coagulation screening tests, possible diagnoses 
include 
11-- vvoonn WWiilllleebbrraanndd ddiisseeaassee ((vvWWDD)) 
22-- ssoommee ccaasseess ooff hheemmoopphhiilliiaa 
33-- ffaaccttoorr XXIIIIII ddeeffiicciieennccyy 
44-- vvaassccuullaarr aabbnnoorrmmaalliittyy 
55-- aa ffiibbrriinnoollyyttiicc ddiissoorrddeerr..
6- platelet ffuunnccttiioonn ddiissoorrddeerr 
Classic inherited disorders of platelet function are 
relatively rare and include: 
●Glanzmann thrombasthenia, which is characterized 
by a defect in the platelet 
glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex 
●Bernard-Soulier syndrome, which is characterized by 
a defect in one of the components of the platelet 
glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex, giant platelets. 
●Storage pool diseases, including Chediak-Higashi 
syndrome, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, Wiscott- 
Aldrich syndrome, and thrombocytopenia with absent 
radius syndrome. Park CH, Seo JY, Kim HJ, et al . 2010
- Review tthhee mmoosstt ccoommmmoonn 
bblleeeeddiinngg ccoonnddiittiioonnss 
AAnndd TThhee ccuurrrreenntt ttrreeaattmmeenntt 
ssttrraatteeggiieess
1- Hemophilia 
Hemophilia is a blood clotting disease that 
arises due to the deficiency of one of the clotting 
factors. 
- It is the most common of the bleeding/clotting 
disorders. 
- About 85% of hemophilics have a deficiency of 
Factor VIII, 
while the other 15% have a deficiency of Factor 
IX. 
A very rare type of hemophilia involves Factor 
XI
- Types of Hemophilia 
Hemophilia A 
In this type of hemophilia, there is a deficiency 
in Factor VIII. This clotting factor is 
manufactured in the liver and the endothelial 
cells lining the blood vessel, circulates in the 
blood by binding to von Willebrand factor 
(vWF) and is activated by thrombin. Once 
activated Factor VIIIa then works with Factor 
IX, calcium and phospholipids to activate 
Factor X.
Hemophilia B 
This type of hemophilia is due to a 
deficiency in Factor IX. It is also known 
as Christmas Disease. Factor IX 
circulates in the blood stream in an 
inactive form and depends on Factor XI 
to activate it (IXa). Once activated it 
works with Factor VIII, calcium and 
phospholipids to activate Factor X.
Hemophilia C 
A third type of hemophilia known as 
hemophilia C is a mild form of hemophilia. It 
is not as common as other blood clotting 
disorders and is mainly seen in certain 
ethnic groups. This type of hemophilia is 
due to a deficiency of Factor XI and 
prevents the activation of sufficient 
quantities of Factor IX
females can hhaavvee hheemmoopphhiilliiaa :: 
• Lyonization of the normal X chromosome 
• Turner syndrome ( XO) 
• Father with hemophilia/ mom as a carrier 
• vW type 2 N ( Normandy) 
HHEEMMOOPPHHIILLIIAA SSEEVVEERRIITTYY LLEEVVEELLSS 
• Severe <1% activity level - Spontaneous bleeds 
• Moderate 1 to 5% activity --Trauma/surgery bleeds 
,Occasional joint bleeds 
• Mild 5 to 30% activity - Major trauma/surgery , 
Rare joint bleeds
Treatment ooff hheemmoopphhiilliiaa :: 
11 uu//kkgg rraaiisseess FFVVIIIIII lleevveellss 22%% ,, 11//22 lliiffee :: 1122 hhrrss 
11 uu//kkgg rraaiisseess FFIIXX lleevveellss 11 %% ,, 11//22 lliiffee 2200--2244 hhrrss 
MMiinnoorr BBlleeeeddiinngg EEppiissooddeess ::-- 
• Early joint bleeds 
• Soft tissue & muscle bleeds 
• Nose & gum bleeding not responding to local 
measures 
- 40 - 50% correction 
– FVIII : 25 units / kg 
– FIX : 50 units / kg
Major Bleeding EEppiissooddeess ::-- 
• Advanced soft tissue & muscle bleeds 
• Head & neck injuries 
• Gastrointestinal bleeding 
• Advanced joint bleeding 
• 80 – 100 % correction 
• FVIII : 50 units / kg 
• FIX : 100 units / kg 
PPlluummmmeerr EESS aanndd CCrraarryy SSEE .. 22001133
CCuurrrreenntt PPrroodduuccttss 
• PPllaassmmaa PPrroodduuccttss:: ppllaassmmaa--ddeerriivveedd ffaaccttoorr VVIIIIII ccoonncceennttrraattee 
• PPoorrcciinnee FFaaccttoorr:: 
– UUssee wwaass hhaalltteedd dduuee ttoo ppaarrvvoovviirruuss//rreettrroovviirruuss 
sseeqquueenncceess ddiissccoovveerreedd 
• RReeccoommbbiinnaanntt pprroodduuccttss:: 
– FFiirrsstt GGeenneerraattiioonn:: RReeccoommbbiinnaattee,, KKooggeennaattee,, HHeelliixxaattee 
– SSeeccoonndd GGeenneerraattiioonn:: KKooggeennaattee FFSS,, HHeelliixxaattee FFSS 
– TThhiirrdd GGeenneerraattiioonn:: AAddvvaattee 
• DDDDAAVVPP:: 
– CCaauusseess rreelleeaassee ooff ffaaccttoorr VVIIIIII//vvWWFF 
– IInnccrreeaasseedd ffaaccttoorr aaccttiivviittyy iinn 3300--6600”” 
– FFoorr mmiilldd hheemmoopphhiilliiaaccss aanndd mmiilldd bblleeeeddiinngg ssyymmppttoommss
Hemophilia TTrreeaattmmeenntt CCeenntteerr 
TTeeaamm MMeemmbbeerrss 
• PPaattiieenntt // FFaammiillyy 
• HHeemmaattoollooggiisstt 
• NNuurrssee 
• SSoocciiaall WWoorrkkeerr 
• PPhhyyssiiccaall TThheerraappiisstt 
• OOrrtthhooppeeddiisstt 
• PPrriimmaarryy CCaarree 
• IInnffeeccttiioouuss DDiisseeaassee 
• GGeenneettiiccss 
• PPhhaarrmmaaccyy 
• DDeennttaall 
• HHeeppaattoollooggiisstt
1- von Willebrand ddiisseeaassee ((vvWWDD)) 
- A mild bleeding disorder caused by a 
deficiency or malfunctioning of von 
Willebrand factor (vWF). 
- It is a fairly common inherited bleeding 
disorder that affects both males and females. 
- It may be autosomal dominant (types 1, 2A, 
2B, 2M), autosomal recessive (type 2N) or 
compound heterozygosity (type 3).
• von Willebrand factor Binds to platelet 
receptor GP Ib and to subendothelial 
structures such as collagen serving as 
bridge between platelets and 
subendothelium in damaged vessels 
• Acts as bridge between adjacent platelets 
in vessels with high shear (arterioles) 
forming small platelet aggregates 
• Binds to circulating factor VIII protecting it 
and prolonging FVIII t1/2 in the circulation 
from 2 to 8-12 hours.
- Types of von Willebrand Disease 
Type 1 is the most common and in there is a partial quantitative 
deficiency in von Willebrand factor (vWF) 
Type 2 the quantity of vWF may be normal but the factor may be 
defective. 
• Type 2A is the most common subtype with mutations in 
platelet binding. 
• Type 2B is where there is a mutation of the platelet 
glycoprotein 1b (Gp1b) binding site. 
• Type 2N is where there is a mutation in the factor VIII binding 
site. 
• Type 2M is where there is abnormalities in platelet binding. 
Type 3 is a severe deficiency (quantitative) in von Willebrand 
factor. It leads to a severe bleeding disorder but is rarely seen.
Acquired von Willebrand ddiisseeaassee oorr vvoonn 
WWiilllleebbrraanndd ssyynnddrroommee iiss dduuee ttoo oonnee ooff 
tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg :: 
• antibody against vWF 
• degradation of vWF 
• absorption of vWF by malignant cells or 
activated platelet 
This is seen with Wilm’s tumor, multiple 
myeloma, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 
and leukemia .
- Treatment of von Willebrand DDiisseeaassee :: 
Treatment is not necessary in most cases since 
the disease is so mild. Although there is 
prolonged bleeding, clotting and subsequently 
cessation of bleeding will eventually occur.
• Desmopressin (DDAVP) is usually 
administered via a nasal spray. 
• Parenteral administration (injections) may 
only be necessary in severe cases but has 
limited benefit in type 3 vWD. 
• Infusions of factor VIII or von Willebrand 
factor (vWF) may be considered in patients 
who do not respond to DDAVP or type 3 
vWD. 
• Anti-fibrinolytic agents delays the 
breakdown of blood clots.
