Basic orientation of General anatomy with classification and common terminology used

1. GENERAL
ANATOMY
Unit –I , Chapter A & B
- Introduction
- Anatomical Nomenclature
Department of Physiotherapy
M.L.B Paramedical Training College
Jhansi
Dr Gaurav Saxena
Senior Teaching Faculty ( Assoc. Prof. )
& Head of Department

2. Content
• Definition of Anatomy
• Historical prospective
• Subclassification and their significance
• Basics of Anatomy
• Terminology & Nomenclature
• Planes & Axes

3. Objectives
• O1- understanding of term Anatomy
• 02- Understanding of definition of Anatomy
• 03- understanding of classification and reasoning behind
classification
• 04- Grasp on general terminology used in study of Anatomy
• 05 -Understanding and anatomical significance of plane and
axis

4. What is Anatomy?
Branch of science which deals with structure and form of
any animal

5. • The science of human anatomy is
concerned with the structural
organization of the human body.
• It includes study of the structure of
systems, organs and study of the tissue
they are made up of.
• The scientific study of body and how its
parts are arranged; or Study of the
structure of the body parts and their
relationship to one another
• Anatomy is a subdivision of the is
science of biology

6. Historical Prospective
• Human anatomy is a dynamic and growing science with a long, exciting heritage.
• It continues to provide the foundation for medical, biochemical, developmental,
cytogenetic, and biomechanical research
• Early humans knew that the skeletal system formed a durable framework within
their bodies and those of other vertebrates
Anatomy is a Greek word
- Ana + Tome , meaning- “to cut”

7. • The scientific period begins with recorded anatomical observations made in early
Mesopotamia on clay tablets in cuneiform script over 3,000 years ago
• Anatomy has evolved over many centuries and many historians , intellectuals has
contributed to it.
Person Contribution Period
Menes Wrote first Anatomy Manual 3400 B.C
Hippocrates
Father of Medicine ; described importance of
anatomy
46-377 B.C
Aristotle
Founder of comparative anatomy ;
Biomechanics
384-322
Hirophilus First to explain nervouse system 325 bc
De luzzi Described dissection 1487 AD
Leonardo d
Vinci
Made paintings based on dissection 1452-1519
Malphgi
Father of Histology; described capillary
network
1628

8. Subdivisions of Anatomy
Anatomy
Gross
Systemic Regional Surface
Microscopic
Cytology Histology

9. Gross Anatomy
• Study of structure with Naked eye
▫ Systemic anatomy
 Study of organ system- Respiratory, Nervous
▫ Regional anatomy
 Study of a body region – Shoulder, Pelvic etc
▫ Surface Anatomy
 Study of external surface, Location of any
anatomical landmark/ organ

10. Systemic Anatomy
▫ Studying of structures work together as a organ system to
complete a single function
▫ Example
 Nervous system
 Brain, Spinal Cord, Spinal nerves, Cranial nerves work together
as a organ system known as Nervous system and achieves a
specific function- Higher control of Movement / Thinking etc

11. Regional Anatomy
▫ Studying of Particular Anatomical
region with all organs/ structures
located with in that region
irrespective of their types
▫ Example
 Thorax
 Study of Thorax with its bones (
ribs, sternum etc), Muscles,
Nerves , organs ( Heart, Lungs,
Trachea etc )

12. Surface Anatomy
▫ Studying external feature of body
with respect to any particular
anatomical landmark or organ
▫ Finding or marking the location of
any anatomical structure
▫ Example
 Surface marking of heart-
understanding its location with
respect to other surrounding
structure

13. Microscopic Anatomy
• Study of structure with Microscopy
▫ Cytology
 Study of Cell and associated structures
▫ Histology
 Study of Tissue

14. Cytology
• Study of structure with Microscopy
▫ Cytology
 Study of Cell and associated structures
▫ Histology
 Study of Tissue

15. Sub Classification of Anatomy based on
type of structure
• Osteology
▫ Study of bones
• Myology
▫ Study of Muscles
• Arthrology
▫ Study of joints

16. BASICS OF ANATOMY & GENERAL
TERMINOLOGY

17. Anatomical Organization
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ Systems
• Organism
Human anatomy studies
the way that every part of
a human, from molecules
to bones, interacts to form
a functional whole.

