E&T Project 1 Site Analysis

Environment and Technology II: Synthesis (ARC 71003)
Project 1A: Site Analysis of the Klang Town (South)
Chong Zohan 0302126
Gan Chin Bong 0313738
Loh Kah Seng 0333040
Teo Kean Hui 0310165
Lecturer: Mr Hoi Jung Wai

Contents
1
1.0 Project Brief
2.0 Methodology
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Urban Context
3.2 Urban History
3.3 Urban Figure Ground & Greenscape
3.4 Site Programs
3.5 Site Demography
3.6 Site Pedestrian Movement
4.0 Climate Behaviour
4.1.1 Sun Study
4.1.2 Shadow Study
4.1.3 Sun and Shadow Study : Recommendation
4.2.1 Wind Study: Wind Speed
4.2.2 Wind Study: Wind Directional Distribution
4.2.3 Wind Study: Wind Flow Factor Simulation
4.2.4 Wind Study : Recommendation
4.3.1 Rainfall
4.3.2 Rainfall: Recommendation
4.4.1 Temperature: Data
4.4.2 Temperature: Analysis
4.4.3 Temperature: Recommendations
5.0 Environmental Impacts
5.1.1 Urban Heat Island Effect: Introduction
5.1.2 Urban Heat Island Effect: Readings
5.1.3 Urban Heat Island Effect: Analysis
5.1.4 Urban Heat Island Effect: Recommendation
6.0 Conclusion

1.0 Project Brief
2
This report focuses on the environmental analysis and evaluation of the selected site in South Klang. The study is being conducted in parallel with the module
Urban Design Studio which also covers the same area. Along Jalan Stesen 1 in South Klang, two potential sites are identified and selected to be further
developed into an architectural project at the later part of the UDS module. In order to establish a baseline environmental study of the site, the following
items has been studied:
Climatic behaviour of the locality including rainfall, humidity, temperature and prevailing wind. Students are to collect meteorological data from reliable
sources and through students own on-site data collection for comparison and analysis of climatic behaviour i.e. direction and velocity of prevailing wind.
Environmental impact that will affect the health and well-being of the local inhabitants such as air pollution, urban heat island and glare issues.
Application of equipment - students are encouraged to make use of available equipment from the University’s Environmental Lab for the on-site
investigation which includes lux meter, sound meter and humidity and temperature meter.
There are no restraints on how the above investigation is carried out, however students will follow the research methodology described which is acceptable
by the subject module. This analysis and research is crucial in forming an understanding of architectural design in a broader urban context. The results are to
be further utilized in order to design a more efficient architectural solution in response to the environment, forming a rough guideline and estimation through
the help of computer simulations.

2.0 Methodology
3
Temperature
Wind path
Sun path
Rainfall
Urban Heat Island Effect
SUMMARY & SIMULATED ANALYSIS

3.0 Site Introduction
3.1 Urban Context
4
Klang is located in the state of Selangor between the Port
Klang (biggest port in Malaysia) and Kuala Lumpur (Capital of
Malaysia). (3.1.1) Klang is divided by the Klang river, into two
main areas in the name of North and South Klang. (3.1.2) The
area of studies in this report is located in the South Klang
(3.1.3). Next to the head of the bridge connecting to North
Klang there is a street called Jalan Stesen 1 as long as 150
meter, surrounded by old shop houses at two sides. (3.1.4)
Along the street there are two empty lands that are currently
running open car park business can be easily observed and
these are the potential site selections for aforementioned
UDS Module. However in this report, one of the empty lands
that is located in between buildings without tree is the focus
area of studies in this report. (3.1.5)
3.1.3 South Klang (Macro) 3.1.4 Jalan Stesen 1 (Semi-Macro) 3.1.5 Specific Site (Micro)
3.1.1 Location of Klang City 3.1.2 Location of North & South Klang