TTrreeaattmmeenntt GGuuiiddeelliinneess iinn VVWWDD 
TTYYPPEE 
11 
22AA 
22BB 
22MM 
22NN 
33 
TTRREEAATTMMEENNTT 
DDDDAAVVPP 
DDDDAAVVPP//FFVVIIIIII--VVWWFF 
FFVVIIIIII--VVWWFF 
FFVVIIIIII--VVWWFF 
FFVVIIIIII--VVWWFF 
FFVVIIIIII--VVWWFF 
Nichols WL, Hultin MB, James AH, et al. 2008
33-- tthhrroommbbooccyyttooppeenniiaa 
TThhrroommbbooccyyttooppeenniiaa ppuurrppuurraa ((TTPP)) iiss aa 
bblleeeeddiinngg ddiissoorrddeerr cchhaarraacctteerriizzeedd bbyy aa 
vveerryy llooww nnuummbbeerr ooff ppllaatteelleettss 
((tthhrroommbbooccyytteess)) cciirrccuullaattiinngg iinn tthhee bblloooodd 
ssttrreeaamm.. 
Causes and Types of 
Thrombocytopenia :
1- Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP) 
- This type of thrombocytopenia occurs for no known reason. 
Antibodies formed by the body against the platelets (auto-antibodies) 
attach to the platelet membranes. 
- This “marks” the platelets for destruction by the body’s 
immune system particularly within the spleen. 
- In idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) the body still 
produces a normal level of platelets but these are rapidly 
removed from the circulation thereby leading to a platelet 
deficiency. 
- This type of thrombocytopenia is seen with immune 
dysfunction often associated with diseases like HIV infection 
and autoimmune disorders. 
- It may also occur in pregnancy and with the use of certain 
drugs like heparin. 
Provan D and Stasi R . 2010
2- Heparin-induced tthhrroommbbooccyyttooppeenniiaa ((HHIITT)) 
- may arise after the administration of unfractionated 
heparin. 
- This drug is an anticoagulant and when derived from 
natural sources (unfractionated) compared to 
synthetic formulas of lower molecular weight, the 
effects can sometimes be unpredictable. 
- Antibodies are then formed against the heparin and 
certain platelet proteins which then attach to and 
activate the platelets. 
- These platelets are then removed from the 
circulation thereby leading to a deficiency of 
platelets.
3- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia 
Purpura (TTP) 
In this type of thrombocytopenia, there is 
sudden formation of blood clots throughout 
the body even though there is no 
hemorrhage (bleeding) requiring clot 
formation. 
In the process, the circulating platelet levels 
drop because the body uses the platelets to 
form these clots.
4- Hemolytic-Uremic SSyynnddrroommee ((HHUUSS)) 
Toxins produced in the gut by bacteria like E.coli 
are absorbed into the bloodstream where it 
triggers the rapid destruction of red blood cells 
and platelets. The patient usually has 
gastroentritis associated with E.coli infection and 
this conditions may also occur with other 
infections like Shigellosis 
OOtthheerr CCaauusseess ooff LLooww PPllaatteelleett CCoouunntt 
• AAllccoohhooll aabbuussee 
• LLeeuukkeemmiiaa 
• LLyymmpphhoommaa 
• AAppllaassttiicc aanneemmiiaa aanndd ootthheerr ttyyppeess ooff aanneemmiiaa
4- vitamin K deficiency 
causes a mild bleeding disorder due to a deficiency of clotting 
factors VII, IX, X and prothrombin (factor II). The liver 
utilizes vitamin K to synthesize these clotting factors. 
5- Factor I deficiency 
is due to a lack (afibrinogenemia), deficiency 
(hypofibrinogenemia) or defective functioning 
(dysfibrinogenemia) of fibrinogen. 
6- Blood vessel wall abnormalities 
where there is a weakening of the wall which will easily tear or 
rupture. These conditions are rare and includes : 
• Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 
• Ehlers-Danlos disease 
• Scurvy 
Lusher J, Pipe SW, Alexander S 2010
• SUMMARY AANNDD RREECCOOMMMMEENNDDAATTIIOONNSS 
• TThhee eevvaalluuaattiioonn ooff aa bblleeeeddiinngg cchhiilldd bbeeggiinnss wwiitthh aa ccaarreeffuull 
hhiissttoorryy,, ttaakkiinngg iinnttoo aaccccoouunntt tthhee cchhiilldd''ss aaggee,, sseexx,, cclliinniiccaall 
pprreesseennttaattiioonn,, ppaasstt hhiissttoorryy,, aanndd ffaammiillyy hhiissttoorryy.. BBlleeeeddiinngg iinnttoo 
tthhee sskkiinn aanndd mmuuccoouuss mmeemmbbrraanneess iiss cchhaarraacctteerriissttiicc ooff ppllaatteelleett 
aanndd bblloooodd vveesssseell ddiissoorrddeerrss,, wwhhiillee ccooaagguullaattiioonn ddiissoorrddeerrss aarree 
cchhaarraacctteerriizzeedd bbyy mmuussccuulloosskkeelleettaall ((iiee,, mmuussccllee aanndd jjooiinntt)) aanndd 
ssoofftt ttiissssuuee bblleeeeddiinngg .. TThhee nnaattuurree aanndd eexxtteenntt ooff tthhee iinnjjuurriieess 
pprroodduucciinngg bblleeeeddiinngg ssyymmppttoommss sshhoouulldd bbee nnootteedd.. 
• AA rreeaassoonnaabbllee iinniittiiaall ssccrreeeenniinngg eevvaalluuaattiioonn ccoonnssiissttss ooff 
qquuaannttiittaattiioonn ooff ppllaatteelleettss,, eexxaammiinnaattiioonn ooff tthhee ppeerriipphheerraall bblloooodd 
ssmmeeaarr,, pprrootthhrroommbbiinn ttiimmee ((PPTT)),, aanndd aaccttiivvaatteedd ppaarrttiiaall 
tthhrroommbbooppllaassttiinn ttiimmee ((aaPPTTTT));; aatt oouurr cceenntteerr wwee aallssoo mmeeaassuurree aa 
ffiibbrriinnooggeenn lleevveell.. NNoorrmmaall vvaalluueess mmaayy vvaarryy wwiitthh aaggee aanndd 
aammoonngg ddiiffffeerreenntt llaabboorraattoorriieess .. TThhee rreessuullttss ooff tthhee iinniittiiaall tteessttiinngg 
hheellpp ddiiffffeerreennttiiaattee aammoonngg tthhee ddiiffffeerreenntt ddiiaaggnnoossttiicc ppoossssiibbiilliittiieess 
iinn tthhee cchhiilldd wwiitthh bblleeeeddiinngg ssyymmppttoommss ..
• Further testing ooff ssppeecciiffiicc ccooaagguullaattiioonn ffaaccttoorrss 
ddeeppeennddss uuppoonn tthhee hhiissttoorryy aanndd iinniittiiaall llaabboorraattoorryy 
tteessttiinngg.. TThheessee tteessttss oofftteenn aarree ppeerrffoorrmmeedd iinn oorrddeerr ttoo 
ccoonnffiirrmm aa ssppeecciiffiicc ddiiaaggnnoossiiss ooff aann iinnhheerriitteedd oorr 
aaccqquuiirreedd ffaaccttoorr ddeeffiicciieennccyy.. 
• IIff tthhee aabboovvee ssccrreeeenniinngg eevvaalluuaattiioonn iiss nnoorrmmaall aanndd 
ssuussppiicciioonn rreemmaaiinnss hhiigghh ffoorr aa bblleeeeddiinngg ddiissoorrddeerr,, 
ddiiaaggnnoossttiicc ppoossssiibbiilliittiieess iinncclluuddee vvoonn WWiilllleebbrraanndd 
ddiisseeaassee,, ssoommee ffoorrmmss ooff mmiilldd hheemmoopphhiilliiaa,, ppllaatteelleett 
ffuunnccttiioonn ddiissoorrddeerrss aanndd ffiibbrriinnoollyyttiicc ddiissoorrddeerrss ((iinncclluuddiinngg 
ffaaccttoorr XXIIIIII ddeeffiicciieennccyy)),, aanndd aaddddiittiioonnaall tteessttiinngg ((oorr 
ccoonnssuullttaattiioonn wwiitthh aa hheemmaattoollooggiisstt)) sshhoouulldd bbee ppuurrssuueedd.. 
VVaassccuullaarr aabbnnoorrmmaalliittiieess ((eegg,, EEhhlleerrss--DDaannllooss ssyynnddrroommee 
oorr hheerreeddiittaarryy hheemmoorrrrhhaaggiicc tteellaannggiieeccttaassiiaa)) aanndd 
pphhyyssiiccaall aabbuussee sshhoouulldd aallssoo bbee ccoonnssiiddeerreedd..
• RREEFFEERREENNCCEESS 
• KKhhaaiirr KK,, LLiieessnneerr RR.. BBrruuiissiinngg aanndd bblleeeeddiinngg iinn iinnffaannttss aanndd cchhiillddrreenn----aa pprraaccttiiccaall aapppprrooaacchh.. BBrr JJ HHaaeemmaattooll • HHooyyeerr LLWW.. HHeemmoopphhiilliiaa AA.. NN EEnnggll JJ MMeedd 11999944;; 333300::3388.. 
