Examples Of Invasive Species

Examples Of Invasive Species
What are invasive species? An invasive species is a plant, animal, or fungi that is not native to a certain area. These species can cause great
damage to an ecosystem, human economy, human health, and other species that are native to the area. What are some examples of invasive
species and why? Green Crab: This crab has been carried all over by ships. It eats many forms of shore life, including worms and mollusks. In
certain areas, due to the appetite of the crab, it has affected the commercial shellfish industry. Killer Algae: This green seaweed has escaped. It has
been replacing native plants and robbing marine life of food and habitat. In California, it was wiped out by using toxic chemicals that were a
considerable cost. Sea Walnut: This is native to the east coast of North and South America. It was later discovered in the Black Sea and then it spread
to the Caspian Sea. In both of these places it multiplied and formed gigantic populations. This caused local... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose was to limit the great majority of family units in the country to only having one child per family. China began promoting birth control and
family planning with the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949. By the time that this policy was stating China had almost reached its
one–billion mark. First born children were often favored to be a boy. This is because the son would inherit the land and family name when the
father died. This resulted in the rise of abortions for female fetuses. Efforts were made to families with a handicapped first born child. The
government was allowing those families to have more than one child. Also families that had a girl for a first born were allowed to have another
child. If the parents were both didn't have siblings they were also allowed to have more than one child. Late into 2015, the Chinese government
decided to put raise the one child policy to two children per family that took effect in
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Can There Be A Reef In Freshwater Essay
Can there be a reef in freshwater? Yes it is possible for a coral reef to be able to grow in fresh water, in fact a massive coral reef has just been found
in the amazon. The coral reef that just been found stretches for more than 600 miles. But the reef isn't really in freshwater it's in brackish water
(where freshwater and salt water mix). Scientists started catching reef fish around a continental shelf so that suggested that a reef may be around that
area. They said that the reef proved to be amazing providing them with some of the most colorful fish they have ever seen. They recorded 73 reef fish
species many of them carnivorous. The reason there is so much diversity is the sunlight that the reef receives especially the southernmost part... Show
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Due to the many factors that we see in other mammals we don't know why we classify ourselves as "human". We basically have the same DNA as
chimpanzees (that's why we conduct experiments on them). Scientists just can figure out what really makes us different from everything else in the
world. Paleontologists have found skeletons that resemble humans but are really linked to apes or other primates. For example we have the same
tooth pattern but our jawbones are different. We have the same attributes to gorillas such as we have somewhere where we stay and also families.
Our DNA and chimp DNA have been compared together and the match it gave was 95%. Although our form of communication of speech is better
and improved other things in the animal kingdom also have their way of communicating an example of this is a wolf calling out or a whale calling a
mate. We have our distinct feature such as we are hairless and we also stand up straight unlike our cousins the apes. We also dress unlike the other
animals that are naked. And our brains are more advanced and bigger much larger than the ones in the animal kingdom. We also use many different
things such as fire and tools unlike apes. Many believe this is why we are so much different from the other entire mammals that

Parental Care In Pisces
Migration and parental care in Pisces
Classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: chordate
Subphylum: vertebrata
Class: Pisces
Some of the well studied characteristics of Pisces are:
1.The body is covered with skin from the outer surface. Presence of scale in the body.
2.These are cold blooded animal which means that their body temperature changes according to the temperature of the surrounding.
3.The fertilization is external and reproduces numerous eggs having soft shell.
4.Respiration takes place through gill and in some lungs is also present.
5.They have limbs for the purpose of locomotion.
6.They can be seen in fresh water, marine water or brackish water.
7.Presence of fins helps in swimming as well as provides balance to the animal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Example: red horse.
Amphidromous: Fishes that come under this group are born in freshwater and are drifted by the water current into the river then it again returns back to
freshwater thus developing into an adult and start reproduction. Example: mountain mullet.
Oceanodromous: These group of fishes are born near the breeding ground, and by the current of water they get drifted in ocean before reaching the
juvenile form and then once it get matured, returns back to spawning ground. Example include: snapper This way fishes migrate differently for the
existence and fulfillment of all the basic needs.
Parental care:
Parental care means caring for the young ones for their protection and survival. The best example of parental care is seen in human beings where
parents look after the young ones with love, care and affection. In other groups of vertebrates as well, parental care can be seen, not to the very high
extend but they do adapt some measures in order to protect the young ones. In fishes also parental care can be noticed, not to the very high extent but
some precautions to defend the young ones can still be

Creative Writing On St. Johns
On a cool, brisk summer evening, me and my family found ourselves going to the St. Johns river harbor. We went on a walk down the wood trail
that led to the harbor. The trail was full of seaweed green moss, burnt orange decaying trees, and an assortment of dead leaves leaves. Squires jumped
from tree to tree, field mice ran to there holes in the ground, and cicadas could be heard from every direction.
When we reached the harbor, we walked down the long wooden bridge. The water below was was brackish, so we could only see halfway down to the
bottom. That was when I saw a large slow moving grey piece of lumpy rubber. I called myfamily to come see the mass of rubber. When they had all
come, something amazing happened. A small whiskery snout and

Food Production : A Essential Component Of The Earth 's...
1.Introduction
Fresh Water is a fundamental component of the earth's ecosystems. It is required for food production, different domestic uses, industry, etc. All forms
of life are in need to water to survive.
Egypt is located in an arid zone, which has small rainfall and the desert covers the most country area. It has an area of about 1 million km2. The total
cultivated area was about 4% of the total area of the country in 2013, (FAO). Water resources in Egypt are limited to the quota from theNile River,
ground water abstraction from shallow reservoirs in the Nile valley, Nile delta, the coastal strip, and the deep ground water in the eastern desert,
western desert, and Sinai. Beside few amounts of rainfall and flashfloods. The non–conventional water resources include reuse of agricultural drainage
water, treated waste water and the desalination of seawater and brackish water as well. (FAO). Agriculture is considered the main sector that consumes
water in Egypt, followed by domestic, industrial, and tourism but with a great gap. Another two sectors should be considered users not consumers;
navigation and hydropower generation.
2.Water scarcity in Egypt
The total population has been tripled during the last fifty years. It raised from about 27.07 million in 1960 to 89.60 million in 2014 according to the
World Bank. The average annual growth rate is 2.15 percent over the period (2004–2014). The water demand in Egypt grow due to the rapid
population growth, the improvement

