Why I Want To Study Gut Microbiology

Why I Want To Study Gut Microbiology
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The emergence of new pathogens from food and water, particularly
bacteria, as well as the recurrence of known food pathogens, has received research attention in
Nutrition and Food Science. The unusual dietary pattern and nutrition affect the microbial
population in the human gut (Probiotic), with an ample effect on the immune system and human
health. To understand the interactions of gut microflora with food and nutrients, and their potential
involvement in disease etiology and human health, novel approaches tailored from various
disciplines are required. The additional concern is the growing number of children who are
overweight and at a risk of obesity, early onset of type–2–diabetes and sedentary behavior. Taken
together ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This summer, I completed a short term online certificate course in "Introduction to food and health"
offered by Stanford University. This course was focused on sustainable solutions of choosing
healthier foods and practical tips for preparing healthy and nutritious food. I also enrolled in one
more online course to complete the program requirement called "Introductory Human Physiology"
offered by Duke University. Furthermore, in my spare time, I'm learning statistical analysis
softwares such as SAS 9.4 and Python for genomic data
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Evaluation Of Effect Of Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory...
EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF NON STEROIDAL ANTI–INFLAMMATORY DRUGS ON
GROWTH OF PROBIOTICS
 Nsaids might be our future antibiotics as they show antimicrobial properties...
Nida Rizvi1, Ma'am Azra Riaz2
1, 2 Pharmacy department, faculty of pharmacology, University of Karachi.
Abstract: Effect of various concentrations of NSAIDs (Non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drugs) on
growth of commercial probiotic preparations (A, B, C, and D) were observed by agar well diffusion
assay. Zone of inhibition was recorded after 24 h and found that different samples of probiotics
showed more or less susceptibility to different doses of NSAIDs. This indicates that NSAIDs beside
anti–inflammatory response may give antibiotic effect as well.
Keywords: NSAIDs, antibiotic, probiotics.
1. Introduction:
According to the definition by WHO and FAO, probiotics are live microorganisms which when
administered in adequate amounts confers a health benefit on the host. Probiotics are available to
consumers mainly in the form of foods and as dietary supplements.
NSAIDs have analgesic, antipyretic effects and also have anti–inflammatory effects in higher doses.
Use of NSAID is associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular effects mainly
due to the inhibition of prostanoid biosynthesis. NSAIDs have many applications in
pharmacokinetics and medicinal.
This review aims to examine antimicrobial property of NSAIDs (ibuprofen, aspirin, and diclofenac).
2. Materials and Methods:
All media

Research Paper On Probiotics
The Best Probiotics for Children
Probiotics are live organisms such as bacteria and yeasts that are good for a person's health.
Although probiotics occur naturally in your body, there can also be found in food and supplements.
Most of us think of bacteria as a disease causing micro–organism, however this is not true about all
bacteria especially probiotics. The health benefits of probiotics are numerous for children. Among
other benefits probiotics have been known to protect against viral infections and prevent allergies.
What a most of us should realize is that probiotics will help in reducing colic, acid reflux and
constipation in your child. Like anything else out there certain probiotics are the best for our babies.
When you switch to the best probiotics you can help your child live a much healthy life. You can
now say goodbye to constipations, acid reflux and colic, which are the most common gastro
intestine complications among children. Probiotics supplements will definitely help your child
through reducing harmful bacteria in his/her digestive system.
The best Probiotics for children
1. Hyperbiotics PRO–15 Probiotics
These probiotics are one of the best for children. You will get 15 times better results when using
these than when using ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like all probiotics these probiotic supplement helps your child's digestive tract balance of good
bacteria and yeasts. This probiotic is especially good at preventing occasional stomach problems,
general discomfort and diarrhea. Diarrhea which is a common result of bad bacteria causes pain and
discomfort in children. Therefore the intake of Culturelle Kids packet daily probiotic supplements
will help prevent and cure Diarrhea. The boasting of an infant's immune system is a helpful role
done by these probiotics and thanks to their special ability of maintaining bacterial levels in your
child's digestive