• HHssiieehh LL,, NNuuggeenntt DD.. FFaaccttoorr XXIIIIII ddeeffiicciieennccyy.. HHaaeemmoopphhiilliiaa 22000088;; 1144::11119900.. 
• PPlluummmmeerr EESS,, CCrraarryy SSEE,, BBuucchhaannaann GGRR.. PPrroommiinneenntt ffoorreehheeaadd hheemmaattoommaass ((""ggoooossee--eeggggss"")) aass aann • SSaaddoowwiittzz DD,, SSoouuiidd AAKK,, TTeerrnnddrruupp TTEE.. IIddiiooppaatthhiicc tthhrroommbbooccyyttooppeenniicc ppuurrppuurraa iinn cchhiillddrreenn:: rreeccooggnniittiioonn • NNeeuunneerrtt CC,, LLiimm WW,, CCrroowwtthheerr MM,, eett aall.. TThhee AAmmeerriiccaann SSoocciieettyy ooff HHeemmaattoollooggyy 22001111 eevviiddeennccee--bbaasseedd • VVeesseellyy SS,, BBuucchhaannaann GGRR,, CCoohheenn AA,, eett aall.. SSeellff--rreeppoorrtteedd ddiiaaggnnoossttiicc aanndd mmaannaaggeemmeenntt ssttrraatteeggiieess • CCiinneess DDBB,, BBllaanncchheettttee VVSS.. IImmmmuunnee tthhrroommbbooccyyttooppeenniicc ppuurrppuurraa.. NN EEnnggll JJ MMeedd 22000022;; 334466::999955.. 
• PPrroovvaann DD,, SSttaassii RR,, NNeewwllaanndd AACC,, eett aall.. IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall ccoonnsseennssuuss rreeppoorrtt oonn tthhee iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn aanndd • BBllaanncchheettttee VV,, BBoollttoonn--MMaaggggss PP.. CChhiillddhhoooodd iimmmmuunnee tthhrroommbbooccyyttooppeenniicc ppuurrppuurraa:: ddiiaaggnnoossiiss aanndd mmaannaaggeemmeenntt.. • RRooddeegghhiieerroo FF,, CCaassttaammaann GG,, DDiinnii EE.. EEppiiddeemmiioollooggiiccaall iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn ooff tthhee pprreevvaalleennccee ooff vvoonn WWiilllleebbrraanndd''
• Haitjema T, Westermann CJ, Overtoom TT, et al. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-• TTrriipplleetttt DDAA,, BBrraannddtt JJTT,, BBaattaarrdd MMAA,, eett aall.. HHeerreeddiittaarryy ffaaccttoorr VVIIII ddeeffiicciieennccyy:: hheetteerrooggeenneeiittyy ddeeffiinneedd • MMoonnaaggllee PP,, BBaarrnneess CC,, IIggnnjjaattoovviicc VV,, eett aall.. DDeevveellooppmmeennttaall hhaaeemmoossttaassiiss.. IImmppaacctt ffoorr cclliinniiccaall hhaaeemmoossttaassiiss • HHiillllmmaann CC,, LLuusshheerr JJMM.. TTeessttss ooff bblloooodd ccooaagguullaattiioonn tteecchhnniiccaall ppooiinnttss ooff cclliinniiccaall rreelleevvaannccee.. IInn:: 
AAccqquuiirreedd BBlleeeeddiinngg DDiissoorrddeerrss iinn CChhiillddrreenn,, LLuusshheerr JJMM,, BBaarrhhaarrtt MMII ((EEddss)),, MMaassssoonn,, NNeeww YYoorrkk 
11998811.. VVooll 22,, pp..110077.. 
• PPaayynnee BBAA,, PPiieerrrree RRVV.. PPsseeuuddootthhrroommbbooccyyttooppeenniiaa:: aa llaabboorraattoorryy aarrttiiffaacctt wwiitthh ppootteennttiiaallllyy sseerriioouuss ccoonnsseeqquueenncceess.. • LLiippppii UU,, SScchhiinneellllaa MM,, NNiiccoollii MM,, eett aall.. EEDDTTAA--iinndduucceedd ppllaatteelleett aaggggrreeggaattiioonn ccaann bbee aavvooiiddeedd bbyy aa nneeww • LLoossssiinngg TTSS,, KKaassppeerr CCKK,, FFeeiinnsstteeiinn DDII.. DDeetteeccttiioonn ooff ffaaccttoorr VVIIIIII iinnhhiibbiittoorrss wwiitthh tthhee ppaarrttiiaall tthhrroommbbooppllaassttiinn • EExxnneerr TT,, TTrriipplleetttt DDAA,, TTaabbeerrnneerr DD,, MMaacchhiinn SSJJ.. GGuuiiddeelliinneess ffoorr tteessttiinngg aanndd rreevviisseedd ccrriitteerriiaa ffoorr lluuppuuss • GGrreeeennbbeerrgg CCSS,, DDeevviinnee DDVV,, MMccCCrraaee KKMM.. MMeeaassuurreemmeenntt ooff ppllaassmmaa ffiibbrriinn DD--ddiimmeerr lleevveellss wwiitthh tthhee
• Lind SE. The bleeding time does not predict surgical bblleeeeddiinngg.. BBlloooodd 11999911;; 7777::22554477.. 
• MMaammmmeenn EEFF,, CCoommpp PPCC,, GGoosssseelliinn RR,, eett aall.. PPFFAA--110000 ssyysstteemm:: aa nneeww mmeetthhoodd ffoorr aasssseessssmmeenntt ooff ppllaatteelleett • FFaavvaalloorroo EEJJ,, FFaacceeyy DD,, HHeennnniikkeerr AA.. UUssee ooff aa nnoovveell ppllaatteelleett ffuunnccttiioonn aannaallyyzzeerr ((PPFFAA--110000)) wwiitthh hhiigghh sseennssiittiivviittyy • DDeeaann JJAA,, BBllaanncchheettttee VVSS,, CCaarrccaaoo MMDD,, eett aall.. vvoonn WWiilllleebbrraanndd ddiisseeaassee iinn aa ppeeddiiaattrriicc--bbaasseedd ppooppuullaattiioonn----• PPooddddaa GGMM,, BBuucccciiaarreellllii PP,, LLuussssaannaa FF,, eett aall.. UUsseeffuullnneessss ooff PPFFAA--110000 tteessttiinngg iinn tthhee ddiiaaggnnoossttiicc ssccrreeeenniinngg • NNiicchhoollss WWLL,, HHuullttiinn MMBB,, JJaammeess AAHH,, eett aall.. vvoonn WWiilllleebbrraanndd ddiisseeaassee ((VVWWDD)):: eevviiddeennccee--bbaasseedd ddiiaaggnnoossiiss • HHaayywwaarrdd CCPP,, HHaarrrriissoonn PP,, CCaattttaanneeoo MM,, eett aall.. PPllaatteelleett ffuunnccttiioonn aannaallyyzzeerr ((PPFFAA))--110000 cclloossuurree ttiimmee iinn tthhee • MMoonnttggoommeerryy RRRR,, GGiillll JJCC,, SSccootttt JJPP.. HHeemmoopphhiilliiaa aanndd vvoonn WWiilllleebbrraanndd''ss DDiisseeaassee.. IInn:: NNaatthhaann aanndd 
OOsskkii''ss HHeemmaattoollooggyy ooff IInnffaannccyy aanndd CChhiillddhhoooodd,, 66tthh,, NNaatthhaann DDGG,, OOrrkkiinn SSHH,, GGiinnssbbeerrgg DD,, LLooookk AATT 
((EEddss)),, WWBB SSaauunnddeerrss,, PPhhiillaaddeellpphhiiaa 22000033.. pp..11554477.. 
• GGoommeezz KK,, BBoollttoonn--MMaaggggss PP.. FFaaccttoorr XXII ddeeffiicciieennccyy.. HHaaeemmoopphhiilliiaa 22000088;; 1144::11118833.. 
• PPeerrrryy DDJJ.. FFaaccttoorr VVIIII DDeeffiicciieennccyy.. BBrr JJ HHaaeemmaattooll 22000022;; 111188::668899.. 
• BBaajjaajj SSPP,, RRaappaappoorrtt SSII,, BBaarrccllaayy SS,, HHeerrbbsstt KKDD.. AAccqquuiirreedd hhyyppoopprrootthhrroommbbiinneemmiiaa dduuee ttoo nnoonn--nneeuuttrraalliizziinngg • FFuurriiee BB,, GGrreeeennee EE,, FFuurriiee BBCC.. SSyynnddrroommee ooff aaccqquuiirreedd ffaaccttoorr XX ddeeffiicciieennccyy aanndd ssyysstteemmiicc aammyyllooiiddoossiiss
• Bomgaars L, Carberry K, Fraser C, et al. Development of factor V and thrombin inhibitors in children • CChhuuaa JJDD,, FFrriieeddeennbbeerrgg WWRR.. SSuuppeerrwwaarrffaarriinn ppooiissoonniinngg.. AArrcchh IInntteerrnn MMeedd 11999988;; 115588::11992299.. 