A Case Study On Merredin Desalination
A Case Study on Merredin Desalination in Australia
Merredin town, located in Western Australia 's wheat belt, is the subject of detailed groundwater studies. Studies involving groundwater modelling with
computers imply that lowering the water table through pumping would effectively control the rising salinity. This salinity could be turned into a
resource through desalination to obtain pure water that could be supplied to the town (Australia, 2002).
Scientific modelling shows that, in order to protect the whole town of Merredin, nine bores would have to be dug. Each would produce 50kl/day
hence keeping the level of groundwater at a safe depth. This way, the water tables which are currently at 2.5m to 3m beneath would be lowered. As a...
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The project is a double success where pumping groundwater will remove the salinity risk and provide a source from which drinking water can be
produced. This will also supplement the town water and reduce the pressure and dependency on piped water. Once successful, the project being a pilot
programme, would see the installation of an expanded and longer term plant. Similar projects would also be rolled out to other saline towns in WA.
Penneshaw Case Study
South Australian Water Authority runs areverse osmosis desalination plant at Penneshaw which supplies portable water to the township of Penneshaw
on Kangaroo Island. This area used to have farm dams which would be too unreliable for the current populations and too polluted by the agricultural
activities going on (Australia, 2002).
This plant is a South African Design and uses RO technology. The design of the plant was to minimise environmental impacts and the use of the
chemical cleaners to favour the high tourism activities in the area. Seawater is used as the feedwater with a salinity level of about 39000mg/l. From
this plant about 38% of the 250KL of sea water is treated daily and is converted into portable water.
The plant operates on a continuous basis, powered by the mains electricity available to all residents in the area through an underwater power cable
from the mainland. The cost of

How Salinity Affects The Amount Of Oxygen Duckweed Produces
How Salinity Affects the Amount of Oxygen Duckweed Produces
Question
How does the amount of salinity affect how much oxygen is given off by duckweed?
Manipulated Variable (Sodium Chloride)
The manipulated variable in our project is sodium chloride, commonly known as salt. Sodium chloride is a cube–shaped mineral that is mined all over
the world. It is known scientifically as NaCL, and it is made up of 40% sodium and 60% chlorine. Sodium chloride is essential to most living things
on Earth. For example, the intake of sodium chloride is essential for the survival of plants. All plants can absorb sodium chloride, but some are more
tolerant of sodium chloride than others, allowing them to withstand higher amounts of the chemical. As for all living things, too much sodium chloride
can actually be toxic. An accumulation of sodium can drastically alter the chemical composition and nutritional imbalance of the plant, which can lead
to changes in growth. Aside from living things, sodium chloride can also affect non living things, such as the freezing process of water. During the
process of freezing, the water molecules fuse together to form ice crystals. However, sodium chloride can slow these water molecules down as they
are trying to freeze into ice. Adding more salt to a consistent amount of water will prolong the amount of time needed to freeze.
Responding Variable (Oxygen)
The responding variable in our project is oxygen. Oxygen is a colorless gas that is essential to the

El Rio De La Huma Research Paper
El Rio de la Plata (Spanish for "Silver River") it is an estuary located southeast of South America in between the countries of Argentina and Uruguay,
draining its waters into the vast Atlantic Ocean. It is formed by the mixture between the ParanГЎ River and the Uruguay River which extend the
estuary for a 274 km of longitude, with 48 km wide at the head of the estuary and 220 km wide at the mouth, making it the widest estuary in the
world. The waters of the estuary flow from the northwest to southeast of South America, traveling through the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Paraguay and Uruguay. The location of El Rio de la Plata allows the existence of two major ports located in the cities of Buenos Aires, Argentina,
and Montevideo, Uruguay. The estuary is mostly used for its commercial and sport fishing, access to other important ports, recreation, and tourism.
Also along the northern coastline is an important habitat for a variety marine life such as marine mammals, fishes, aquatic birds, etc. El Rio de la
Plata is characterized as a coastal plain estuary with a south coastline of 393 km, and a north coastline of 416 km long, with a funnel shape
orientation. The estuary has a vast zone estimated to be 35,000 гЂ–kmгЂ—^2 with depths ranging from 2 m at the... Show more content on
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This provides the river with a very active delta at the head of the estuary. A delta is formed when a big amount of deposition of sediment accumulates
in a specific place, normally at the entrance of a river to an estuary. The waters of the estuary are mostly dominated by large shallow banks of sand
which interrupts with navigation of large boats. This leads to the formation of different natural and artificial sediment channels which are utilized as
access routes for large boats to travel from Buenos Aires to the open Atlantic

Gammarus Puplex
Gammarus pulex:(freshwater srimp) is a species of amphipod crustacean found in fresh water across much of Europe. It is a greyish animal, growing
to 21 mm (0.83 in) long. As seen in figure 1, Gammarus pulex have 7 pairs of legs, two of which perform a grasping function similar to human hands
whilst the other 5 are adapted to swimming. The species gills are provided with oxygen by the vibrations of their legs and the 3 pairs of structures seen
on the abdomen, the gills are located on the inside of the back five legs Gammarus pulex are primary consumers that typically consume detritus, i.e.
they consume dead and decaying matter in order to provide energy for themselves. Gammarus pulex main predators are fish which that rely on them as
one of their primary sources of food, fish commonly found to consume these shrimp ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Freshwater shrimp feed on the algae that grows as a result. The streams are kept clean by the freshwater shrimp eating the dead matter . Organisms
such as fish would then die as sunlight cannot reach the other water plants, and the oxygen content of the water subsequently decreases too. Oxygen
then decreases more because of decomposition by bacteria breaks down dead plant matter. According to Art Eutrophication is "The process by which a
body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates. These typically promote excessive growth of algae. As the
algae die and decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing organisms deplete the water of available oxygen, causing the death of
other organisms, such as fish. Eutrophication is a natural, slow–aging process for a water body, but human activity greatly speeds up the process." This
has a direct impact on fish, their main predators who cannot not survive in low levels of oxygen, leading to an increase in freshwater shrimp