Bad News For Hipsters Who Swear: Kombucha
Kombucha has been around for many years, but lately, it has become more popular. What is the truth
about Kombucha? Is it healthy for you, or is it just another health fad, that does not really help you?
In an article entitled, "There's Bad News for Hipsters Who Swear by Kombucha," by Tove
Danovich, multiple studies on the role of microbiota in the gut, and kombucha are combined to
determine whether Kombucha is an elixir of health, or if it is another health fad. Danovich writes on
why Kombucha is not an elixir of good health, and really has no researched benefits, all benefits are
anecdotal. Although this article is not in the style of research or scientific writing, it combines
scientific studies to discuss how the research on Kombucha has ... Show more content on
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One of these illnesses resulted in death. The medical autopsy concluded that the woman's blood was
acidic, at 6.9, compared to the normal "7.37–7.43." Danovich brings up the possibility of cultivation
of the fungus Aspergillus. This fungus is a problem, especially for those who brew Kombucha
themselves, and "can appear" when acid levels are too low. This is possible when the Kombucha
brewer is new to brewing and is not an expert. Additionally, according to another study done, in
2000, "only a few research studies" have had positive things to say about Kombucha, and that
Kombucha was suspect in deaths. Kombucha's elixir status, has come solely from individual

Essay On Probiotics
If you use probiotics on a daily basis you'll benefit greatly; probiotics are used both to prevent health
problems and to treat disease. The most common probiotic bacteria strains seem to work well with
most people, no matter if you enjoy normal health or if you suffer from poor health. But one thing is
clear: The unhealthier your lifestyle is, the more you need probiotics. It's important to remember that
each person carries a unique gut microflora. It's like a unique fingerprint belonging only to one
person. This microflora needs to be kept in a delicate balance to work well. If you eat junk food,
processed foods, drink soda, or experience stress and tension daily, you can be sure it will affect
your gut––it can easily get out of balance. The condition of your gut and intestine will affect the
level of health you enjoy. The specific makeup of the microflora in your gut and intestine is
determined by your genes, your eating and drinking habits, and other factors. Most studies made on
probiotics show that probiotics acts to balance your gut and combat the bad effects of modern,
stressful living. And probiotics does this without side effects. Probiotics has proven effective to
prevent and treat diarrhea caused by hostile microorganisms. ... Show more content on
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But recent research shows that your intestinal microflora and your skin are closely interconnected.
Signals from microorganisms in your gut interact with organisms in your skin. So problems in this
connection could be responsible for such problems as skin dryness and irritation. An excellent
solution is to combine natural skin care and probiotics to promote healthy, supple skin. I've suffered
from eczema for many years but since I started taking probiotics daily, I've seen great improvement.
I take a supplement daily with 70 billion CFU and 10 different strains. I also prepare my own
fermented vegetables at home that I add to every meal. I use only natural skin care

The Role Of Irritable Bowel Disease ( Ibd )
Although the gut microbiota are involved in a range of functions within the human body, this essay
will focus on their role in the development of Irritable Bowel Disease (IBD). The human gut
microbiota play a significant role in the metabolic health of individuals with irritable bowel diseases
such as Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD). IBD, UC and CD are chronic
gastrointestinal illnesses, all of which have an uncertain etiology. Symptoms of these illnesses can
include diarrhoea, weight loss, ulceration, proliferation and even total obstruction of the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract. (1). However the causes of these diseases are not strictly known(2). There
are a vast number of bacterial species that reside within the GI tract, some of which can play a role
in producing inflammation. It is believed that microbial patterns may play a role in causing IBD.
The innate immune system may play a role in altering the gut microbiota profile. Certain pathogens
have also been found to play a role in the development of IBD. Finally, diet and nutrition play a role
in IBD, however certain nutrients are believed to have both positive and negative effects. This essay
will aim to critically explore what is responsible for IBD: both internal and external factors that
influence the human gut microbiota, and hence trigger IBD, or more specifically; an abnormal
immune response in a vulnerable individual, or a deviation in immune function that leads to an
altered immune response

