1. BASAL NUCLEI
Dr. Bhawani Shankar Modi

2. What is Basal Nuclei ?
 The Basal Nuclei is a sub cortical grey matter, lateral to the
thalamus in the inferior part of each cerebral hemisphere.
 The term ‘BASAL’ is used to denote the position of the nuclei at
the base of forebrain.

3.  Topographically it consists of :
 Caudate Nucleus
 Lentiform Nucleus
 Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex
 Claustrum
 Functionally it related to :
 Sub Thalamus ( Diencephalon)
 Substantia Nigra ( Mid Brain)

4. TERMINOLOGIES
Caudate Nucleus + Lentiform
Nucleus
Corpus
Striatum
Putamen + Globus Pellidus Lentiform
Nucleus
Caudate Nucleus + Putamen Striatum
Globus Pallidus Pallidum

5. BASAL NUCLEI ANATOMY
1.CAUDATE NUCLEUS
Lies lateral to the lateral ventricles, C shaped, encloses
thalamus & internal capsule
STRUCTURE: Head, Body and Tail

6. Relationship with Lateral Ventricle
CAUDATE NUCLEUS:
Head: Lies into the
floor of ant horn
Body: along floor of
central part
Tail: along roof of
inferior horn, joins
amygdaloid body

8. Forms lateral boundary of internal
capsule
LENTIFORM NUCLEUS:
Globus Pallidus:
Situated medially,
got 2 segments,
GP inner
GP outer
Putamen:
Situated laterally

11. CLAUSTRUM

12. AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS
Nuclear mass in
temporal lobe,
continuous with
tail of caudate
nucleus
Function is closely
related to limbic
system or
hypothalamus

13. SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

14. BASAL NUCLEI ANATOMY

15. BLOOD SUPPLY

16. BLOOD SUPPLY

17. CONNECTIONS
&
PATHWAYS

18. CONNECTIONS OF DORSAL CORPUS STRIATUM
(CAUDATE NUCLEUS + PUTAMEN)
AFFERENT
 CORTICO STRIATE
 THALAMO STRIATE
 NIGRO STRIATE
 Brainstem
EFFERENT
 STRIATO PALLIDAL
 STRIATO NIGRAL

19. AFFERENT CONNECTIONS OF DORSAL STRIATUM
(CAUDATE NUCLEUS + PUTAMEN)
1. CORTICO STRIATE :
 From neo Cortex
 Convey excitatory Glutaminergic axons
 Projections are somatotopical and mostly
Ipsilateral
 Through External capsule, Internal capsule and
sub callosal bundles.

20. SOMATOTOPICALLY LOCALISATIONS OF CORTICO STRIATE ARE:
Orbito
frontal
association
cortex
Lower part
of head of
caudate
Nucleus
Dorso lateral
frontal
association
cortex & frontal
eye field
Head of
Caudate
Nucleus except
its lower part
Parietal lobe
Body of
Caudate
Nucleus

21. Somato sensory &
motor cortices
Putamen
Axons for
lower body located laterally
Upperbody located medially
Occipital &
Temporal
cortex
Tail of Caudate
Nucleus &
lower part of
Putamen
SOMATOTOPICALLY LOCALISATIONS OF CORTICO STRIATE ARE:

22. 2. THALAMO STRIATE
From Centro median
nucleus of intra
laminar Thalamus
Caudate Nucleus &
Putamen
3. NIGRO STRIATE
From Pars compacta of
Substantia Nigra
Caudate
Nucleus &
Putamen
DOPAMINERGIC
AFFERENT CONNECTIONS OF DORSAL STRIATUM
(CAUDATE NUCLEUS + PUTAMEN)

23. 4. BRAIN STEM
SEROTONINERGIC
NORADRENERGIC
AFFERENT CONNECTIONS OF DORSAL STRIATUM
(CAUDATE NUCLEUS + PUTAMEN)