How Did When Fresh And Salt Water Occur In An Estuary
Trial # Guess Observation Explanation Trial 1 The dyed red water will not seep into the blue cold water. My guess was indeed correct and red
water did not interfere with the blue water. Because the molecules in the blue water are much closer together because its cold and well the red
water has warm/hot water and the molecules are everywhere. The molecules in the blue water are so dense that they're making a layer so that the
molecules from the red jar do not come through. Trial 2 I think this time blue on top will fail and seep into the red. So my guess was correct again.
The blue water did slowly enter the red water. The reason for this is because of density and how dense the cold water really is. That's why when you put
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. Q–Thinking about what you learned in the lab and doing some additional research, if you mixed fresh and salt water together in the marine
environment, how would the water "layer"? Where would the freshwater be and why? A– Salt water is more dense than fresh water, and therefore sinks
under fresh water – which is exactly what happens in estuaries, which are areas near the mouth of a river where fresh water and salt water do mix. 4.
Q– When fresh and saltwater mix in the marine environment, this is called an estuary, or brackish water environment. Why would bottom dwelling
organisms in an estuary need to be able to withstand brackish water? A–Bottom dwellings in an estuary need to be able to withstand brackish water
because fresh water in an estuary flows out over the surface and ocean water with higher amounts of salt flows in on the bottom 5. Q–Based on your
lab and readings, what two characteristics of water combine to form a thermohaline current? A–In the deep ocean, the predominant driving force is
differences in density, caused by salinity and temperature (the more saline the denser, and the colder the denser). Note that ocean currents due to tides
are also significant in many

Introduction to Aquaculture.
Introduction to Aquaculture.
MCQS.
1. The science of raising aquatic plants or animals is: (a) Apiculture (B) Sericulture (c) Aquaculture (d) Pisciculture
2. Aquaculture is totally dependent on the: (a) Quality of H2O(b) Quantity of H2O (c) Both quality & quantity of H2O(d) None of above
3. The newest kind of aquaculture in which cleaning & reusing of H2O occurs is: (a) Pens (b) Ponds (c) River (d) Recirculating tanks
4. Around 500B.C the earlier Chinese documents on fish culture was written. This paper called: (a) Micrographia(b) Origin of species by means of
Natural Selection (c) Fan hi on Pisci culture(d) None of above
5. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
11. INTEGRATED FISH FARMING fish farming system is so broad in scale with so many models that there is no comparative in the world.
12. Problem that the aquaculture in developed countries is facing, is HIGH COST of pelleted feeds.
13. COWS are ruminants.
14. The acidity or alkalinity of H2O represents the HYDRO CHEMICAL quality.
15. Trout is COLD WATER animal.
16. For fish pond, the best soil for bottom is LOAM.
17. American prefers CAT FISH than carps.

18. The residues & liquid part after anaerobic FERMENTATION to produce biogas are used for fertilizing fish pond.
19. Silver carp is PHYTOPLANKTON eater.
20. The production of silk from silk worm is called SERI CULTURE.
Short Questions.
1. What is the procedure of pearl culture?
2. How early form of aquaculture differed from aquaculture practices today?
3. Give three reasons for aquaculture, only short headings required?
4. What is cage culture?
5. What are three advantages of cage culture?
6. What are three disadvantages of cage culture?
7. What is meant by fish forming?
8. What is significance of harvesting & stocking in rotation?
9. In points mentioned the advantages of integrated fish forming?
10. Define integrated fish forming?
Biology of major Freshwater cultivable Fishes of Pakistan.
MCQs.
1. The common name of

Producing Drinking Water With Desalination Technology Essay
Desalting refers to a water treatment process that removes salts from water. It is also called desalination or desalinization. Desalting can be done in
a number of ways, but the result is always the same: drinking water is produced from brackish (somewhat salty) water or seawater. Desalting
technologies can be used for a number of applications, but the purpose of this report is to discuss the use of desalting to produce drinking water from
saline water for domestic or municipal purposes. Throughout history, people have continually tried to treat salty water so that it could be used for
drinking and agriculture. Of all the globe's water, 94 percent is salt water from the oceans and 6 percent is fresh. Of the latter, about 27 percent is...
Now, modern cities and major industries have developed in some of those areas thanks to the availability of fresh water produced by desalting
brackish water and seawater. About half of the world 's desalted water is produced with heat to distill fresh water from seawater. The distillation
process mimics the natural water cycle in that salt water is heated, producing water vapor that is in turn condensed to form fresh water. In a laboratory
or industrial plant, water is heated to the boiling point to produce the maximum amount of water vapor. The process that accounts for the most desalting
capacity for seawater is multi–stage flash distillation, commonly referred to as the Multi–Stage Flash process or MSF. In the MSF process, seawater is
heated in a vessel called the brine heater. This is generally done by condensing steam on a bank of tubes that carry seawater, which passes through the
vessel or brine–heater. This heated seawater then flows into another vessel, called a stage; where the ambient pressure is lower, causing the water to
immediately boil. The sudden introduction of the heated water into the chamber causes it to boil rapidly, almost exploding or flashing into steam.
Generally, only a small percentage of this water is converted to steam (water vapor), depending on the pressure maintained in this stage, since boiling
will continue only until the water cools (furnishing the heat of vaporization) to the boiling point. This process of lowering

Analysis Of John Grisham 's The Pelican Brief
In John Grisham's The Pelican Brief, He brings up oil and gas companies drilling in the wetlands, which is destroying them, and I decided to
investigate further about how these companies have been hurting the environment. The main way that the wetlands are being killed is from the salt
water that is intruding into the marshes from the canals, that gas and oil companies use, are the way that most salt water gets so deep inside the
wetlands (Barnowski). Oil and gas companies are always trying to build more canals to invade different areas of the wetlands when they find
different reserves of oil and gas just like Victor Mattiece was in the Pelican Brief. When they build more canals, The wetlands soil starts to break up
and that destroys the small amount of land that is left in the wetlands. There are several different types of marshes with different salinities which are
measured using ppt which is the amount of salt in a thousand units. The types of marshes include freshwater, intermediate, brackish, and salt marshes.
Freshwater marshes have no salinity and are 100% freshwater as the name would suggest. Intermediate marshes have a salinity from 0–5 ppt
("Louisiana's Oil."). Brackish marshes have a salinity from 5–15 ppt and lastly salt water marshes have a salinity higher than 15 ppt ("Louisiana's
Oil."). Salt water marshes are the ones that are right by canals or are hit by ocean waves every day and are the easiest eroded because they have a lot
less plants than the other