6
3.2 Urban History
Klang or Kelang is the official Royal Town of Klang. It is a royal town and the former capital of the state of Selangor, Malaysia. It was the civil capital of Selangor
before the emergence of Kuala Lumpur and the current capital, Shah Alam.
The royal town of Klang has been a site of human settlement since prehistoric times. After the fall of Melaka to the Portuguese in 1511, Klang remained in
Malay hands, controlled by the Sultan Johor-Riau until the creation of Selangor sultanate ni the 18th century.
In the 19th century, the importance of Klang greatly increased by the rapid expansion of tin mining as a result of the increased demand for tin from the West.
The desire to control the Klang Valley led directly to the Selangor Civil War. (Klang War). Until the construction of Port Swettenham (now known as Port Klang)
in 1901, Klang remained the chief outlet for Selangor’s tin, and its position was enhanced by the completion of the Klang Valley railway (to Bukit Kuda) in
1886.
In 1874, Klang became the capital of British colonial administration for Selangor from 1875 until 1880 when the capital city was moved to Kuala Lumpur.
Today Klang is no longer State capital or the main seat of the ruler, but it remains the headquarters of the district to which it gives it name. From 1974 to
1977, Klang was the state capital of Selangor before the seat of government shifted to Shah Alam in 1977.
3.2.2 South Klang of 1951 showing its sparsely dense population3.2.1 Old photographs showing the heritage buildings in South Klang

7
3.3 Urban Figure Ground & Greenscape
3.3.2 Urban Context of South Klang in 2018
3.3.1 Urban context of South Klang in 1951
The figure ground of South Klang adopted a rectilinear grid pattern at the inland not far
from the riverbank of Klang river. In the 1951, the density of the population seems to only
expand from riverbank towards down South and was surrounded with lush landscapes.
Besides, there were more bridges and utilities at the riverbank as compare to recently. Today,
the bridges are improvised into one big bridge that connect directly to inland, leaving the
waterfront underneath unoccupied and filled instead with linear green. The districts in the
inland expands towards all directions leading to less urban landscape. Instead, it is now filled
with compact buildings that rightfully utilized their boundaries leading to narrow public
pathway and urban space.
15.29%
84.71%
South Klang 2018
Greenscape
Built Form
43.22%
56.78%
South Klang 1951

8
3.4 Site Programs
3.4.2 Surrounding area (varies colors) of the immediate site (Blue color)3.4.1 Programs percentages
According the survey, the data below shows the surrounding area of the immediate site accommodated to varies programs comprised of fashion (35%),
services (25%), food (14%), lifestyle (18%) and others (8%). The variety of programs are scattered throughout the area.
The fashion for students took up the most significant percentage in this particular area due to the several schools and education institution in the
neighborhood. Interestingly, some of the veterans from the old shops also contributed to the fashion percentage by making watches, tailoring and trading
jewelry. On top of that, as part of the 14% of food sector there are two Chinese restaurants that are worth mentioning. This is because they are significant to
a certain extent that they act as landmarks to this particular area.

9
3.5 Site Demography
Within the surrounding area of the immediate site along Jalan Stesen 1(3.5.1), the
ethnicity is significantly formed up with 24% of both Chinese and Indian, and
other minorities such as Muslim, Punjab and immigrants. (3.5.2)
The Chinese in this area primarily run fashion business (45%) such as making
watches, F&B restaurants or cafés (20%) and others such as traditional medicine
shop (35%). (3.5.3)
The Indian also specialize in fashion business (45%) such as tailoring and
jewelry trades (45%), services business (25%) such as hairdressing, palm reading or
photo framing, lifestyle business (20%), F&B and others as low as 5% only. (3.5.4)
Most of the population and visitors to this place are adults (22%) and elder
(39%) due to the traditional shops. However, the concentration of school supplies
and stationaries shops in this area attracts 24% of kids as well as 15% youngsters.
(3.5.5)
3.5.1 Surrounding area (varies colors) of the immediate site (Blue color)
3.5.2 Ethnicity
3.5.3 Chinese 3.5.4 Indian 3.5.5 Age Demographic

3.6.2 Pedestrian movement in the surrounding area of site (1951)
10
3.6 Site Pedestrian Movement
3.6.3 Pedestrian movement in the surrounding area of site (2018)
The pedestrian movement is being compared between the current (2018) and the past (1951). (3.6.2 &
3.6.3) In the past, the movement on the primary path (red) was more random but dynamic due
to less vehicles. However, towards the modern days with more uses of vehicles had shaped the
movement to be more linear along the primary path.
On the other hand, the secondary path (orange) such as alleys between the buildings and primary
paths are more spacious and prone to explorations because not all buildings were pushed to the
boundaries and therefore, pockets spaces formed occasionally would generate sense of wondering and
speculating. However, the strong edges formed by buildings built to their boundaries today have
created linear movement, and in fact, less movement through due to less spacious and transparency
and eventually less safety.
Significantly, the area of this site is within two minutes walks to the KTM station (1), four minutes walks
to the riverbank of Klang River (2) and other important landmarks such as Kompleks Mahkamah Klang
(3), Royal Gallery (4), Gedung Raja Abdullah (5) and Indian Mosque (6). (3.6.1)
3.6.1 Walking distance