24. EFFERENT CONNECTIONS OF DORSAL STRIATUM
(CAUDATE NUCLEUS + PUTAMEN)
1. STRIATO PALLIDAL :
 passes both segments of pallidum in a
topically ordered manner.
Outer part of Putamen
outer segment of
Pallidum (Enkephalin rich)
Inner part of Putamen
along with Caudate
Nucleus
both segments of Pallidum
(GABA rich)

25. EFFERENT CONNECTIONS OF DORSAL STRIATUM
(CAUDATE NUCLEUS + PUTAMEN)
2. STRIATO NIGRAL
STRIATUM
Pars
reticulata of
substantia
nigra
Directly through COMB BUNDLE
Indirectly through the Pallidum

26. CONNECTIONS OF DORSAL PALLIDUM
(GLOBUS PALLIDUS)
AFFERENT
 STRIATO PALLIDAL
EFFERENT
1. PALLIDO FUGAL
2. PALLIDO NIGRAL

27. 1. PALLIDO FUGAL
 containing Neuro transmitter, GABA.
 Arranged in discrete bundles
 FASCICULUS LENTICULARIS
 ANSA LENTICULARIS
 FASCICULUS THALAMICUS

28.  The conjoint bundle thus formed is known as which passes in
field H₁ of forel.
 fibres of thalamic fasciculus terminate in
Intra laminar thalamus
Ventral
Anterior
Ventral
Lateral
Centro
median
Supplementary motor
area
Somatic sensory
motor cortex

30. 2. PALLIDO NIGRAL
Subthalamic
Nucleus
Pedunculo
pontine
Neucles
Dorsal
Pallidum
Indirect pathway
Pars reticulata
superior colliculus Ventralis lateralis
and medialis
Anterior cingulate cortex and
prefrontal cortex
Brain stem and spinal cord
TERMINATION

31. AFFERENT CONNECTION OF VENTRAL STRIATUM
1. From Limbic associated region
Hippocampus (Fornix)
Orbitofrontal cortex
(Internal Capsule)
Nucleus Accumbens
Olfactory, Entorhinal, Ant.
Cingulate, Temporal
Visual corties
Amygdala Nucleus
Both Nucleus
Accumbens &
Olfactory Tubercle
Olfactory Tubercle

32. 2. Aminergic (Serotonergic Dorsal Raphe)
3. Noradrenergic ( Locus coeruleus)
4. Dopaminergic ( Pars compacta)

33. EFFERENT CONNECTION OF
VENTRAL STRIATUM & VENTRAL
PALLIDUM

34. VENTRAL
STRIATUM
VENTRAL
PALLIDUM
PARS
RETICULATA
(SNg)
Medio dorsalis Thalamic
Nuclei
Prefrontal and
Cingulate cortex
superior
colliculus
Ventralis lateralis
and medialis
Anterior cingulate
cortex and
prefrontal cortex
Brain stem and
spinal cord

35. FUNCTIONS
 control automatic associated movements.
 control group of movements for emotional
expression.
 control reflex muscular activity.
 concerned with planning and programming of
voluntary movements.

36. Lesions of Basal Nuclei
Hypertonic and
hypokinetic
(Parkinson`s
disease)
Hyperkinetic and
hypotonic
(Athetosis, Chorea
and Ballism)

37. APPLIED:
1. PARKINSON`S DISEASE
2. ATHETOSIS
3. CHOREA (Huntington`s, Sydenham`s)
4. HEMIBELLISM

38. PARKINSON’s
• Degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in substantia nigra-depletion of
dopamine in striatum

39. ATHETOSIS
• Slow, involuntary, writhing movements, mostly
involves distal segments of limb

40. CHOREA
• Quick, jerky,
irregular movements
• Huntington’s disease
• Sydenham chorea

41. HEMIBALLISMUS
• Involuntary, sudden movement of one side of
body, involves mostly proximal extremity.

43. • Cognition is the process by which the sensory
input is transformed, reduced, elaborated,
stored, recovered, and used.[1] In science,
cognition is the mental processing that
includes the attention of working memory,
comprehending and producing language,
calculating, reasoning, problem solving, and
decision making.