Saltwater Effects On The Wetlands
Saltwater Effects on the Wetlands In John Grisham's The Pelican Brief, He brings up oil and gas companies drilling in the wetlands, which is
destroying them, and I decided to investigate further about how these companies have been damaging the environment. The main way that the
wetlands are being killed is from the salt water that is intruding into the marshes from the canals, that gas and oil companies use, are the way that
most salt water gets so deep inside the wetlands (Barnowski). Oil and gas companies are always trying to build more canals to invade different areas
of the wetlands when they find different reserves of oil and gas just like Victor Mattiece was in the Pelican Brief. When they build more canals, The
wetlands soil starts... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The state's many salt water lakes were once extensions of the sea that become cut off by ridges of sand or deposits of silt" (Colten). This basically
means that there are salt marshes that were already in the wetlands and that weren't hurting anything. They are just there because the Mississippi
pulled silt or sand down to the ocean and it built up to create salt water marshes and then plants that could handle the salt water grew and salt water
creatures also started to inhabit the area. The marshes that were just extensions of the ocean are harmless to the wetlands but when canals bring in
salt water they damage the other marshes that aren't supposed to have salt in them. When salt water invades the freshwater marshes, the plants start
dying off because the plants can't live in the salty conditions. "The fewer plants that are in the wetlands the more unstable the soil is because the
plants' root systems hold much of the land together" (Barnowski). "The loose soil is then more easily eroded, which connects the vicious circle of
erosion and plant loss" (Barnowski). The higher amount of plants that die off by the salt water will cause Louisiana to lose larger portions of its
wetlands. We are already losing about 35 square miles of the coastal land due to erosion annually (Colten). The salt water doesn't only kill the plant life
in the marshes, it starves the animals living in those marshes as well. The

Bangladesh : A Industrial Country, Rich And Natural Resources
Bangladesh is a reveredagro–industrial country, rich in human and natural resources. Fishery, the most practiced, is performed in both fresh and
brackish water in coastal areas. Currently, the fresh water areas, the overall ecology of fish habitats and migratory routes are disappearing due to human
activities. It is therefore difficult to meet the protein requirement of the population from the freshwater sub–sector alone. Notwithstanding, priority is
still given to the freshwater for fishery despite the fact that marine and brackish water fisherysub–sectors constitute greater proportion of foreign
exchange earnings and development budget. This is reflected in the number of fishery development projects that have been implemented since
liberation. If equal attention is paid to management and development of the marine and brackish water sectors, it would be possible to attain increased
production.
In the past,shrimp was much cheaper than fish and was considered unattractivelocally. In the early seventies, Bangladesh entered the world export
market for shrimp. Since then, shrimp has become expensive. Farmers earned much from shrimp farming by meeting up with the demand of the
market.Today, diseases caused by biological and non–biological agents are becoming prominent in the aquaculture industry.Despite the bonus, shrimp
farming in Bangladesh is affected with a wide range of microbial disease problems with no effective treatments due to poor production, leading to great
economic

Feed Water Desalination
Water desalination processes separate dissolved salts and other minerals from water. Feed water sources may include brackish, seawater, wells, surface
(rivers and streams), wastewater, and industrial feed and process waters. Membrane separation requires driving forces including pressure (applied and
vapor), electric potential, and concentration to overcome natural osmotic pressures and effectively force water through membrane processes. As such,
the technology is energy intensive and research is continually evolving to improve efficiency and reduce energy consumption.
Methods of Desalination
At least three principle methods of desalination exist: thermal, electrical, and pressure. The oldest method, thermal distillation, has been around for

Investigating The Distillation Apparatus For Operation At...
1.1PROBLEM SUMMARY:
Solar still (distillation) is the process used to distil impure water using solar energy. The input is muddy/brackish/saline water and we get pure water as
output.
This project revolves around design and fabrication of a solar distillation apparatus, which will give efficient distillation on a "round the clock" basis,
and is capable of providing rural areas with pure and healthy drinking water supply.
We will be concentrating our efforts on re–designing the distillation apparatus for operation at maximum efficiency. The distillation tank will rest on a
platform made of cast iron. A commercially available storage tank will be used for storing the saline water. This tank will then be covered by a glass
cover, on top and other suitable materials will be used as thermal shield on the sides, to retain the heat. Reflectors will be added to supplement the
incoming solar radiation. To make this apparatus function continuously, we plan to attach a solar–panel powered rechargeable battery to an auxiliary
heater which would help distil the water during night time. The sediment accumulated as impurity can be removed by manual cleaning of the internal
tank once a week /fortnight.
This entire process of designing and fabrication of this apparatus will take about 7–8 months after which it will be put to rigorous testing for about 2
months, to validate our claims.
Due to rising sea water levels, increased use of chemical fertilizers and lack water distribution

Factors Affecting The Environment Of The Water Of An...
Fish in an estuarine environment would in all likelihood be presented to continuous changes in saltiness, as opposed to sudden changes, as displayed in
direct exchange poisonous quality tests (Bringolf et al., 2005). Some fish can adapt to higher salinities with steady increments in salinity than with
direct move into salty waters (Eddy, 1981; Chervinski, 1984; Anyanwu, 1991; Bringolf et al., 2005; Sardella et al., 2007)
Exposure to high salt levels have been reported to cause physiological problems in fish for example, increase in plasma cortisol (Tsuzuki et al., 2001;
Tacchi et al., 2015), blood glucose (Carmichael et al., 1983), plasma sodium and chloride (Tomasso et al., 1980; KГјГ§Гјk et al., 2013) or increased
blood ammonia (Tomasso, 1994) due to experience conflict between the mechanisms of salt uptake and nutrient uptake in the gut. And decrease the
appetite for several species (Ferraris et al., 1986; Imsland et al., 2001). Culture freshwater fishes in brackishwater or seawater could require lower
protein levels for optimum growth than culture it in freshwater (El–Sayed, 2006). Furthermore, lower protein digestibility at high salt levels might be
related to shorter retention time of food in the gut and increased drinking rates for osmoregulation (Laverty and Skadhauge, 2012). Salinity can also
affect protein utilization for energy relative to other dietary energy sources (i.e. lipids and carbohydrates). Again this relies on upon the species ' ability
to "spare" protein,