• OOcckkeellffoorrdd PPAA,, CCaarrtteerr CCJJ.. DDiisssseemmiinnaatteedd iinnttrraavvaassccuullaarr ccooaagguullaattiioonn:: tthhee aapppplliiccaattiioonn aanndd uuttiilliittyy ooff ddiiaaggnnoossttiicc • BBoowwmmaann MM,, HHooppmmaann WWMM,, RRaappssoonn DD,, eett aall.. AA pprroossppeeccttiivvee eevvaalluuaattiioonn ooff tthhee pprreevvaalleennccee ooff 
ssyymmppttoommaattiicc vvoonn WWiilllleebbrraanndd ddiisseeaassee ((VVWWDD)) iinn aa ppeeddiiaattrriicc pprriimmaarryy ccaarree ppooppuullaattiioonn.. PPeeddiiaattrr 
BBlloooodd CCaanncceerr 22001100;; 5555::117711.. 
• PPaarrkk CCHH,, SSeeoo JJYY,, KKiimm HHJJ,, eett aall.. AA ddiiaaggnnoossttiicc cchhaalllleennggee:: mmiilldd hheemmoopphhiilliiaa BB wwiitthh nnoorrmmaall 
aaccttiivvaatteedd ppaarrttiiaall tthhrroommbbooppllaassttiinn ttiimmee.. BBlloooodd CCooaagguull FFiibbrriinnoollyyssiiss 22001100;; 2211::336688.. 
• DDuunnccaann EEMM,, RRooddggeerrss SSEE,, MMccRRaaee SSJJ.. DDiiaaggnnoossttiicc tteessttiinngg ffoorr mmiilldd hheemmoopphhiilliiaa aa iinn ppaattiieennttss wwiitthh 
ddiissccrreeppaanntt oonnee--ssttaaggee,, ttwwoo--ssttaaggee,, aanndd cchhrroommooggeenniicc ffaaccttoorr VVIIIIII::CC aassssaayyss.. SSeemmiinn TThhrroommbb HHeemmoosstt 
22001133;; 3399::227722.. 
• LLuusshheerr JJ,, PPiippee SSWW,, AAlleexxaannddeerr SS,, NNuuggeenntt DD.. PPrroopphhyyllaaccttiicc tthheerraappyy wwiitthh FFiibbrrooggaammmmiinn PP iiss 
aassssoocciiaatteedd wwiitthh aa ddeeccrreeaasseedd iinncciiddeennccee ooff bblleeeeddiinngg eeppiissooddeess:: aa rreettrroossppeeccttiivvee ssttuuddyy.. 
HHaaeemmoopphhiilliiaa 22001100;; 1166::331166.. 
• HHaayywwaarrdd CCPP.. DDiiaaggnnoossttiicc aapppprrooaacchh ttoo ppllaatteelleett ffuunnccttiioonn ddiissoorrddeerrss.. TTrraannssffuuss AApphheerr SSccii 22000088;; 
3388::6655.. 
• IIssrraaeellss SSJJ,, KKaahhrr WWHH,, BBllaanncchheettttee VVSS,, eett aall.. PPllaatteelleett ddiissoorrddeerrss iinn cchhiillddrreenn:: AA ddiiaaggnnoossttiicc aapppprrooaacchh.. 
PPeeddiiaattrr BBlloooodd CCaanncceerr 22001111;; 5566::997755.. 
• PPhhiilllliippss DDRR,, AAggiinn PPPP.. PPllaatteelleett mmeemmbbrraannee ddeeffeeccttss iinn GGllaannzzmmaannnn''ss tthhrroommbbaasstthheenniiaa.. EEvviiddeennccee ffoorr 
ddeeccrreeaasseedd aammoouunnttss ooff ttwwoo mmaajjoorr ggllyyccoopprrootteeiinnss.. JJ CClliinn IInnvveesstt 11997777;; 6600::553355.. 
• NNuurrddeenn AATT.. QQuuaalliittaattiivvee ddiissoorrddeerrss ooff ppllaatteelleettss aanndd mmeeggaakkaarryyooccyytteess.. JJ TThhrroommbb HHaaeemmoosstt 22000055;; 
33::11777733.. 
• WWaarrrriieerr II,, LLuusshheerr JJMM.. CCoonnggeenniittaall tthhrroommbbooccyyttooppeenniiaass.. CCuurrrr OOppiinn HHeemmaattooll 11999955;; 22::339955..
TThhaannkk yyoouu

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Diagnostic approach to a bleeding child fadeel

  • 1. ببسسمم اا االلررححممنن االلررححييمم ققََالالللُوُوواوااْ اْ سُوسُوببْ ْ ححََالالنتنَتَكَكَ لاَلاَََ ععِيمِيمللْ ْ مَمَ للََننََالال إِيمإِيملاَلاَّكَ ّكَ ممََالال ععََللّكَ ّكَ ممْ ْ تتََننََالال إِيمإِيمنتنّكَ تّكَ كَكَ أَأَنتنتتَتَ االلْ ْ عَعَللِيمِيميميممُومُو االلْ ْ ححََكِيمكِيميميممُومُو ((سسواواررةة االلببققررةة (( 3322
  • 2. diagnostic aapppprrooaacchh ttoo aa bblleeeeddiinngg cchhiilldd MMaaddee bbyy AAhhmmaadd AAbbddeell-- FFaaddeeeell HHoouussssiinn
  • 3. OOBBJJEECCTTIIVVEESS - OOvveerrvviieeww ooff hheemmoossttaassiiss .. - CClliinniiccaall aapppprrooaacchh iinn mmaakkiinngg aa ddiiaaggnnoossiiss .. - RReevviieeww tthhee mmoosstt ccoommmmoonn bblleeeeddiinngg ccoonnddiittiioonnss aanndd tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ttrreeaattmmeenntt ssttrraatteeggiieess ..
  • 4. Overview ooff hheemmoossttaassiiss There are four distinct phases in hemostasis which is geared to stop blood loss. •First the damaged blood vessel narrows (vasoconstriction) to reduce the blood flow and therefore blood loss. This happens almost immediately once the blood vessel is damaged.
  • 5. • Second the platelets in the blood (small particles of larger cells) adheres to the lining of the damaged blood vessel and stick to each other to plug the site of blood loss (platelet plug). This is known as the platelet phase and occurs within seconds of a tear in the blood vessel.
  • 6. • The third is the clotting phase or coagulation phase in which the various clotting factors activate each other (coagulation cascade) to turn the liquid blood components into a more semi-solid to solid mass (blood clot). The clot also retracts to draw the damaged ends of the blood vessel together and form a tight seal and this is sometimes mentioned as separate phase known as clot retraction.
  • 7. • The last phase involves the removal of the clot once the blood vessel is completely repaired. The clot may be dissolved (fibrinolysis) or sometimes contributes to scar formation at the site (fibrosis). Monagle P, Barnes C, Ignjatovic V, et al. . 2006
  • 8. OOvveerrvviieeww ooff HHaaeemmoossttaassiiss INJURY Collagen Exposure Platelet Adhesion and release reaction Platelet aggregation VASOCONSTRICTION Serotonin Platelet Phospolipid Thromboxane A2 ADP Primary haemostatic plug Stable haemostatic plug Tissue Factor Coagulation Thrombin Fibrin Fibrinolysis
  • 9. CCooaagguullaattiioonn ccaassccaaddee Kinins HMW Kininogen Kallikrein Contact Activation XII Prekallikrein XIIa XIa XI IXa Ca++ IX VIIIa VIII Ca++ Phospholipid Intrinsic Pathway Xa X Va V Ca++ Phospholipid XIII II IIa XIIa Fibrinogen Fibrin XIII Common Pathway VII VIIa Ca++ Tissue Factor Extrinsic Pathway
  • 10. Clinical approach in mmaakkiinngg aa ddiiaaggnnoossiiss 1-HISTORY Clinical evaluation of a bleeding patient begins with taking a careful history, taking into account the child's age, sex, clinical presentation, past history, and family history. the history also should include complete details as to the type of bleeding, location, degree of symptoms, nature of provoking injuries, and whether such injuries are consistent with the child’s development and level of activity (( KKhhaaiirr aanndd LLiieessnneerr..,,22000066 ))
  • 11. Age and sex of the patient • An inherited bleeding disorder should be strongly considered when the onset of bleeding manifestations occurs in infancy or early childhood and is associated with a positive family history. •However, a negative family history does not exclude an inherited coagulation disorder, as up to one-third of patients with hemophilia have a negative family history .
  • 12. Family history The family history is helpful in formulating a possible diagnosis of an inherited disorder of coagulation. The presence of bleeding manifestations only in male siblings and maternal uncles is suggestive of X-linked recessive inheritance, such as that seen in hemophilia A or B. In contrast, in autosomal dominant traits such as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease), an accurate pedigree will show affected individuals of both sexes for several generations. In autosomal recessive disorders, such as severe forms of the rarer coagulation factor deficiencies (eg, factor VII or factor XI deficiency), the family history may be negative; consanguinity increases the probability of such disorders.
  • 13. Medication • specific information should be sought about the ingestion of aspirin, aspirin-containing over-the-counter medications, and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen or naproxen. Such drugs impair platelet function and may exacerbate an underlying coagulation disorder . •In addition, use of such drugs within one to two weeks of platelet function testing may cause abnormalities, which may lead to further expensive and unnecessary studies.