4.0 Climate Behavior
4.1.1 Sun Study: Sun Path Diagram
11
The proposed site is located at
3.0427876°N, 101.4484464°E
Stereographic diagram on the left shows the movement of
the sun throughout the year. The position of the sun is
commonly represented by two angles – altitude and
azimuth. Architect always refer to stereographic diagram
and come up with a better building design in control sun’s
energy and heating into building.
21st June (Summer Solstice) – most sunlight of the year
21st December (Winter Solstice) – least sunlight of the year
Azimuth Lines - Azimuth angles run around the edge of the
diagram. It is the horizontal angle between the sun and
true North.
On 21st June
Sunrise: 66.48° (07:06:58 hour)
Sunset: 293.52° (19:24:56 hour)
On 21st December
Sunrise: 113.42° (07:13:39 hour)
Sunset: 246.57° (19:10:37 hour)
These two periods are the most critical period as the sun
will irradiate on the building North and South facades. This
allow different design strategies to be applied.
4.1.1.1: Sun Path Diagram
Source: https://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/pos_sun.php#top

4.1.1 Sun Study: Sun Path Diagram
12
Altitude Lines - Altitude angles are represented as
concentric circular dotted lines that run from the center of
the diagram out. It is the elevation angle from 0° at sunrise
and 90° when the sun is directly overhead.
The diagram shows the highest and lowest altitude angle
during different hours of the two critical periods. At sunrise
and sunset, the altitude is zero.
At 9am
The highest: 25.03° (21st June)
The lowest: 23.24° (21st December)
At 12pm
At 6pm
4.1.1.2: Sun Path Diagram
9am
12pm
6pm

4.1.1 Sun Study: Sun Angle Section
13
Diagram above shows the Altitude angle at different time throughout a day.
21st of June is indicated with green line, while 21st of December is indicated
with red line,
and are the sun rays from the East at 9am. Part of the site will be
shaded by the adjacent building in the morning.
and are the sun rays at from above at 12pm. The site will be fully
exposed to sunlight. The most heat gained in this period of time.
and are the sun rays from the West at 6pm. Similar to the morning,
the site will be partially shaded by the adjacent building in the evening.
1 2
3 4
5 6
4.1.1.4: Solar Path Cartesian Chart
4.1.1.3 Sun Angle Section

4.1.1 Sun Study: Daily Sunshine Hour
14
4.1.1.5: Solar Path Cartesian Chart
Source: https://weatherspark.com/y/113818/Average-Weather-in-Klang-Malaysia-Year-Round
The length of the day in Klang does not vary substantially over
the course of the year, staying within 17 minutes of 12 hours
throughout. The diagrams on the left shows the shortest and
longest day, earliest and latest sunrise, earliest and latest
sunset in year 2018.
The shortest day :
22nd December with 11:57 hours of daylight
The longest day :
21st June with 12:18 hours of daylight
The earliest sunrise :
30th October at 6:57 AM
The latest sunrise :
17th February at 7:28 AM
The earliest sunset :
8th November at 6:57 PM
The latest sunset :
17th February at 7:29pm

4.1.2 Shadow Study
15
4.1.2.1: 21st June 0900 - 1800 4.1.2.2: 21st December 0900 - 1800
Diagrams above are to study the shadow being cast over the site. Generally, the site is relatively exposed to the sunlight. It is hardly overshadowed because most
of the surrounding buildings are just 2 storey shop houses.

4.1.2 Shadow Study
16
Diagrams above shows the shadow density from 9am to 6pm on the 21st June and December. The brighter level illustrates the less shade and receive more direct
sunlight. The North and South sides of the site are relatively more exposed while the East and West sides are shaded by the adjacent building. However, the
shaded areas are only limited to ground and first floor level because all the adjacent buildings are 2 storey shop houses. In the afternoon the site will be fully
exposed when the sun is directly above.
4.1.2.3: 21st June 0900 - 1800 4.1.2.4: 21st December 0900 - 1800