The Pros And Cons Of Desalination
Another argument opposing desalination is the environmental concerns. Many believe that since ocean water is being extracted, marine life will be
disturbed. Therefore, affecting the entire ecosystem: "With the majority of desalination plants extracting water directly through open water intakes in
the ocean, there is a direct impact on marine life. Fish and other marine organisms are killed on the intake screens (impingement); organisms small
enough to pass through, such as plankton, fish eggs, and larvae, are killed during processing of the salt water (entrainment). The impacts on the marine
environment, even for a single desalination plant, may be subject to daily, seasonal, annual, and even decadal variation, and are likely to be species–
and site–specific" (Cooley). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advancements include such new and emerging technologies as forward osmosis, low temperature distillation, membrane distillation, pressure osmosis,
biomimetic and graphene membranes" (IDA). Many claim that technology is not advanced yet and that using desalination while waiting for
technology to advance is too costly and will end up causing irreversible damage; "Randy Truby, comptroller of the International Desalination
Association, says that advances in manufacturing processes have allowed 450 sq ft of membrane to be crammed into each cartridge, compared with
300 sq ft when they first came on the market. But treating seawater still requires pressure of about 80 bar, 40 times more than car tyres. That is why
treating seawater is more energy–intensive than brackish or wastewater, which require less force"

Tijuana River Wetlands
Background: Geology The Tijuana National Estuarine Research Reserve, administered by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and California
Department of Parks and Recreation, is the southwestern most nature reserve in the continental United States. It is bordered by Mexico and the city of
Tijuana on the south, the Pacific Ocean on the west, the city of Imperial Beach (the southwestern most city in the continental U.S.), the U.S. Navy
Auxiliary Landing Field on the north, and South San Diego on the East. The estuary itself extends well into Mexico. The Tijuana River drains a
watershed of 1,735 square miles. Three–fourths of this watershed is in Mexico. The reserve is located on 2,500 acres of wetlands and coastal dunes. Of
these acres, 1,660 are uplands, 120 are non–tidal fresh water marsh, 400 are salt water marsh, 250 are tideland and 70 are open water.... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The research reserve extends up river to include the Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge, Border Field State Park, the Tijuana River as far as
Saturn Street in South San Diego and a couple of small canyons. The Tijuana River Wetlands is classified as a coastal plain estuary. It has been in
geologic development since the late Cenozoic Era, approximately 65 million years ago (Schoenherr, 59). As continental drift carried the North
American continent westward, tectonic uplift raised the shore line several hundred feet above the current sea levels. Over time, the river wore
through the uplifted terraces, though the narrowness of the floodplain indicates that the flow was generally not large. In the Holocene
Epoch(200,000 years ago), as the polar caps melted and the sea rose, the exposed continental shelf was reclaimed by the ocean. As the ocean waters
rose, rivers were covered and lagoons were formed as sandy barriers formed deposited by long shore drift

Brish Water In Jamestown
The first reason so many colonists died was because, the lack of a proper environment of the settlement Jamestown. Colonists of Jamestown were not
only surrounded by the James River and the Chesapeake Bay in what is now the coast Virginia. Allowing the newcomers to what they thought was
having more than enough of water sources. Although, it became polluted turning into what is called brackish water. Brackish water is a mixture
between fresh water and salt water. This made finding fresh water extremely hard by the 17th century. Prohibiting the settlers to use the water. Blanton
states that the English men began digging shallow wells to contain non–contaminated water. However the wells began to also get flooded and
contaminated, by the rising

A Short History Of Desalination Technology
Approximately 72% of the earth is covered in water, however, of that amount, 97% is undrinkable because of the saline content. Theoretically, the
ability to make that portion drinkable would mean creating a renewable source of fresh water–– a concept that, if executed properly would mean the
end of water insecurity worldwide. The first record of desalination technology being used came from the writings of Aristotle, a Greek philosopher who
lived during the fourth century BC. Ancient Romans used evaporation to remove the salt from water to make it potable. Since then, desalination has
become much more sophisticated, but the latest technology being used is still decades old ("A Short History Of Desalination – Abengoa"). Although...
One of the greatest reasons for water scarcity over the past decade has been population growth in heavily concentrated in urban areas– an excellent
example of this phenomenon being China. Already the world 's most populated country, China 's largest cities have evolved into what the United
Nations have begun to call "megacities"– defined as cities with a population of over ten million. With urbanization expected to increase 60–65% by
2030, water insecurity is already a concern for the Chinese government and one that is emphasized by Shanghai and Beijing (populations 14.35 and
11.51 million respectively) being coastal cities with little access to water inland ("Market Report: Developing Desalination In China"). In recent years,
China has begun to rely heavily on water sourced from desalination plants, and desalination has grown into a 4 billion dollar industry, but both the
economic and environmental effects have become apparent. Water from desalination plants is, on average, twice as expensive as naturally sourced
fresh water. Although energy usage accounts for much of the total cost of a desalination plant, China current technology is almost completely imported
and therefore very costly to ship and maintain. Introducing domestic technology would be one solution, however, in China,

Lacustrine Deposits
Lacustrine deposits at profiles 13–6 and 13–5, located within the maar crater near its eastern wall, occur at elevations of 1921.5 В± 0.2 m and 1919.4
В± 0.2 m, respectively. The profile 13–6 deposits are ~25 m higher than the modern lake level (1895.9 m) and ~10 m higher than highstand deposits at
~1911 m previously documented and radiocarbon dated by Bradbury (1967) on the northeast flank of the west cinder cone. The ~1921.5 m lacustrine
deposits in the eastern part of the crater thus appear to represent the highest documented level of ZSL. Although Bradbury (1967:Figure 13) apparently
also documented the same lacustrine highstand deposits as we did at profiles 13–5 and 13–6, it appears he mapped them ~50 m west (and downslope)
of their actual location. We were able to more accurately plot their location and elevation using a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scholar Award, and Dr. H. Wesley Peirce, Bert Butler, and Keith L. Katzer scholarships from the University of Arizona Department of Geosciences.
Bobby and Coy McKinley allowed access to their deeded land. Bureau of Land Management archaeologists Brenda Wilkinson and David Simons
provided logistical support and permits to conduct fieldwork on public land. We thank archaeobotanist Karen Adams for identifying charcoal samples,
Manuel Palacios–Fest for microinvertebrate analysis, Adam Hudson for GPS corrections, and Todd Lange, Lori Hewitt, and Rich Cruz at the
NSF–Arizona AMS Laboratory for expediting radiocarbon sample combustion and measurement. This research greatly benefitted from discussions with
Vance Haynes, Tammy Rittenour, and Michael Ort, and various drafts of the manuscript were significantly improved by comments and critical reviews
provided by Greg Valentine, Jay Quade, and Vance