  • 14. Is a bleeding tendency present or not ? While assessing a patient, one has to keep in mind that not all bleeding episodes suggest a generalized bleeding disorder. For example, epistaxis may be caused by rhinitis, trauma, superficial vessels, or dry air, and abnormal post-surgical bleeding (eg, tonsillectomy) may be caused by surgical trauma rather than a generalized bleeding disorder.
  • 15. 22-- EExxaammiinnaattiioonn General stability, vitals signs, evidence of chronic disease, evidence of malignancy. Skin stigmata : > PETICHEAE > ECHYMOSES >JOINT BLEED &DEEPSEATED HEMATOMAS > HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY > SIGNIFICANT LYMPHADENOPATHY > ACTIVE AND PLAYFUL VS. ILL LOOKING > DYSMORPHIC FEATURES > CAFÉ-AU-LAIT SPOTS >TELANGIECATIC VESSELS >HEMANGIOMAS
  • 16. 3- laboratory eevvaalluuaattiioonn • cceerrttaaiinn llaabboorraattoorryy tteessttss ooff hheemmoossttaassiiss aarree uusseedd aass iinniittiiaall ssccrreeeenniinngg tteessttss,, wwhheerreeaass ootthheerr mmoorree ssppeecciiffiicc tteessttss aarree ppeerrffoorrmmeedd aatt aa llaatteerr ttiimmee iinn oorrddeerr ttoo nnaarrrrooww tthhee ppoossssiibbiilliittiieess oorr mmaakkee aa ddeeffiinniittiivvee ddiiaaggnnoossiiss..
  • 17. • The usual initial screening tests include - Quantitation of platelets - examination of the peripheral blood smear - prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (PT/INR) - activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) - the fibrinogen activity level.
  • 18. • Proper collection of the blood sample is essential for interpreting the results of clotting tests. • Blood for coagulation tests should not be drawn from an existing heparinized indwelling line. • Coagulation tests are performed on blood anticoagulated with a solution of sodium citrate in a ratio of nine parts of blood to one part of citrate.
  • 19. 4- DIAGNOSTIC AAPPPPRROOAACCHH AA--AABBNNOORRMMAALL IINNIITTIIAALL CCOOAAGGUULLAATTIIOONN TTEESSTTSS 11-- NNoorrmmaall PPTT aanndd pprroolloonnggeedd aaPPTTTT AAnn iissoollaatteedd pprroolloonnggaattiioonn ooff aaPPTTTT iiss cchhaarraacctteerriissttiicc ooff iinnttrriinnssiicc ppaatthhwwaayy ccooaagguullaattiioonn ffaaccttoorr ..
  • 20. The following conditions are cchhaarraacctteerriizzeedd bbyy pprroolloonnggeedd aaPPTTTT:: ●HHeemmoopphhiilliiaa –– HHeemmoopphhiilliiaa AA ((ffaaccttoorr VVIIIIII ddeeffiicciieennccyy)) iiss tthhee mmoosstt ccoommmmoonn iinnhheerriitteedd ddiissoorrddeerr yyiieellddiinngg aa ssiiggnniiffiiccaannttllyy pprroolloonnggeedd aaPPTTTT.. ●FFaaccttoorr XXII ddeeffiicciieennccyy –– FFaaccttoorr XXII ddeeffiicciieennccyy iiss sseeeenn mmoorree ccoommmmoonnllyy iinn AAsshhkkeennaazzii JJeewwss aanndd pprreesseennttss wwiitthh aa vvaarriiaabbllee hhiissttoorryy ooff bblleeeeddiinngg
  • 21. ●Lupus anticoagulants – Lupus anticoagulants are acquired inhibitors that may produce a prolonged aPTT. They are commonly seen in children, frequently associated with recent infections, particularly viral infections, and usually are transient. ●Deficiencies of factor XII, high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK), and prekallikrein usually are asymptomatic and not associated with clinical bleeding. ●Heparin contamination – and is likely if the thrombin time (TT) is prolonged
  • 22. 2- Prolonged PT and normal aPTT - An isolated prolongation of the PT is characteristic of inherited or acquired factor VII deficiency. - Inherited factor VII deficiency displays phenotypic and molecular heterogeneity, whereas acquired factor VII inhibitors are very rare occurrences during childhood.
  • 23. 3- Prolonged PT and aPTT AA-- WWeellll cchhiilldd Prolongation of both PT and aPTT in a bleeding child who is otherwise well indicates an inherited disorder within the common pathway (factor X, V, II (prothrombin) or fibrinogen; these deficiencies are rare) or an acquired disorder involving multiple pathways
  • 24. B- SSiicckk cchhiilldd IInn aa ssiicckk cchhiilldd wwiitthh pprroolloonnggaattiioonn ooff bbootthh PPTT aanndd aaPPTTTT,, ddiissoorrddeerrss ttoo ccoonnssiiddeerr aarree ddiisssseemmiinnaatteedd iinnttrraavvaassccuullaarr ccooaagguullaattiioonn ((DDIICC)),, ffuullmmiinnaanntt sseeppssiiss wwiitthh DDIICC,, sseevveerree hheeppaattoocceelllluullaarr ddyyssffuunnccttiioonn,, aanndd sseevveerree vviittaammiinn KK ddeeffiicciieennccyy.. MMaajjoorr vveesssseell tthhrroommbboossiiss,, ccoonnssuummppttiioonn ccooaagguullooppaatthhyy iinn cceerrttaaiinn vvaassccuullaarr lleessiioonnss,, aanndd aaccuuttee rreessppiirraattoorryy ddiissttrreessss ssyynnddrroommee ((AARRDDSS)) aarree ootthheerr rraarree ccaauusseess
  • 25. B- NORMAL INITIAL CCOOAAGGUULLAATTIIOONN TTEESSTTSS NNoorrmmaall ppllaatteelleett ccoouunntt In children with bleeding symptoms and an initial laboratory screen with a normal platelet count and initial coagulation screening tests, possible diagnoses include 11-- vvoonn WWiilllleebbrraanndd ddiisseeaassee ((vvWWDD)) 22-- ssoommee ccaasseess ooff hheemmoopphhiilliiaa 33-- ffaaccttoorr XXIIIIII ddeeffiicciieennccyy 44-- vvaassccuullaarr aabbnnoorrmmaalliittyy 55-- aa ffiibbrriinnoollyyttiicc ddiissoorrddeerr..
  • 26. 6- platelet ffuunnccttiioonn ddiissoorrddeerr Classic inherited disorders of platelet function are relatively rare and include: ●Glanzmann thrombasthenia, which is characterized by a defect in the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex ●Bernard-Soulier syndrome, which is characterized by a defect in one of the components of the platelet glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex, giant platelets. ●Storage pool diseases, including Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, Wiscott- Aldrich syndrome, and thrombocytopenia with absent radius syndrome. Park CH, Seo JY, Kim HJ, et al . 2010
  • 27. - Review tthhee mmoosstt ccoommmmoonn bblleeeeddiinngg ccoonnddiittiioonnss AAnndd TThhee ccuurrrreenntt ttrreeaattmmeenntt ssttrraatteeggiieess
  • 28. 1- Hemophilia Hemophilia is a blood clotting disease that arises due to the deficiency of one of the clotting factors. - It is the most common of the bleeding/clotting disorders. - About 85% of hemophilics have a deficiency of Factor VIII, while the other 15% have a deficiency of Factor IX. A very rare type of hemophilia involves Factor XI
  • 29. - Types of Hemophilia Hemophilia A In this type of hemophilia, there is a deficiency in Factor VIII. This clotting factor is manufactured in the liver and the endothelial cells lining the blood vessel, circulates in the blood by binding to von Willebrand factor (vWF) and is activated by thrombin. Once activated Factor VIIIa then works with Factor IX, calcium and phospholipids to activate Factor X.
  • 30. Hemophilia B This type of hemophilia is due to a deficiency in Factor IX. It is also known as Christmas Disease. Factor IX circulates in the blood stream in an inactive form and depends on Factor XI to activate it (IXa). Once activated it works with Factor VIII, calcium and phospholipids to activate Factor X.