Canadian Scientist : Dr. Jeffrey I.
Canadian Scientist: Dr. Jeffrey I. Gordon Dr. Jeffrey I. Gordon is a researcher that works out of his
lab at Washington University in St. Louis called the Centre for Genome Sciences and Systems
Biology and investigates with mice and germs (The Gordon Lab, 2014). He has received many
degrees such as his medical doctorate degree and many different prizes for his works in medicine
(The Gordon Lab, 2014). He has many different honours from the Washington University and St.
Louis University (The Gordon Lab, 2014). Gordon has conducted numerous experiments that
include his 478 peer–reviewed publications and numerous collaborations with other researchers and
scientists (The Gordon Lab, 2014). Gordon's major contributions to the scientific community are
very useful as much of what is known today about the stomach micro biome is mostly from Dr.
Gordon's experiments (Washington University, 2014). Dr. Gordon is also honoured and praised for
his discovery that links nutritional health to the inner working of tens of trillions of microbes
residing within the gut (Washington University, 2014). In one of Gordon's peer reviewed
publications called Molecular Analysis of Commensal Host–microbial Relationships in the Intestine,
Gordon investigates how little microbes can adapt and shape out physiology. Gordon implanted
human microbes from the gut into mice and observed the results (Gordon et al., 2005). He
discovered that the microbes modulated the genes and the mice had developed many

Health Benefits Of Bowtrol Colon Cleanse
It is a well known fact that if you keep your colon healthy and clean then you will be happy, this can
be achieved through a home colon cleanse detox. Your intestines is your largest organ in your body
and is extremely important. It contains more nervous than any other organ in your body, apart from
your central nervous system and your brain. Because of the amount of nerves it has, it is connected
closely to many other organs, meaning that if your colon isn't 100% healthy then you will feel the
affects everywhere in your body.
If you think about what the intestines does, food goes into the intestines where nutrients from the
foods are extracted and taken to the rest of the body. The waste product that is left is feces which
contains bacteria and produces gas. The colon stays healthy by getting rid of this bacteria through
waste and gas by having regular movements. It is very important to promote a healthy colon and
here are some great programs to follow to get your started: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A colon detox (also known as colon detox or bowel cleanse) is a specific detox that is focused on
removing harmful and unwanted toxins from the intestines. Such as, bad bacteria, hardened feces,
parasites, worms and parasite eggs. This can be done through herbal colon cleansing, a colon
cleansing diet or for the more adventurous, colonic irrigation.
If you are experience bloating, stomach cramps, back pain, feeling full, sluggishness, bad moods
and generally noticing that your health isn't up to par then you should consider doing a colon cleanse
to help with these problems.
What are the

The Vascular Species Of Flora Essay
The naturalised vascular species of flora throughout New Zealand at present has similar totals to the
native species (Williams & Cameron, 2006), and newly naturalised species are being discovered at
an increasing rate (Howell, 2008). Approximately 19% of all naturalised species are presently
recorded as environmental weeds (Howell, 2008). Unfortunately, these statistics can, incorrectly,
give the impression that New Zealand environments are inundated with an abundance of diverse
weeds. Rather, the majority of naturalised plants, together with weeds, still inhabit a mere fraction of
the wild–land habitats throughout New Zealand (Williams & Wiser, 2004). In the centuries to come,
it is predicted that weeds and other naturalised floras will increasingly occupancy areas of New
Zealand, even for millenniums as has appeared to have occurred with Europe's naturalised plants
(Pysek & Jarosik, 2005). The general origins of naturalised flora species were as decorative garden
and feature plants (Howell, 2008), as such they commonly are present near human settlements
(Timmins & Williams, 1991). When random wild–land sites were surveyed few, if any,
environmental weed species are generally found (Sullivan, Williams, & Timmins, 2006). This
suggests that environmental weeds are generally in the initial stages of infiltration into New
Zealand's environments, thus, there is an opportunity to curb further dispersal. Methods of long
distance dispersal differ among environmental weed and