18. + + + +
+ +
=
=

19. Organ Systems
• 1. Integument
• 2. Skeletal
• 3. Muscular
• 4. Nervous
• 5. Endocrine
• 6. Cardiovascular
• 7. Lymphatic
• 8. Respiratory
• 9. Digestive
• 10. Urinary
• 11. Reproductive
PROTECTION
LOCOMOTION
CONTROL &
CORDINATION
PROCESSING &
TRANSPORT
REPRODUCTION

20. Anatomical Positions
• Anatomy has 3 fundamental positions
▫ Anatomical
▫ Supine
▫ Prone
• Other important positions
▫ Side lying
▫ High Knee Sitting
▫ Semi fowler’s
▫ Lithotomy position

21. ANATOMICAL POSITION
FRONT /ANTERIOR BACK/POSTERIOR
1. Body standing up
straight and facing
forward
2. Arms by the sides of
the body
3. Palms facing
forward.
4. Legs are straight,
5. Feet are slightly
apart and turned
outward slightly.
Anatomical Position is a starting point for describing the body.
1
2
3
4
5

22. SUPINE POSITION
When a person is lying on her/his back, arms by the side, palms facing
upwards and feet put together

23. PRONE POSITION
Person lying on his/her face on chest and abdomen, is said to be in prone
position

24. Side lying Position
Person lying on his/her side , while the other side is on top.

25. High Knee Sitting

26. Semi Fowler’s position
Half lying, upper half of the body is elevated on a bed at 45 *

27. Lithotomy Position
Person lying on her back with legs up and feet supported in straps. This
position is mostly used during delivery of the baby

28. ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS

29. SUPERIOR
&
INFERIOR
ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
• Superior – Above / on top of
• Inferior – Below / underneath

30. ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
ANTERIOR
&
POSTERIOR
• Anterior – towards the front / in front of
• Posterior – towards the back / behind

31. MEDIAL
&
LATERAL
ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
• Medial – closer to the midline
• Lateral – further away from the midline

32. PROXIMAL
&
DISTAL
ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
• Proximal – nearer to the trunk
• Distal – further from the trunk

35. REGIONS OF HUMAN BODY

36. UPPER LIMB & LOWER LIMB

37. UPPER LIMB
Arm

38. LOWER LIMB

39. TRUNK

40. TRUNK - THORAX

41. TRUNK - ABDOMEN

42. TRUNK- PELVIC REGION

43. HEAD & NECK

44. BACK (SPINE)
Cervical spine
Thoracic Spine
Lumbar Spine
Sacrum & CocyxSpine

49. PLANES AND AXIS
• Human movements are described in three dimensions based on a
series of planes and axis. There are three planes of motion that pass
through the human body
• Planes
▫ Sagittal
▫ Frontal
▫ Vertical
• Axis
▫ Frontal
▫ Sagittal
▫ Vertical

50. 50
Planes
30 August 2023 Catherine Moore, Physiotherapy
The sagital plane lies vertically and divides
the body into right and left parts.
The frontal plane also lies vertically and
divides the body into anterior and posterior
parts.
The transverse plane lies horizontally and
divides the body into superior and inferior
parts

51. 51
Sagittal plane
30 August 2023 Catherine Moore, Physiotherapy
• Divides the body into right and left
halves
• Movement of a body part
FORWARDS is generally called
FLEXION
• Movement of a body part
BACKWARDS is generally called
EXTENSION

52. 52
Coronal (frontal) plane
30 August 2023 Catherine Moore, Physiotherapy
• Divides the body into front and back
parts
• Movement of a body part away from
the mid-line is generally called
ABDUCTION
• Movement of a body part towards
the mid-line is generally called
ADDUCTION

53. 53
Transverse (horizontal) plane
30 August 2023 Catherine Moore, Physiotherapy
• Divides the body into upper and
lower parts
• Rotation of a body part outwards is
generally called LATERAL
(external) ROTATION
• Rotation of a body part inwards is
generally called MEDIAL (internal)
ROTATION

54. 54
Axis
30 August 2023 Catherine Moore, Physiotherapy
• Coronal plane moves around a
sagittal axis
• Transverse plane moves around a
vertical axis
• Sagittal plane moves around a
coronal axis

55. Anatomical Movements

56. • Movement of human skeleton can be divided in two category
▫ Physiological movement
 Movement occurs due to swing of a bone ; can be seen with naked eye
& can be independently perform by an individual
 Ex- flexion, extension, abdution , adduction, internal / external
rotation
▫ Accessory movement ( interarticular movement)
 Occurs internally with in the joint , between articular surface, can not
been seen with naked eye, and can not be perform by an individual
independently
 It always occurs with the physiological movement
 Example- Glide, Slide, Roll
 Study of Accessory movements are done under Biomechanics

57. Physiological movement
• Flexion
▫ Movement / Swing in
anterior direction or
towards the body
▫ Plane – Sagittal , Axis-
Frontal

58. Physiological movement
• Extension
▫ Movement / Swing in
Posterior direction or
away from the body
▫ Plane – Sagittal , Axis-
Frontal

59. Physiological movement
• Abduction
▫ Movement / Swing in
Lateral direction or away
from the midline
▫ Plane –Frontal, Axis-
Sagittal

60. Physiological movement
• Adduction
▫ Movement / Swing in
Medial direction or
towards the midline
▫ Plane –Frontal, Axis-
Sagittal

61. Physiological movement
• Internal /External Rotation
▫ Internal – Rotation
towards midline of the
body
▫ External – Rotation away
from the midline of the
body
▫ Plane –Horizontal, Axis-
Vertical