17
Passive Design Strategy: Massing and Orientation
The orientation of the building is important to control the amount of sunlight penetrating in. Though the analysis of sun and shadow, it allows us to have a better
understanding and strategies to tackle the massing and orientation against the direction of the sun:-
1. The East and West facade are angulated in order to prevent direct sunlight in the morning and evening. It is better to have minimal area of façade facing
directly both East and West.
2. The North and South façade can be more exposed to bring in natural lighting and at the same time to allow maximum ventilation.
4.1.3.1: 21st June 0900 – 1800
(with proposed massing)
4.1.3.2: 21st December 0900 – 1800

18
Passive Design Strategy: Facade Opening
With the proposed massing that responds to the site context, it is also important to control the amount of openings on the façade as passive cooling strategies to
control the penetration of excessive day light and glare into the building. Hence few methods are proposed to achieve this.
1. As there is not direct sunlight on the South and North facades, maximum openings can be applied on the area highlighted in green. Beside bringing in natural
lighting, it also allows natural ventilation into the building.
2. The East and West facades highlighted in blue should have minimum openings to control the penetration of direct sunlight and glare into the building. Further
strategies can also be implemented on these facades such as overhangs, louvers and shading device.
4.1.3.3: 21st June 0900 – 1800
Morning
East Sun
Afternoon
West Sun
Maximum Opening
Minimum Opening

19
4.1.3.4 Sun Angle Section with Massing
Passive Design Strategy: Façade Design
The façade as the building envelope, plays an important role to reduce excessive heat transfer from the exterior to
interior.
1. By proposing the extruded floor area, it helps to shade the floor below and to eliminate all direct sunlight and glare
especially for the East and West side.
2. By studying the sun angle and exposure over the seasons on all North, South, and East and West facades, this
information can be used to develop roof shapes or shading areas to efficiently control light and shade, heating and
cooling. Diagram 4.1.3e shows the different types of openings and overhangs and how each is effective or ineffective
in creating shade and controlling light.
9am
12pm
6pm
4.1.3.5: Different types of openings

20
Passive Design Strategy: Building Materials
The materials that are used to build the façade is equally important to reduce the heat gain of the building.
Solar Reflective Paint Double Glazing Glass Insulated Wall Panel Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
- It reduces surface temperature by
up to 5°C which makes the interior
cooler, thus helps in saving energy
- White in colour paint has lower
solar absorptivity compared to
darker colour paint to reduce the
heat
- It allows maximum natural lighting
but reduces the heat gain of the
building
- It has a lower U-value (2.6-2.9),
which makes it a more effective
material as an insulator
- It has a U-value of -0.2w/m2K.T
which keeps the building cool
inside
- It provides air, water, thermal and
vapor protection in a single panel
component
- It is highly termally insulating
concrete-based material used for
both internal and external
construction
- It is suitable for use in areas with
extreme temperatures, as it
eliminates the need for separate
materials for construction and
insulation, leading to faster
construction and cost savings
- It has a R value of 4.4

21
Passive Design Strategy: Shading Devices
Exterior building shading is the most effective way of preventing sun penetration and glare and reduce
thermal load.
1. As most heat gain are from the East and West, vertical panels or louvers are most suitable to
installed on the blue facades. It will block the direct sunlight while still allowing the view out of
the building.
2. For the North and South facades highlighted in green with maximum opening, horizontal panels,
louvers or overhangs are suitable to allow sufficient natural lighting as well as ventilation.
Morning
East Sun
Afternoon
West Sun
Maximum Opening Minimum Opening4.1.3.6: 21st June 0900 – 1800

22
Passive Design Strategy: Living Awnings
Living Awnings such as deciduous trees and trellises with deciduous vines are very good shading
devices.
1. The surrounding trees provide shades and keep incoming air cooler.
2. The plants provides thermal regulation and filters the polluted air outside the building, thus
improve the air quality.
3. The plants can absorb heat and help to eliminate heat transfer into the building and at the same
time reduce noise from the exterior.
4. In addition, vegetation helps to create positive impact to the environment and provide the user
spaces in comfort level.
4.1.3.7 Massing with Vegetation
4.1.3.8: Types of Vegetation

23
4.2.1 Wind Speed
Wind speed ranges from 1 – 12km/h, which is about 0.3-3.3m/s. 49% of wind speed is from 1-4km/h, 41% from 5-11km/h and 9% of wind speed reaches up to
19km/h. Both July and August month receive most wind speed ranging from 5-11km/h due to South West Monsoon. However, relatively calm wind
throughout the year especially during April where the average wind speed is only 1km/h.
4.2.1.1: Annual Wind Speed Chart
(Source: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/kuala-lumpur_malaysia_1735161)
4.2.1.2: Malaysia Monsoon Diagram
Calm
Light Breeze
>1km/h (0.33 m/s)
>5km/h (1.40m/s)
>12km/h (3.33m/s)Gentle Breeze