  • 31. Hemophilia C A third type of hemophilia known as hemophilia C is a mild form of hemophilia. It is not as common as other blood clotting disorders and is mainly seen in certain ethnic groups. This type of hemophilia is due to a deficiency of Factor XI and prevents the activation of sufficient quantities of Factor IX
  • 32. females can hhaavvee hheemmoopphhiilliiaa :: • Lyonization of the normal X chromosome • Turner syndrome ( XO) • Father with hemophilia/ mom as a carrier • vW type 2 N ( Normandy) HHEEMMOOPPHHIILLIIAA SSEEVVEERRIITTYY LLEEVVEELLSS • Severe <1% activity level - Spontaneous bleeds • Moderate 1 to 5% activity --Trauma/surgery bleeds ,Occasional joint bleeds • Mild 5 to 30% activity - Major trauma/surgery , Rare joint bleeds
  • 33. Treatment ooff hheemmoopphhiilliiaa :: 11 uu//kkgg rraaiisseess FFVVIIIIII lleevveellss 22%% ,, 11//22 lliiffee :: 1122 hhrrss 11 uu//kkgg rraaiisseess FFIIXX lleevveellss 11 %% ,, 11//22 lliiffee 2200--2244 hhrrss MMiinnoorr BBlleeeeddiinngg EEppiissooddeess ::-- • Early joint bleeds • Soft tissue & muscle bleeds • Nose & gum bleeding not responding to local measures - 40 - 50% correction – FVIII : 25 units / kg – FIX : 50 units / kg
  • 34. Major Bleeding EEppiissooddeess ::-- • Advanced soft tissue & muscle bleeds • Head & neck injuries • Gastrointestinal bleeding • Advanced joint bleeding • 80 – 100 % correction • FVIII : 50 units / kg • FIX : 100 units / kg PPlluummmmeerr EESS aanndd CCrraarryy SSEE .. 22001133
  • 35. CCuurrrreenntt PPrroodduuccttss • PPllaassmmaa PPrroodduuccttss:: ppllaassmmaa--ddeerriivveedd ffaaccttoorr VVIIIIII ccoonncceennttrraattee • PPoorrcciinnee FFaaccttoorr:: – UUssee wwaass hhaalltteedd dduuee ttoo ppaarrvvoovviirruuss//rreettrroovviirruuss sseeqquueenncceess ddiissccoovveerreedd • RReeccoommbbiinnaanntt pprroodduuccttss:: – FFiirrsstt GGeenneerraattiioonn:: RReeccoommbbiinnaattee,, KKooggeennaattee,, HHeelliixxaattee – SSeeccoonndd GGeenneerraattiioonn:: KKooggeennaattee FFSS,, HHeelliixxaattee FFSS – TThhiirrdd GGeenneerraattiioonn:: AAddvvaattee • DDDDAAVVPP:: – CCaauusseess rreelleeaassee ooff ffaaccttoorr VVIIIIII//vvWWFF – IInnccrreeaasseedd ffaaccttoorr aaccttiivviittyy iinn 3300--6600”” – FFoorr mmiilldd hheemmoopphhiilliiaaccss aanndd mmiilldd bblleeeeddiinngg ssyymmppttoommss
  • 36. Hemophilia TTrreeaattmmeenntt CCeenntteerr TTeeaamm MMeemmbbeerrss • PPaattiieenntt // FFaammiillyy • HHeemmaattoollooggiisstt • NNuurrssee • SSoocciiaall WWoorrkkeerr • PPhhyyssiiccaall TThheerraappiisstt • OOrrtthhooppeeddiisstt • PPrriimmaarryy CCaarree • IInnffeeccttiioouuss DDiisseeaassee • GGeenneettiiccss • PPhhaarrmmaaccyy • DDeennttaall • HHeeppaattoollooggiisstt
  • 37. 1- von Willebrand ddiisseeaassee ((vvWWDD)) - A mild bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency or malfunctioning of von Willebrand factor (vWF). - It is a fairly common inherited bleeding disorder that affects both males and females. - It may be autosomal dominant (types 1, 2A, 2B, 2M), autosomal recessive (type 2N) or compound heterozygosity (type 3).
  • 38. • von Willebrand factor Binds to platelet receptor GP Ib and to subendothelial structures such as collagen serving as bridge between platelets and subendothelium in damaged vessels • Acts as bridge between adjacent platelets in vessels with high shear (arterioles) forming small platelet aggregates • Binds to circulating factor VIII protecting it and prolonging FVIII t1/2 in the circulation from 2 to 8-12 hours.
  • 39. - Types of von Willebrand Disease Type 1 is the most common and in there is a partial quantitative deficiency in von Willebrand factor (vWF) Type 2 the quantity of vWF may be normal but the factor may be defective. • Type 2A is the most common subtype with mutations in platelet binding. • Type 2B is where there is a mutation of the platelet glycoprotein 1b (Gp1b) binding site. • Type 2N is where there is a mutation in the factor VIII binding site. • Type 2M is where there is abnormalities in platelet binding. Type 3 is a severe deficiency (quantitative) in von Willebrand factor. It leads to a severe bleeding disorder but is rarely seen.
  • 40. Acquired von Willebrand ddiisseeaassee oorr vvoonn WWiilllleebbrraanndd ssyynnddrroommee iiss dduuee ttoo oonnee ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg :: • antibody against vWF • degradation of vWF • absorption of vWF by malignant cells or activated platelet This is seen with Wilm’s tumor, multiple myeloma, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and leukemia .
  • 41. - Treatment of von Willebrand DDiisseeaassee :: Treatment is not necessary in most cases since the disease is so mild. Although there is prolonged bleeding, clotting and subsequently cessation of bleeding will eventually occur.
  • 42. • Desmopressin (DDAVP) is usually administered via a nasal spray. • Parenteral administration (injections) may only be necessary in severe cases but has limited benefit in type 3 vWD. • Infusions of factor VIII or von Willebrand factor (vWF) may be considered in patients who do not respond to DDAVP or type 3 vWD. • Anti-fibrinolytic agents delays the breakdown of blood clots.
  • 43. TTrreeaattmmeenntt GGuuiiddeelliinneess iinn VVWWDD TTYYPPEE 11 22AA 22BB 22MM 22NN 33 TTRREEAATTMMEENNTT DDDDAAVVPP DDDDAAVVPP//FFVVIIIIII--VVWWFF FFVVIIIIII--VVWWFF FFVVIIIIII--VVWWFF FFVVIIIIII--VVWWFF FFVVIIIIII--VVWWFF Nichols WL, Hultin MB, James AH, et al. 2008
  • 44. 33-- tthhrroommbbooccyyttooppeenniiaa TThhrroommbbooccyyttooppeenniiaa ppuurrppuurraa ((TTPP)) iiss aa bblleeeeddiinngg ddiissoorrddeerr cchhaarraacctteerriizzeedd bbyy aa vveerryy llooww nnuummbbeerr ooff ppllaatteelleettss ((tthhrroommbbooccyytteess)) cciirrccuullaattiinngg iinn tthhee bblloooodd ssttrreeaamm.. Causes and Types of Thrombocytopenia :
  • 45. 1- Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP) - This type of thrombocytopenia occurs for no known reason. Antibodies formed by the body against the platelets (auto-antibodies) attach to the platelet membranes. - This “marks” the platelets for destruction by the body’s immune system particularly within the spleen. - In idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) the body still produces a normal level of platelets but these are rapidly removed from the circulation thereby leading to a platelet deficiency. - This type of thrombocytopenia is seen with immune dysfunction often associated with diseases like HIV infection and autoimmune disorders. - It may also occur in pregnancy and with the use of certain drugs like heparin. Provan D and Stasi R . 2010
  • 46. 2- Heparin-induced tthhrroommbbooccyyttooppeenniiaa ((HHIITT)) - may arise after the administration of unfractionated heparin. - This drug is an anticoagulant and when derived from natural sources (unfractionated) compared to synthetic formulas of lower molecular weight, the effects can sometimes be unpredictable. - Antibodies are then formed against the heparin and certain platelet proteins which then attach to and activate the platelets. - These platelets are then removed from the circulation thereby leading to a deficiency of platelets.
  • 47. 3- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (TTP) In this type of thrombocytopenia, there is sudden formation of blood clots throughout the body even though there is no hemorrhage (bleeding) requiring clot formation. In the process, the circulating platelet levels drop because the body uses the platelets to form these clots.