Salt Shrimp : A Part Of Family Crustacean
Brine Shrimp are a part of family Crustacean. Artemia are closely related to the shrimp family and belong to the phylum Arthropoda. Artemia
occupies an important place in the aquaculture system. Since the development of commercial marine fish culture in the late 1970s, the demand for
the Artemia cysts has gradually increased from a few metric tons to approximately 800 metric tons per year, representing approximately 40% of the
total aquaculture demand for feeds for early stages of all types of fish. Artemia for feeding ensures a better energy balance in food intake and
assimilation, and thereby improves the performance of the fish. (P. Sorgeloos et al. 2001). Artemia can live in water with much greater or much less
salt than in normal seawater. They tolerate salinity in an amount higher than 50% or nearly saturated solution, and can live for a few days in
solutions very different from sea water, for example, manganese or silver nitrate solution, but iodized salt is harmful for them. In fresh water Artemia
salina will not survive. Low levels of salinity does not permit naupilii survive as well. The present study aims to examine the effect of different salinity
levels on the newly hatched brine shrimp. The dilemma presented under the new study in the department of Fisheries and Wildlife at Utah State
University and the U.S. Geological Survey in Utah was aiming to analyze why the larvae that hatch in early spring from the overwintering cysts are the
only ones that survive,

Compare And Contrast Salt Water Vs Buoyancy
In water, you seem to be lighter than when on land. The reason that you seem lighter in the water than on land is because of an upward power
called buoyancy. The disturbance is different in freshwater and saltwater as you will see in the following paragraphs. Buoyancy is a power that is
caused by a disturbance in the water. For instance, if a rock is tossed in the water there are ripples. The ripples in the water are the disturbance. The
disturbance makes a power from all sides. In the ocean, your weight is lighter than when you are in freshwater. Your weight is lighter in saltwater
because the salt made the water heavier. The displacement is larger making the upward thrust is greater. Therefore, if you weigh 200 lbs. on land you
will be

Maine Lobster: Good Or Bad?
Lobsters are crustaceans that have been on earth for more that 480 million years and their average lifespan is 70 years. Their scientific name is
Homarus americanus. The word lobster is an old english word that means spider. Lobsters are benthic creatures that are found in all of the world's
oceans, brackish water, and freshwater. A lobsters brain is located in its throat and its teeth are in its stomach. They have poor eyesight but an amazing
sense of taste and smell. They mainly feed on fish, clams, sea stars, sea urchins, mussels and sometimes even other lobsters. Scientists have two theories
on lobster cannibalism. The first theory is that rising water temperatures are causing lobsters to be more aggressive. The second theory is that lobsters ...
However this is very unfortunate for local fisherman because the over abundance of lobsters is hurting their job opportunities due to cheap prices
per pound. In 2012 the Maine lobster industry set a record of their biggest year for lobster fishing at 126 million pounds of lobster caught. This
lowered the boat price to just $3.72 per pound. For comparison in recent years lobsters has sold for more that $14 dollars a pound. This is the lowest
price since the Great Depression. Even with the abundance of Maine Lobsters there are still regulations. You are not allowed to keep a lobster if it is
pregnant or bigger 3–1/4 inches in length. Lobsters that are smaller than 1–1/2 inches hide in coral or see weeds. This provides shelter from predators
such as flounder, cod, ocean pout, monkfish, sculpin, wolffish, and dogfish. When lobsters are adults they are much less vulnerable. The only
predator for adult lobsters is man. Big lobsters inhabit offshore areas and only return home seasonally to shallow warmer waters. A female lobster can
carry up to 50,000 eggs. A female lobster can only mate after it has molted. The developing embryos remain attached to the female for an estimated 9
to 11

How Do Oysters Affect The Watershed
Oysters are a relly big importance to our watershed. They make habitats for other water oganizims such as oyster spat and sea squirts. They also are
one of the main filter feeders on the eastern coast. Without them our water would be more brackish than it already is. They also give shore line
protection, so the shore will not have erosion done to it. Oysters exist in our community because oysters have spat production which makes baby
oysters, and then the current carries them here. Lets move on to our problems of the oysters. Oysters face problems Like diseases such as perkinsus
marinus which is a parisite that infects the oyster most commenly at one years of age. they also face over harvesting which is taking to much of

Tampa Bay Water is a seawater desalination plant located...
Tampa Bay Water is a seawater desalination plant located in Tampa, Florida. Their method of desalination of ocean water or brackish groundwater is
another method to obtaining water from fresh surfaces or groundwater sources. This could be used to replace the need for a water supply dam. There
are several different technologies that exist to remove salt and other impurities from ocean water. The two most commonly used methods are thermal
distillation and desalination. Thermal distillation copies the natural water cycle by using heat to create a vapor that is converted into freshwater.
Desalination is a process that removes some amount of salt and other minerals from saline water. The traditional process used is vacuum distillation,
which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The major advantage of dual–purpose facilities is they can be more efficient in energy consumption, allowing for desalination to be a more viable
option for the production of drinking water. The advantages of desalination represents an opportunity to use oceanic water resources. If the
appropriate conditions are present, a desalination plant could potentially be used to replace an existing or future dam. As existing sources of
useable water run dry, desalination is a very effective, alternative source of water. On top of that the distillation process produces one of the
highest quality water, with a range of 1 to 50 ppm tds, tds is also known as total dissolved solids. With the recommended California standard being
500 ppm, this quality of water is far beyond any other water quality seen before. The disadvantages of desalination is that in order for a desalination
plant to be a viable alternative to the water supply dam, the users must be located fairly close to a coast or large source of oceanic water. The
desalination technology can also have adverse environmental impacts of its own. The plants are very energy intensive and must dispose of a highly
concentrated saline byproduct into the ocean, which can cause adverse affects to marine life in the surrounding and exceeding areas. Waste brine can
also

Complexity Of Salinity
Consider the potential for complexity of salinity and circulation within an estuarine system, a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water that
has freshwater input by rivers and salt water input by marine processes. The circulation of an estuary can vary substantially across a range of time
scales such as daily, seasonally, or annually. Changes in freshwater input during periods of heavy rain, fluctuations in tides, or changes in the direction
that the wind is blowing can all contribute toward how water moves around within the estuarine system. During periods of heavy rain fall, freshwater
input may result in a much lowered salinity in the estuary, whereas during periods of drought and strong onshore winds salty water can be pushed