Figure 4.2.2.1 shows the number of hours per year the wind blows from the indicated direction. From the table we can understand that direction East North
East has most frequent wind blowing from (732 hours) with wind speed of 1-5km/h. Stronger wind exceeding 5km/h has been recorded on North East with
157 hours and wind speed exceeding 12km/h lasted for 25 hours throughout the year. However, south side recorded 129 hours of zero wind speed.
24
4.2.2 Wind Directional Distribution
4.2.2.1: Wind Rose showing number of hours per year wind blows from indicated direction.
(Source: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/kuala-lumpur_malaysia_1735161)
>1km/h (0.33 m/s)
>5km/h (1.40m/s)
>12km/h (3.33m/s)
Direction 0km/h >1km/h
(>0.30m/s)
>5km/h
(>1.40m/s)
>12km/h
(>3.33/s)
N 59 389 21 0
NNE 48 441 89 1
NE 16 516 157 25
ENE 64 732 79 5
E 0 333 28 0
ESE 49 409 48 0
SE 17 337 93 1
SSE 0 348 133 3
S 129 699 134 3
SSW 18 435 64 4
SW 53 659 66 6
WSW 0 505 77 3
W 61 623 106 5
WNW 14 218 21 0
NW 42 206 10 0
NNW 0 156 8 0
4.2.2.2: Annual Wind Frequency Analysis
(derived from wind rose diagram)

25
4.2.3 Wind Flow Factor Simulation
4.2.3.1: Wind Flow Factor Simulation from North East with 5m/s wind speed. (generated from Autodesk Ecotect Analysis and WinAir )
4.2.3.2: Monthly Wind Flow Direction
Site 1
Site 2
The wind simulation is run on 3 metres from
ground level during August with wind speed
of 3.33m/s. It shows how the buildings
surrounding the site affect the wind
direction and magnitude.
As shown in Figure 4.2.3.1, Site 1 barely has
any wind factor compared to Site 2 which
benefits from the August higher wind speed
and lesser obstruction from site while Site 1
is blocked on all sides.

26
Beaufort Number Description of Wind Speed (m/s) Description of Wind Effects
0 Calm Less than 0.4 No noticeable wind
1 Light air 0.4-1.5 No noticeable wind
2 Light breeze 1.6-3.3 Wind felt on face
3 Gentle breeze 3.4-5.4 Wind extends light flag,
Hair is disturbed,
Clothing flaps
4 Moderate breeze 5.5-7.9 Wind raises dust, dry soil, and loose paper, Hair
disarranged
5 Fresh breeze 8.0-10.7 Force of wind felt on body, Drifting snow becomes
airborne, Limit of agreeable wind on land
6 Strong breeze 10.8-13.8 Umbrellas used with difficulty,
Hair blown straight, Difficult to walk steadily, Wind noise
on ears unpleasant, Windborne snow above head
straight
7 Moderate gale 13.9-17.1 Inconvenience felt when walking
8 Fresh gale 17.2-20.7 Generally impedes progress, Great difficulty with balance
in gusts
9 Strong gale 20.8-24.4 People blown over by gusts.
Effects of Different Gust Wind Speeds
4.2.4.1: Wind Comfort – Beaufort Scale
(Source: https://www.iawe.org)
Figure 4.2.4.1 shows the wind comfort scale that indicates the wind effects caused on human at different range of wind speeds. The most
desirable wind speed for human comfort is from 1.6 -3.3m/s as studied by Francis Beaufort. According to Malaysia climate analysis, the
average wind speed is 1.8m/s, which falls under the comfort level of this scale.

27
Placement of Windows and Wing Walls against Prevailing Wind.
After we have studied about the wind direction and speed, we can utilise
the knowledge by arranging the windows in a optimum place to enhance
the passive cooling in a building. The highlighted area shows ,by placing
windows and wing wall in adjacent wall with relative distance, it allows best
cross- ventilation and it is effective especially in low wind speed area such
as Malaysia.
4.2.4.2: Arrangement of Wing Walls for better of worse comparison.
(Image from Sun, Wind and Light, p. 184 by G.Z. Brown and Mark DeKay, published by Wiley)
Stack Ventilation Sections.
4.2.4.3: Stack Ventilation Sections
(Source: The Green Book- Chapter 4)
Stack ventilation is one of the important passive design in natural cooling of
a building. However it requires a temperature difference of at least 1.7
degree Celsius between indoor and outdoor temperature. We can design
high ceiling spaces and even make use of stairwells as well as atriums.