  • 48. 4- Hemolytic-Uremic SSyynnddrroommee ((HHUUSS)) Toxins produced in the gut by bacteria like E.coli are absorbed into the bloodstream where it triggers the rapid destruction of red blood cells and platelets. The patient usually has gastroentritis associated with E.coli infection and this conditions may also occur with other infections like Shigellosis OOtthheerr CCaauusseess ooff LLooww PPllaatteelleett CCoouunntt • AAllccoohhooll aabbuussee • LLeeuukkeemmiiaa • LLyymmpphhoommaa • AAppllaassttiicc aanneemmiiaa aanndd ootthheerr ttyyppeess ooff aanneemmiiaa
  • 49. 4- vitamin K deficiency causes a mild bleeding disorder due to a deficiency of clotting factors VII, IX, X and prothrombin (factor II). The liver utilizes vitamin K to synthesize these clotting factors. 5- Factor I deficiency is due to a lack (afibrinogenemia), deficiency (hypofibrinogenemia) or defective functioning (dysfibrinogenemia) of fibrinogen. 6- Blood vessel wall abnormalities where there is a weakening of the wall which will easily tear or rupture. These conditions are rare and includes : • Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia • Ehlers-Danlos disease • Scurvy Lusher J, Pipe SW, Alexander S 2010
  • 50. • SUMMARY AANNDD RREECCOOMMMMEENNDDAATTIIOONNSS • TThhee eevvaalluuaattiioonn ooff aa bblleeeeddiinngg cchhiilldd bbeeggiinnss wwiitthh aa ccaarreeffuull hhiissttoorryy,, ttaakkiinngg iinnttoo aaccccoouunntt tthhee cchhiilldd''ss aaggee,, sseexx,, cclliinniiccaall pprreesseennttaattiioonn,, ppaasstt hhiissttoorryy,, aanndd ffaammiillyy hhiissttoorryy.. BBlleeeeddiinngg iinnttoo tthhee sskkiinn aanndd mmuuccoouuss mmeemmbbrraanneess iiss cchhaarraacctteerriissttiicc ooff ppllaatteelleett aanndd bblloooodd vveesssseell ddiissoorrddeerrss,, wwhhiillee ccooaagguullaattiioonn ddiissoorrddeerrss aarree cchhaarraacctteerriizzeedd bbyy mmuussccuulloosskkeelleettaall ((iiee,, mmuussccllee aanndd jjooiinntt)) aanndd ssoofftt ttiissssuuee bblleeeeddiinngg .. TThhee nnaattuurree aanndd eexxtteenntt ooff tthhee iinnjjuurriieess pprroodduucciinngg bblleeeeddiinngg ssyymmppttoommss sshhoouulldd bbee nnootteedd.. • AA rreeaassoonnaabbllee iinniittiiaall ssccrreeeenniinngg eevvaalluuaattiioonn ccoonnssiissttss ooff qquuaannttiittaattiioonn ooff ppllaatteelleettss,, eexxaammiinnaattiioonn ooff tthhee ppeerriipphheerraall bblloooodd ssmmeeaarr,, pprrootthhrroommbbiinn ttiimmee ((PPTT)),, aanndd aaccttiivvaatteedd ppaarrttiiaall tthhrroommbbooppllaassttiinn ttiimmee ((aaPPTTTT));; aatt oouurr cceenntteerr wwee aallssoo mmeeaassuurree aa ffiibbrriinnooggeenn lleevveell.. NNoorrmmaall vvaalluueess mmaayy vvaarryy wwiitthh aaggee aanndd aammoonngg ddiiffffeerreenntt llaabboorraattoorriieess .. TThhee rreessuullttss ooff tthhee iinniittiiaall tteessttiinngg hheellpp ddiiffffeerreennttiiaattee aammoonngg tthhee ddiiffffeerreenntt ddiiaaggnnoossttiicc ppoossssiibbiilliittiieess iinn tthhee cchhiilldd wwiitthh bblleeeeddiinngg ssyymmppttoommss ..
  • 51. • Further testing ooff ssppeecciiffiicc ccooaagguullaattiioonn ffaaccttoorrss ddeeppeennddss uuppoonn tthhee hhiissttoorryy aanndd iinniittiiaall llaabboorraattoorryy tteessttiinngg.. TThheessee tteessttss oofftteenn aarree ppeerrffoorrmmeedd iinn oorrddeerr ttoo ccoonnffiirrmm aa ssppeecciiffiicc ddiiaaggnnoossiiss ooff aann iinnhheerriitteedd oorr aaccqquuiirreedd ffaaccttoorr ddeeffiicciieennccyy.. • IIff tthhee aabboovvee ssccrreeeenniinngg eevvaalluuaattiioonn iiss nnoorrmmaall aanndd ssuussppiicciioonn rreemmaaiinnss hhiigghh ffoorr aa bblleeeeddiinngg ddiissoorrddeerr,, ddiiaaggnnoossttiicc ppoossssiibbiilliittiieess iinncclluuddee vvoonn WWiilllleebbrraanndd ddiisseeaassee,, ssoommee ffoorrmmss ooff mmiilldd hheemmoopphhiilliiaa,, ppllaatteelleett ffuunnccttiioonn ddiissoorrddeerrss aanndd ffiibbrriinnoollyyttiicc ddiissoorrddeerrss ((iinncclluuddiinngg ffaaccttoorr XXIIIIII ddeeffiicciieennccyy)),, aanndd aaddddiittiioonnaall tteessttiinngg ((oorr ccoonnssuullttaattiioonn wwiitthh aa hheemmaattoollooggiisstt)) sshhoouulldd bbee ppuurrssuueedd.. VVaassccuullaarr aabbnnoorrmmaalliittiieess ((eegg,, EEhhlleerrss--DDaannllooss ssyynnddrroommee oorr hheerreeddiittaarryy hheemmoorrrrhhaaggiicc tteellaannggiieeccttaassiiaa)) aanndd pphhyyssiiccaall aabbuussee sshhoouulldd aallssoo bbee ccoonnssiiddeerreedd..
  • 52. • RREEFFEERREENNCCEESS • KKhhaaiirr KK,, LLiieessnneerr RR.. BBrruuiissiinngg aanndd bblleeeeddiinngg iinn iinnffaannttss aanndd cchhiillddrreenn----aa pprraaccttiiccaall aapppprrooaacchh.. BBrr JJ HHaaeemmaattooll • HHooyyeerr LLWW.. HHeemmoopphhiilliiaa AA.. NN EEnnggll JJ MMeedd 11999944;; 333300::3388.. • HHssiieehh LL,, NNuuggeenntt DD.. FFaaccttoorr XXIIIIII ddeeffiicciieennccyy.. HHaaeemmoopphhiilliiaa 22000088;; 1144::11119900.. • PPlluummmmeerr EESS,, CCrraarryy SSEE,, BBuucchhaannaann GGRR.. PPrroommiinneenntt ffoorreehheeaadd hheemmaattoommaass ((""ggoooossee--eeggggss"")) aass aann • SSaaddoowwiittzz DD,, SSoouuiidd AAKK,, TTeerrnnddrruupp TTEE.. IIddiiooppaatthhiicc tthhrroommbbooccyyttooppeenniicc ppuurrppuurraa iinn cchhiillddrreenn:: rreeccooggnniittiioonn • NNeeuunneerrtt CC,, LLiimm WW,, CCrroowwtthheerr MM,, eett aall.. TThhee AAmmeerriiccaann SSoocciieettyy ooff HHeemmaattoollooggyy 22001111 eevviiddeennccee--bbaasseedd • VVeesseellyy SS,, BBuucchhaannaann GGRR,, CCoohheenn AA,, eett aall.. SSeellff--rreeppoorrtteedd ddiiaaggnnoossttiicc aanndd mmaannaaggeemmeenntt ssttrraatteeggiieess • CCiinneess DDBB,, BBllaanncchheettttee VVSS.. IImmmmuunnee tthhrroommbbooccyyttooppeenniicc ppuurrppuurraa.. NN EEnnggll JJ MMeedd 22000022;; 334466::999955.. • PPrroovvaann DD,, SSttaassii RR,, NNeewwllaanndd AACC,, eett aall.. IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall ccoonnsseennssuuss rreeppoorrtt oonn tthhee iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn aanndd • BBllaanncchheettttee VV,, BBoollttoonn--MMaaggggss PP.. CChhiillddhhoooodd iimmmmuunnee tthhrroommbbooccyyttooppeenniicc ppuurrppuurraa:: ddiiaaggnnoossiiss aanndd mmaannaaggeemmeenntt.. • RRooddeegghhiieerroo FF,, CCaassttaammaann GG,, DDiinnii EE.. EEppiiddeemmiioollooggiiccaall iinnvveessttiiggaattiioonn ooff tthhee pprreevvaalleennccee ooff vvoonn WWiilllleebbrraanndd''
