38. Neisseria meningitidis

39. Hemophilus influenza (H flu) Strep pneumoniae

51. The white appearance of this calf brain is caused by neutrophils within the meninges – a condition known as meningitis. This is usually due to a bacterial infection.

52. This calf brain shows similar pathology. If a glass slide is pressed to the surface of the brain and stained it would show high numbers of neutrophils.

53. Bovine This brain shows irregular red spots which are areas of hemorrhage and necrosis caused by the bacteria, Histophilus somni .

54. Brain: meningitis.

60. Evolution of the Abscess

62. Evolution of the Abscess

63. Evolution of the Abscess

64. Evolution of the Abscess Abscess-Cerebral Gross:

65. Abscess-Cerebral MRI

67. Meningial enhancement Meningial enhancement in a Bacterial meningitis - CT Scan Image

68. Meningial enhancement

74. Signs & symptoms of Meningitis

77. Normal fundus

79. Meningococcemia - Petechiae

82. Meningococcemia - Purpura fulminans

89. Increased intracranial pressure Headache Vomiting Decreased Level of Consciousness Papilledema Herniation

116. Positioning INCORRECT CORRECT

156. CSF evaluation decreased increased < 500 Fungal decreased increased <500 TB Low to normal increased <1000 Viral <2.2 m mol/l 100-500 or >1.5gm/l >1000K PMN’s Bacterial, acute >50 (2.2 mmol to 4 mmol/l) 5-45 <5 , lymphocytes mainly Normal Glucose (mg/dL) Protein (mg/dL) WBC Condition

157. CSF Diagnosis Elevated (>100 mg) Low Elevated (PMN’s early, lymphs late TB Meningitis Normal or slightly elevated Normal to low Elevated (PMN’s early, lymphocytes late) Aseptic Meningitis Elevated (>100 mg) Low >1000 PMN’s predominate Bacterial Meningitis 15 to 45 mg/dl 2/3 rd of serum glucose <5 (lymphocytes) Normal Protein Glucose WBC

158. CSF evaluation Normal Upto 100 <1000 Viral low Upto 500 <500 Fungal low Increased upto 500 mg/dl <500 TB Low Increased>more than 100 mg/d >1000 PMN’s Bacterial, acute >50 5-45 <5, lymph's mainly Normal Glucose (mg/dL) Protein (mg/dL) WBC Condition

159. Summary of Typical CSF Findings +TB Negative Positive Negative Culture Increased +/- Increased Increased 5-40 Protein < 30% Normal <40% 66% CSF plasma: Glucose ratio Decreased Normal Decreased 60-80 Glucose Increased Predominate Late 5 Lymphocytes +/- increased Early Predominate 0 Polymorphs <500 <1000 >1000 0-5 Cells TB Viral Bacterial Normal