28
4.3.1 Rainfall
peak Consistent rainfall
4.3.1.1 Average rainfall amount (mm) and days for Klang (2010 Jan -2018 Jan)
4.3.1.2 Average rainfall amount (mm) and days for Klang (2017 Feb – 2018 Feb)
Less peak
driest wettest
4.3.1.3 Average temperature in Klang (2017 Feb – 2018 Feb)
hottest
coolest
Malaysia is categorized as a tropical country, our long coastline and proximity to
the South China Sea creates a highly variable annual rainfall pattern. Peninsular
Malaysia sits within the fluctuating pressure and temperature winds from and
to the South China Sea, these winds brings about the two monsoon seasons as
shown below:-
Southwest Monsoon (Dry Season)
May – September
Northeast Monsoon (Rainy Season)
October – March
As can be seen in the annual rain chart, the Northeast monsoon brings in a
higher level of rainfall from October to March while the Southwest Monsoon
wind brings about a lower level of rainfall from May to September.
Wettest Month
November
438.7 mm Rainfall
29°C Average Temperature
Driest Month
June
86.4 mm Rainfall
34°C Average Temperature

29
4.3.2 Rainfall Recommendation
Estimated
Roof Area
Min 280m2
4.3.2.1 Estimated Roof Area for Site 1
Rainwater Harvesting System
Domestic rainwater harvesting systems generally
composed of six basic components:-
1) The roof catchment
2) Gutter and down pipes
3) Primary screening and first flush diverters
4) Storage tanks
5) The pipes
6) Water treatment unit
Rainwater harvesting systems provide distributed
storm water runoff containment while storing water
and after processing can be used as below:-
1) Domestic use
2) Landscape Irrigation v
4.3.2.2 Rainwater Harvesting System Proposed for Site 1
The domestic water consumption is different from
country to country in the world. Mohammed et al.
(2004) modified a formula to compute the volume of
rainwater to fit the Malaysia context.
The modified formula is presented as:-
V = 0.00685 x A x E
Where V – the average daily volume (m3)
A – the roof area in (m2 )
E – the system collection efficiency (75%)
*Equation is based on an average annual rainfall
depth of 2500mm, and with a system collection
efficiency of 75%.
Calculation for Potential Rainwater Harvest
With estimated roof area of 280m2
The average daily volume,
Vd = 0.00685 x A x E
= 0.00685 x 280 x 75%
= 1.4385 m3
The average annual volume,
Va = Vd x 365 days
= 525.05 m3
* Syabas Price (Commercial Usage) = RM 2.28/m3
Estimated Annual Saving for Building on Site 1
= 525.05 x 2.28
= RM 1,197.11

30
4.4.1 Temperature Data
Malaysia is a country located at the equator, it has uniform temperature throughout the year.
The daily temperature difference range from 5℃ to 10℃ for areas near to the coast and difference range from 8℃ to 12℃ for the inner part of Malaysia.
Although the temperature in a day time are high and hot, but it turns reasonably cool after the sun goes down.
Source from https://www.worldweatheronline.com/klang-weather-averages/selangor/my.aspx
4.4.1.1 Maximum, minimum and average temperature from year 2009 to
February 2018 chart.
4.4.1.2 Maximum, minimum and average temperature chart from
February 2017 to February 2018.
Comparing from year 2009 to current for maximum, minimum and average
temperature (4.4.1.1). The temperature gradually increasing every year due to
rapid development of town but however, it shows drop in temperature towards
the end of 2017.
However, the weather in Klang is still good where its never too hot or cold
ranging from temperature 20℃ to 30℃ throughout the years.
Through studying the annual weather facts collected from the historical climate
data. The warmest month is from April to May on average and coolest month is
on December to January, as the rainy season towards the end of the year.
4.4.1.3 Thermal comfort diagram.