  • 53. • Haitjema T, Westermann CJ, Overtoom TT, et al. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-• TTrriipplleetttt DDAA,, BBrraannddtt JJTT,, BBaattaarrdd MMAA,, eett aall.. HHeerreeddiittaarryy ffaaccttoorr VVIIII ddeeffiicciieennccyy:: hheetteerrooggeenneeiittyy ddeeffiinneedd • MMoonnaaggllee PP,, BBaarrnneess CC,, IIggnnjjaattoovviicc VV,, eett aall.. DDeevveellooppmmeennttaall hhaaeemmoossttaassiiss.. IImmppaacctt ffoorr cclliinniiccaall hhaaeemmoossttaassiiss • HHiillllmmaann CC,, LLuusshheerr JJMM.. TTeessttss ooff bblloooodd ccooaagguullaattiioonn tteecchhnniiccaall ppooiinnttss ooff cclliinniiccaall rreelleevvaannccee.. IInn:: AAccqquuiirreedd BBlleeeeddiinngg DDiissoorrddeerrss iinn CChhiillddrreenn,, LLuusshheerr JJMM,, BBaarrhhaarrtt MMII ((EEddss)),, MMaassssoonn,, NNeeww YYoorrkk 11998811.. VVooll 22,, pp..110077.. • PPaayynnee BBAA,, PPiieerrrree RRVV.. PPsseeuuddootthhrroommbbooccyyttooppeenniiaa:: aa llaabboorraattoorryy aarrttiiffaacctt wwiitthh ppootteennttiiaallllyy sseerriioouuss ccoonnsseeqquueenncceess.. • LLiippppii UU,, SScchhiinneellllaa MM,, NNiiccoollii MM,, eett aall.. EEDDTTAA--iinndduucceedd ppllaatteelleett aaggggrreeggaattiioonn ccaann bbee aavvooiiddeedd bbyy aa nneeww • LLoossssiinngg TTSS,, KKaassppeerr CCKK,, FFeeiinnsstteeiinn DDII.. DDeetteeccttiioonn ooff ffaaccttoorr VVIIIIII iinnhhiibbiittoorrss wwiitthh tthhee ppaarrttiiaall tthhrroommbbooppllaassttiinn • EExxnneerr TT,, TTrriipplleetttt DDAA,, TTaabbeerrnneerr DD,, MMaacchhiinn SSJJ.. GGuuiiddeelliinneess ffoorr tteessttiinngg aanndd rreevviisseedd ccrriitteerriiaa ffoorr lluuppuuss • GGrreeeennbbeerrgg CCSS,, DDeevviinnee DDVV,, MMccCCrraaee KKMM.. MMeeaassuurreemmeenntt ooff ppllaassmmaa ffiibbrriinn DD--ddiimmeerr lleevveellss wwiitthh tthhee
  • 54. • Lind SE. The bleeding time does not predict surgical bblleeeeddiinngg.. BBlloooodd 11999911;; 7777::22554477.. • MMaammmmeenn EEFF,, CCoommpp PPCC,, GGoosssseelliinn RR,, eett aall.. PPFFAA--110000 ssyysstteemm:: aa nneeww mmeetthhoodd ffoorr aasssseessssmmeenntt ooff ppllaatteelleett • FFaavvaalloorroo EEJJ,, FFaacceeyy DD,, HHeennnniikkeerr AA.. UUssee ooff aa nnoovveell ppllaatteelleett ffuunnccttiioonn aannaallyyzzeerr ((PPFFAA--110000)) wwiitthh hhiigghh sseennssiittiivviittyy • DDeeaann JJAA,, BBllaanncchheettttee VVSS,, CCaarrccaaoo MMDD,, eett aall.. vvoonn WWiilllleebbrraanndd ddiisseeaassee iinn aa ppeeddiiaattrriicc--bbaasseedd ppooppuullaattiioonn----• PPooddddaa GGMM,, BBuucccciiaarreellllii PP,, LLuussssaannaa FF,, eett aall.. UUsseeffuullnneessss ooff PPFFAA--110000 tteessttiinngg iinn tthhee ddiiaaggnnoossttiicc ssccrreeeenniinngg • NNiicchhoollss WWLL,, HHuullttiinn MMBB,, JJaammeess AAHH,, eett aall.. vvoonn WWiilllleebbrraanndd ddiisseeaassee ((VVWWDD)):: eevviiddeennccee--bbaasseedd ddiiaaggnnoossiiss • HHaayywwaarrdd CCPP,, HHaarrrriissoonn PP,, CCaattttaanneeoo MM,, eett aall.. PPllaatteelleett ffuunnccttiioonn aannaallyyzzeerr ((PPFFAA))--110000 cclloossuurree ttiimmee iinn tthhee • MMoonnttggoommeerryy RRRR,, GGiillll JJCC,, SSccootttt JJPP.. HHeemmoopphhiilliiaa aanndd vvoonn WWiilllleebbrraanndd''ss DDiisseeaassee.. IInn:: NNaatthhaann aanndd OOsskkii''ss HHeemmaattoollooggyy ooff IInnffaannccyy aanndd CChhiillddhhoooodd,, 66tthh,, NNaatthhaann DDGG,, OOrrkkiinn SSHH,, GGiinnssbbeerrgg DD,, LLooookk AATT ((EEddss)),, WWBB SSaauunnddeerrss,, PPhhiillaaddeellpphhiiaa 22000033.. pp..11554477.. • GGoommeezz KK,, BBoollttoonn--MMaaggggss PP.. FFaaccttoorr XXII ddeeffiicciieennccyy.. HHaaeemmoopphhiilliiaa 22000088;; 1144::11118833.. • PPeerrrryy DDJJ.. FFaaccttoorr VVIIII DDeeffiicciieennccyy.. BBrr JJ HHaaeemmaattooll 22000022;; 111188::668899.. • BBaajjaajj SSPP,, RRaappaappoorrtt SSII,, BBaarrccllaayy SS,, HHeerrbbsstt KKDD.. AAccqquuiirreedd hhyyppoopprrootthhrroommbbiinneemmiiaa dduuee ttoo nnoonn--nneeuuttrraalliizziinngg • FFuurriiee BB,, GGrreeeennee EE,, FFuurriiee BBCC.. SSyynnddrroommee ooff aaccqquuiirreedd ffaaccttoorr XX ddeeffiicciieennccyy aanndd ssyysstteemmiicc aammyyllooiiddoossiiss
  • 55. • Bomgaars L, Carberry K, Fraser C, et al. Development of factor V and thrombin inhibitors in children • CChhuuaa JJDD,, FFrriieeddeennbbeerrgg WWRR.. SSuuppeerrwwaarrffaarriinn ppooiissoonniinngg.. AArrcchh IInntteerrnn MMeedd 11999988;; 115588::11992299.. • OOcckkeellffoorrdd PPAA,, CCaarrtteerr CCJJ.. DDiisssseemmiinnaatteedd iinnttrraavvaassccuullaarr ccooaagguullaattiioonn:: tthhee aapppplliiccaattiioonn aanndd uuttiilliittyy ooff ddiiaaggnnoossttiicc • BBoowwmmaann MM,, HHooppmmaann WWMM,, RRaappssoonn DD,, eett aall.. AA pprroossppeeccttiivvee eevvaalluuaattiioonn ooff tthhee pprreevvaalleennccee ooff ssyymmppttoommaattiicc vvoonn WWiilllleebbrraanndd ddiisseeaassee ((VVWWDD)) iinn aa ppeeddiiaattrriicc pprriimmaarryy ccaarree ppooppuullaattiioonn.. PPeeddiiaattrr BBlloooodd CCaanncceerr 22001100;; 5555::117711.. • PPaarrkk CCHH,, SSeeoo JJYY,, KKiimm HHJJ,, eett aall.. AA ddiiaaggnnoossttiicc cchhaalllleennggee:: mmiilldd hheemmoopphhiilliiaa BB wwiitthh nnoorrmmaall aaccttiivvaatteedd ppaarrttiiaall tthhrroommbbooppllaassttiinn ttiimmee.. BBlloooodd CCooaagguull FFiibbrriinnoollyyssiiss 22001100;; 2211::336688.. • DDuunnccaann EEMM,, RRooddggeerrss SSEE,, MMccRRaaee SSJJ.. DDiiaaggnnoossttiicc tteessttiinngg ffoorr mmiilldd hheemmoopphhiilliiaa aa iinn ppaattiieennttss wwiitthh ddiissccrreeppaanntt oonnee--ssttaaggee,, ttwwoo--ssttaaggee,, aanndd cchhrroommooggeenniicc ffaaccttoorr VVIIIIII::CC aassssaayyss.. SSeemmiinn TThhrroommbb HHeemmoosstt 22001133;; 3399::227722.. • LLuusshheerr JJ,, PPiippee SSWW,, AAlleexxaannddeerr SS,, NNuuggeenntt DD.. PPrroopphhyyllaaccttiicc tthheerraappyy wwiitthh FFiibbrrooggaammmmiinn PP iiss aassssoocciiaatteedd wwiitthh aa ddeeccrreeaasseedd iinncciiddeennccee ooff bblleeeeddiinngg eeppiissooddeess:: aa rreettrroossppeeccttiivvee ssttuuddyy.. HHaaeemmoopphhiilliiaa 22001100;; 1166::331166.. • HHaayywwaarrdd CCPP.. DDiiaaggnnoossttiicc aapppprrooaacchh ttoo ppllaatteelleett ffuunnccttiioonn ddiissoorrddeerrss.. TTrraannssffuuss AApphheerr SSccii 22000088;; 3388::6655.. • IIssrraaeellss SSJJ,, KKaahhrr WWHH,, BBllaanncchheettttee VVSS,, eett aall.. PPllaatteelleett ddiissoorrddeerrss iinn cchhiillddrreenn:: AA ddiiaaggnnoossttiicc aapppprrooaacchh.. PPeeddiiaattrr BBlloooodd CCaanncceerr 22001111;; 5566::997755.. • PPhhiilllliippss DDRR,, AAggiinn PPPP.. PPllaatteelleett mmeemmbbrraannee ddeeffeeccttss iinn GGllaannzzmmaannnn''ss tthhrroommbbaasstthheenniiaa.. EEvviiddeennccee ffoorr ddeeccrreeaasseedd aammoouunnttss ooff ttwwoo mmaajjoorr ggllyyccoopprrootteeiinnss.. JJ CClliinn IInnvveesstt 11997777;; 6600::553355.. • NNuurrddeenn AATT.. QQuuaalliittaattiivvee ddiissoorrddeerrss ooff ppllaatteelleettss aanndd mmeeggaakkaarryyooccyytteess.. JJ TThhrroommbb HHaaeemmoosstt 22000055;; 33::11777733.. • WWaarrrriieerr II,, LLuusshheerr JJMM.. CCoonnggeenniittaall tthhrroommbbooccyyttooppeenniiaass.. CCuurrrr OOppiinn HHeemmaattooll 11999955;; 22::339955..

Editor's Notes

  1. 2nd generation has no B domain – shorter molecule