A Review On Seawater And Sea Ice Desalination Technologies
"A review on seawater & sea ice desalination technologies" Jadhav J.S.1, Apate A.D.2, Nilkanth S.S.3 1Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Annasaheb Dange college of Engineering & technology, Ashta, Maharashtra, INDIA 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Annasaheb Dange
college of Engineering & technology, Ashta, Maharashtra, INDIA 3Everest college of Engineering, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, INDIA : Abstract: Life
on our planet requires fresh water. According to WHO, water scarcity affects roughly one–third of the world's population, and approximately 2.3 billion
people. The World Water Council states that this water crisis will become more acute over the next fifty years as the world population increases. Yet,
water covers nearly three quarters of our planet –– 97.5% of this water is saltwater. Therefore, a practical, economically viable desalination process is
crucial to overcoming this crisis. A number of seawater desalination technologies have been developed during the last several decades to augment the
supply of water in arid regions of the world. Due to the constraints of high desalination costs, many countries are unable to afford these technologies
as a fresh water resource. However, the steady increasing usage of seawater desalination has demonstrated that seawater desalination is a feasible
water resource free from the variations in rainfall. A seawater desalination process separates saline seawater into two streams: a fresh water stream
containing a low

Indian Relations In Early Jamestown
Indian Relations was one factor that caused the death of so many colonists in the early Jamestown. In early 15th century, Francis West and his group
cruised up the Chesapeake harbor to attempt the exchange for grains with the Indians. They were capable to fill his trifling vessel with corns. This
achievement would aid, but then it was not sufficient to last the settlers the wintertime. They finally took the corns back to England. The "Affiliation"
of the Natives and settlers was apprehensive, at times unfriendly. The two philosophies were so diverse. The semantic, civilizations, and way of life,
were so conflicting that none of them distinguished what to anticipate of the other. Mostly, English colonists saw the Inhabitants as uninformed
heathens,

Desalination Plants And Its Effects
When one imagines southern California, they picture tall palm trees, crystal clear beaches, and the bright, radiating sun creating a golden glow on the
people's skin. However, as southern California's four year drought drags on, the reality is the complete opposite. Rivers are drying up and run through
SoCal with a steady current. The once very fertile soil has turned into dust: superfine, dry, and unpractical for farming. The almost too perfectly green
grass has turned stiff and brown. At an attempt to accommodate its water supply needs, the Huntington Beach city is now constructing a desalination
plant. Desalination makes millions of gallons of water by removing the salt and minerals in seawater or brackish water. Desalination has been
practiced for decades in Israel and has been successful in other dry parts of the world. With the desalination plant, there are many benefits, such as the
production of water and jobs. Nonetheless, there are also setbacks that come along with it such as the overuse of electricity and the production of brine.
There are two sides on the construction of the Huntington Beach desalination plant.
Understanding the desalination process is essential to determining whether desalination should or should not occur in Huntington Beach. Desalination
is the process of removing dissolved salt from water, thus producing freshwater from seawater or brackish water. In desalination, the first step includes
saltwater or seawater being pumped through

Colonists: Relationship With The Indians
During the years between 1607 and 1611, many colonists died due to the following: Enviromental issues, settlers skills, and the Relationships with
the Indians. In those years many colonists were traveling and seeking me lives but little did they know, their skill level was very low. As a result,
many of the colonists ended up dead. Most of the colonists that traveled were gentlemen. However, these are not the nice men you're thinking of.
These gentlemen are men that are usually to used to be useful or doing any work at all. Other than mainly gentlemen, the only colonists they brought
were barrel makers, druggists, and people with jobs other than FARMING! Now let's dig deeper into why so many colonists died between the years of
1607 and 1611.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a secondary source document with primary evidence written in it. The general of the Indians was seeking to trade grain for Indians to last
them through the winter so they wouldn't starve and die. He got a giant shipload of grain. It seems that the shipload of grain disappeared just like
that due to starvation. All of the grain that they had was definitely not enough to last them through the winter until springtime. (Doc D) The
document suggests at least three reasons. 1) the settlers must have been low on food. 2) the Indians had reasons to distrust the settlers for their
Crewelle Dealinge and therefore might later refused request for trade and food; and 3) one group of colonist got all the traded food then left them.
299 people made it to Jamestown. Disease:84(50+6?+28=about 84 died from disease in 1607 and 1608. Indian Relations: 7(2+3+2=7 settler killings
by Indians specifically mentioned in 1607 and 1608. The numbers of death by disease continued to be high; what is new is the large number of
settlers killed by Indians either directly or indirectly by the siege. Settler–Indians relations got worse. Something cause the powhatans to become much
more aggressive than they were during the first two years. Perhaps it was continuing resupply of colonists. It was becoming clear to the Powhatans the
English were not just temporary visitors. (Doc E) Why can't people just get

Oligochaetes Research Paper
The seafloors of estuaries are composed of different species of burrowers, or animals that dig up tunnels in the ocean floor. In particular,
polychaetes and oligochaetes are species of worms which are the most common types of burrowers. Polychaetes and oligochaetes are very abundant
and essential to the estuarine ecosystem. They serve as an important source of food for many species including birds in shallow areas and the
tunnels they build are also used as shelter by other marine species. Polychaetes and oligochaetes also have various qualities, aside from being
aesthetically pleasant, they are able to absorb and release energy as well as dispose waste efficient all of which allows them to receive food source by
filtering water either from... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sponges Sponges are colonies many tiny individual animal cells. If a living sponge is crushed, all of the animal cells living in it can survive on
their own and find themselves again to regenerate themselves into a whole sponge once again. Sponges are often thought of as incomplete
organisms, however, despite their simplicity, they function just as efficiently as any mammal. Sponges are unable to move and have no bones or
any way of physically defending themselves but they have toxic chemicals that make them inedible by all but a few organisms that have been able
to evolve to tolerate them. Sponges are abundant in Florida's waters and have a higher phenotypic diversity than one would expect. There are
chimneylike boring sponges, loggerhead sponges that are taller than an average human, other shapes include sponges shaped like vases and barrels.
Other sponges are adapted to live in specific environments. For instance, in beaches were wave intensity is low, a small orange or green sponge may
grow on top of small hermit crab shells and slowly dissolve its shells, resulting in a shelter–less crab forcing it to carry the sponge around until the crab
die or is able to leave the