31
4.4.2 Temperature Data
Area / Time 9 am 1 pm 5 pm 8 pm
A 28.5 33.5 34.7 30
B 28.5 33.5 34.6 30.2
C 28.5 33.4 34.6 30.1
D 28.5 33.6 34.6 30.2
E 28.5 34.5 35.8 31.6
F 28.5 34.4 34.6 30.6
G 28.5 34.4 34.5 30.5
H 28.4 34.4 34.5 30.5
I 28.4 34.2 36.1 31.6
J 28.4 34.3 36.2 31.7
K 28.3 34.3 36.2 31.7
L 28.3 34.3 34.3 31.6
N 28.1 33 35.9 31.5
M 28 33 35.8 31.5
O 28 32.9 35.8 31.5
P 27.8 32.6 34 31.4
4.4.2.2 Temperature (℃) table on site4.4.2.1 Temperature testing points
Highest
Lowest

32
4.4.3 Temperature Analysis
28.5℃
28.5℃
28.5℃
28.5℃
27.8℃
32.6℃
34℃
31.4℃
28℃
33℃
35.8℃
31.5℃
28.5℃
33.6℃
34.6℃
30.2℃
28.4℃
34.3℃
36.2℃
31.7℃
CENTER
NORTH
WEST
EAST
SOUTH
9 AM 1 PM 5 PM 8 PM
4.4.3.1 Temperature Level Indications On Site

33
4.4.4 Temperature Analysis
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P
Temperature(℃)
9:00 AM 1:00 PM 5:00 PM 8:00 PM
4.4.4.1 Comparisons of Temperature (°C) on Site
Finding 1:
Areas “J” and “K” have the highest temperature in the
evening due to the more exposure of western sun.
Common Findings:
All areas at site have generally low temperature in the
morning, and highest temperature in the evening followed
by afternoon.
Finding 1
The temperature on site range from 28℃ to 36.2℃.
The lowest temperature recorded is in the morning and the
highest on 5pm.
The site is high in temperature due to it is exposed to direct
sunlight with very limited shaded from surrounding buildings
especially the center part of the site. In raining days, the
temperature will be lower with the advantage of wind with
lesser high rise buildings around the site.

34
4.4.5 Temperature Recommendations
Façade design
In designing building, choice of façade can
play a very big role on reducing heat intake
into the building. Façade with sun shading
function are able to cut down the direct
sunlight and heat from entering into the
building through openings. Besides, the
openings on the building should take into
consideration during the design stage to
control heat from getting into the building.
Building Orientation and Building form
Building should design by referring to
climatic analysis on sun shadows, wind
direction and humidity. The longer façade of
the building shall minimize the exposure to
the east and the west to reduce the area of
direct glare into the building. Besides,
having separated building blocks could
increase cross ventilation which helps in
cooling the building.
Water feature and Greeneries
Improving design by utilizing the nature
environment can be very effective too. By
introducing the water feature, it helps to
lower down the temperature surrounding it
and increase thermal comfort level.
Greeneries such as vertical garden, roof
garden can be compromised into the design
to achieve thermal comfort efficiently.

35
5.0 Environmental Impact
5.1.1 Urban Heat Island Effect: Introduction
Site 1 is surrounded by shop lots on all 4
sides. Therefore most of the heat are
conducted through the side and back walls
of shop lots. Due to building materials such
as brick and concrete, the heat is trapped
in thus increasing the temperature. Also
reflective surface allows sunlight to reflect
into the site directly thus generate more
heat. The site also have little to no
greeneries and it is used as an open
parking space as shown in Figure 5.1.1.1.
Site 1
Figure 5.1.1.1 View from Jalan Stesen 1 into Site
A
A
B
B

36
The highest recorded temperature is at 36.5 degree Celsius on the high traffic conditions at Jalan Tengku Diaudin, Jalan Stesen 1 and Jalan Besar. Due to the lack
of greeneries along the road, the temperature tends to be higher. The emission of heat from vehicles, mass concretes and road bitumen contribute to the
increase of temperature. Meanwhile for shop houses, the temperature tends to stay around 33 degree Celsius. The temperature shows a big drop with the
present of a big tree in the middle of the empty lot and green towards the river bank. This proves that the greeneries are able to lower down temperature
effectively.
Figure 5.1.2.1: Jalan Tengku Diaudin Figure 5.1.2.2: Jalan Stesen 1 (Empty lot on the left) Figure 5.1.2.3: Jalan Besar Figure 5.1.2.4: Park
Figure 4.2.6a: Temperature Reading along Section A-A