Disadvantages Of Reverse Osmosis
ABSTRACT
The demand of fresh and pure water is increasing day by day and due to many problems around different areas of world the supply of fresh water is
not up to the desired level. Reverse Osmosis plant, therefore, helps to prove reliable and energy efficient process in producing the fresh water with
many large plants presently being used around the world. Desalination by RO requires high pumping pressure in the range of 45–80 bar which is
usually supplied by electrical driven pumps in steady state. This thesis is explaining the cost analysis of replacing these electrical pumps with a wind
turbine driven pumps and concluding that whether this replacement is economically feasible or not. The paper will cover the comparison of operating
and capital cost for these two plants with the aim to determine that whether wind powered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The costs for installation are low
The production capacity ratio is very high ranging from 25000 to 60000 l/day/m2
It requires less maintenance, only the change of proper filters are required
The source for the RO process is unlimited sea water
It helps to remove inorganic and organic contaminants
It has almost no impact on the environment
RO technology uses very less chemicals Disadvantages:
Along with the advantages this technology also have some disadvantages as well which are as follows:
The membranes are very sensitive to abuse
The pretreatment of feed water is needed
The plant requires high quality equipments and staff
There is a need to carefully discard the Brine as it contains some toxic materials
A reliable source of energy is required
The maintenance costs are relatively high as compare to other methods
(desalination by reverse osmosis)
Main requirement: The main requirement of RO process is the selection of membrane and energy requirement is of the initial pressurization of the feed

Oil Production Through Horizontal Fracking
Summary More than 60% of New Mexico is currently in a moderate to extreme drought. Water is a scarce resource in New Mexico, and care should
be taken to limit excess water use. Oil production through horizontal fracking requires large amounts of purified water. Each well drilled requires
between 3 and 7 million gallons of clean water. In 2012 alone, 482 new wells were drilled in New Mexico, producing more than 3 billion gallons of
water waste. Under current regulations, wastewater must be cleaned or disposed of and cannot be reused. Fracking water is difficult to clean, leading
many companies to dispose of much of the water deep underground. The water is stored so deep that it is essentially removed from the water cycle. New
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the 19th century, natural gas has been able to be extracted from deposits that are shallow (Schmidt 2013). Just recently, horizontal fracking
has become a cost effective option to collect natural gas in shale deposits. This development has caused a boom in the fracking industry. In fact,
"in 2010 shale gas contributed 23% of domestic natural gas production, compared with 2% in 2000" (Schmidt 2013). Horizontal fracking involves
pumping a mixture of water and chemicals deep underground in order to fracture shale, thus releasing natural gas trapped therein. While natural gas
may be the "cleanest fossil fuel available," the process of collecting it is not without environmental concern. At the forefront of environmental issues
in fracking are the large use of freshwater in wells and the production of large amounts of wastewater. Hunter (2012) points out that as the fracking
boom began, "speculators rushed into hydrofracking ... with little attention to how much water would be needed or the best practices for managing
the water when they were done with the wells." As mentioned before, in the year 2012 alone, more than 3 billion gallons of fracking water waste
were produced in the state of New Mexico. While "conventional gas production generates 65% more wastewater per unit of recovered gas than
fracking does" (Schmidt 2013), the use of water by fracking is still of particular to concern to a state like New Mexico

Why Did So Many Colonists Die?
Why did so many colonists die?" In early Jamestown, from 1607 to 1610, 452 colonists died even though Jamestown was supplied with 560
colonists. This leaves only 90 colonists left after the May of 1610. On May 14, 1607, colonists set off for Jamestown Island to build a settlement
there. They did not know that there were close to 15,000 Powhatan Indians in the forest. Most people who came were from the ages of 17 to 35
years old. Some were servants that needed to pay off debt while others wanted to get profit from the project and would become successful. It did not
come without the loss since a near eighty percent of the population died or 452 colonists as mentioned before. The question of this mini–q is "Early
Jamestown: Why did so many colonists die?" Many colonists died in early Jamestown because of their relations with the Native Americans, the
environment and the settler 's lack of skills. Many colonists died in early Jamestown because of their horrible relations with the Native Americans.
The tides also contributed in killing colonists because when it is a high tide, the salt water would come into their freshwater rivers and creeks,
making the water brackish and would make it bad to drink. Drinking too much brackish water is not good for you and can give you a disease and kill
you. The tides also mixed the water which further contaminated the water. Droughts killed many colonists in the Jamestown drought in 1607 to 1611
shown by document B that shows tree rings which

The Energy Supply And Usage Of Renewable Energy
Chapter 1: Introduction to Thesis
Introduction to Thesis
1.1 Statement of the problem
The world's energy supply and usage harnessed by humans are predominantly occupied by fossil fuel combustion a non–renewable resource. On the
other hand small fractions of the energy harnessed by humans are renewable resources at only about 13% of the total energy sourced. With fossil fuels
emitting high amounts of greenhouse gasses that affect our climate negatively in the long term in addition to its non–renewability, alternative sources
of energy supply particularly in the category of renewable energy can help alleviate the impact of the shortage of resources and the harmful impact of
our energy usage on the environment. Salinity–gradient energy can potentially be a part of this alternate source of renewable energy as well as gas
emission–free as it is based on the mixing of solutions with different salt concentrations through the uses of Osmotic pressure and a membrane.
Salinity–gradient energy is applied through the application of pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and its use for power generation has made it a viable
pairing for desalination plants that use reverse osmosis/forward osmosis (FO/RO) in its processes.
Salinity–gradient energy has only gained substantial attention in the last 10 years due to increasing cost of fossil fuels and because of its relatively
new upbringing there is still a lot of research and understanding to be achieved. One of the major reasons for this belief

Properties Of Phosphorus 31 System Essay
1) Properties of Phosphorus–31 system: Ideal phosphorus system has Relatively high mass difference between large and small isotope ratio (Large
isotope: Small Isotope). It has high natural abundance so, we can easily measure practically. It is also related to Even Magic mass number. This type of
system participates in many forms of fractionation. This system should be conservative in the process. Generally, sources are limited to others and
quantity. It may be related to the signal such as high noise in the system. Phosphorus–31 is also little bit less sensitive than proton and somewhat higher
sensitive than carbon. It has also wide chemical shift range. Application of P–31: Phosphorus is mainly used in NMR spectroscopy (Nuclear magnetic
resonance). It is one kind of analytical technique because it has 100 % isotopic abundance and relatively high magnetogyric ratio compare to other
isotopes. It has also spin of ВЅ which makes spectra easy to understand and interpret. It also used to assay purity and to assign structure of P–
containing compounds. By using this, we can resolve it within its characteristics. As we discussed, In NMR, P–31 use widely particularly in
Monitoring reactions, Measuring epoxide content of carbon nanomaterials and Assaying sample purity. 2) There are so many isotope systems has
application based on the radioactive decay of isotope and buildup of the same isotope. Ar–Ar dating system is one of them. In this system, the key is that

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