37
The highest recorded temperature is at 37.5 degree Celsius due to the high traffic conditions at Jalan Tengku Kelana flyover bridge. The average temperature is
relatively higher due to the lack of greeneries along the section. Those heat absorbance materials such as concretes, stone blocks and solar reflection from
vehicular’s window also lead to a higher temperature.
Figure 5.1.2.5: Jalan Tengku Kelana flyover bridge Figure 5.1.2.6: View from Jalan Stesen 1 into Site Figure 5.1.2.7: Shophouses on Jalan Stesen 1 Figure 5.1.2.8: Jalan Besar
Figure 4.2.6f: Temperature Reading along Section B-B

38
5.1.3 Urban Heat Island Effect: Analysis
Causes
There are several main reasons that contribute to urban heat island:
a. Heat capacity of urban construction material
b. Radiation properties of material
c. Absorption and emission of material
d. Height of building reducing rate of escape of heat
e. Drier because lack of green space
The effects of Urban Heat Island:
a. Large power consumption to cool down buildings
b. Increase in chemical reactions causing smog and air pollution
c. Temperature in city much higher than rural temperature
d. Warm nights in city area due to latent heat energy
Figure 5.1.3.3: Satellite image of Urban Heat Island Effect in Klang Valley
(Source: http://www.asiapacificadapt.net)
Figure 5.1.3.1 : View from Jalan Stesen 1 into Site
Effects
Figure 5.1.3.2: Cause of Urban Heat Island

Recommendation 1:
By planting trees not only on the ground surface but even the façade
and roof of building. Not only it replaces the trees removed in
development phase, it provides shade and cooling through evaporative
cooling effect. Hence, reduces the use of air-conditioning and energy
bill. So a green roof not only prevents the building's roof from
absorbing heat, but also acts as another layer of insulation to reduce
heat transfer into building. They are also aesthetically pleasing and
bring the building user closer to nature.
Figure 5.1.4.1: Acris Fukuoka, Japan
(Source: http://www.justscience.in/articles/green-building-helpful-environment-worth-extra-cost/2017/12/29)
Figure 5.1.4.3: Comparison between green roof and traditional roof
(Source: http://intermountainroofscapes.com/benefits)
Recommendation 2: Sprinklers
Another method is to install periodic sprinkler. This mechanism
provides evaporative cooling solution. Sprinklers can wet surfaces so
that the air around it cools through evaporation since one of the cause
of urban heat island is cause by drier surface due to lack of green
space.
Figure 5.1.4.2: Acris Fukuoka, Japan
(Source: http://www.justscience.in/articles/green-building-helpful-environment-worth-extra-cost/2017/12/29)

Recommendation 3: High solar reflectance roof
By replacing existing darker colour roof to white reflective roof can
reduce the amount of solar energy absorbed through roof. High-
reflectivity coatings can also be applied to existing darker colour roof. A
white reflective roof typically increases temperature only 5-15°C as
compared to black roof which increases temperature up to as much as
50°C when fully exposed to sun.
Figure 5.1.4.7: Heat reflection of Roof
(Source: http://floridaqualityroofing.com/roofing-services-south-florida/cool-roofs-fort-lauderdale)
Figure 5.1.4.4: White roof with coating
(Source: http://www.coldprocessroofing.com/metal-roof-leak-elimination-and-coating-restoration)
Figure 5.1.4.6: Comparison between black roof and reflective roof
(Source: http://www.mcelroymetal.com/cool-metal-roofing-energy-star)
Figure 5.1.4.5: Solar reflectance rating for Various Roofing Materials and Colors
(Source: http://www.encasement.com/about-encasement/solar-reflectance)

41
6.0 Conclusion
Site analysis had been carried out to study the environment and
surroundings of the site. With the data collected, computer simulation of
shadow analysis and wind analysis assisted in providing a more accurate
picture of their impacts. Recommendations were proposed for each topic
studied, which would provide a basis of reference in the preliminary design.
The accuracy of computer simulation benefits in testing out passive design
strategies for light and wind studies, which are essentially related to
thermal comfort and usage of the space. A successful passive design would
in the end reduce energy consumption while still achieve great spatial
quality.

E&T Project 1 Site Analysis

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to E&T Project 1 Site Analysis

Similar to E&T Project 1 Site Analysis (20)

More from Teo Kean Hui

More from Teo Kean Hui (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

E&T Project 1 Site Analysis