C-Diff Research Paper
Clostridium Difficile, also known by the abbreviation C–Diff, is a gram positive bacterium. This
bacterium is spore forming and anaerobic. The spores can survive for months in a vegetative state
which makes it very dangerous and a continuous threat in a hospital setting. This bacterium is found
in hospitals across the globe and is responsible for increased hospital stay lengths and increased
mortality rate. C–Diff can be ingested and not cause diarrhea because of the protection of the body's
normal flora. When a patient is put on antibiotics, the body's healthy bacteria is then removed which
leaves room for C–Diff to grow and infect the patient.
This paper will briefly discuss what Clostridium Difficile is, how it is transferred, and what nursing
actions can be in place to help protect the patients and myself. C–Diff is ... Show more content on
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The symptoms are abdominal pain, watery stools, fever and nausea. This bacterium is spread
through hospitals from patients to nurses and back to patients. When someone becomes infected
with this bacterium their stays in the hospital becomes longer and they are at greater risk of death
from the infection. C–Diff is responsible for 20,000 deaths a year in the U.S. and costs 3.2 billion
annually (Howerton, Patra, & Abel–Santos, 2013). It mainly affects the elderly that are on long term
antibiotics. The diagnosis of this infection is by culturing the stool to find the bacterium C–Diff or
its toxins (Mitchell, Russo, & Race 2014). It is transferred from client to nurse and then to client
again or to physician or any other health team member to another client. The bacterium is then
ingested and to someone on antibiotics, they are more likely to become infected. C–Diff is
transferred by clothing, hands, and medical tools. When not

A Research Study On Symbiosis
INTRODUCTION: Symbiosis is the theme of this chapter as well as the theme throughout the
world. Both organisms may benefit from the relationship or one organism may benefit while the
other may suffer. When looking at life in the grand scheme, symbiosis is everywhere. It occurs
within our own bodies as well as in many other organisms around the world. Evolutionary biologist,
Toby Kiers, makes two valuable points when describing symbiosis. Kiers states that, "We need to
separate important from harmonious. The micro biome is incredibly important but it doesn't mean
that it's well balanced. Both partners may benefit, but there's this inherent tension. Symbiosis is
conflict – conflict that can never be totally resolved."(Yong, 2016). There is ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Wolbachia virtually exists everywhere. Wolbachia symbiotic relationship with arthropods involves
manipulating the host's reproduction life. It acts as a reproductive parasite that manipulates the sex
lives of its host to further its own end. The host, the arthropod, inevitably suffers, causing the
relationship between the bacterium and host to be a commensalism relationship. Some hosts, like
arthropods, may die, become sterile, or be unaffected in general. The mating pool can become very
limited due to the effects of Wolbachia. One may say that Wolbachia is a bad bacterium, but it can
possess some beneficial sides. In some species the bacterium may actually benefit the host. For
example, the nematode worm, which apparently cannot survive without W. pipientis. It may also
help flies and mosquitoes by preventing viruses and other pathogens attacking the host. Another
example where the host benefits exist is bed bugs. Wolbachia acts as a nutritional supplement,
creating B–vitamins. B–vitamins do not exist in the blood, which is consumed by the bed bugs;
therefore, without the source of B–vitamins the bugs growth is stunted and they become infertile
(Yong, 2016). Pannebakker et al. (2007) wanted to closely understand the symbiotic relationship
between Asobara tabida, a wasp, and Wolbachia. To conduct this study, they first understood that A.
tabida is naturally infected by three strains of Wolbachia. The research team decided to infect A.
tabida with just the wAtab3

Microbiota Controls The Homeostasis Of Glial Cells
Cristiaan Ciarlo
Bio 328
Summary: The article titled: Microbiota Controls the Homeostasis of Glial Cells in the Gut Lamina
Propria assessed the varying conditions in which Microbiota within the developing digestive tract
can influence the process of network formation of the certain aspects of the enteric nervous system.
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the aspect of the digestive system endowed with its own
nervous system (Bowen 2006). As far as the article is concerned, there were three important
biological findings presented in the article concerning the ENS.
The first was that glial cells, under situations that are comparable to environmental, aggregate in the
lamina propria during early stages of development after birth. The second finding was that this
population of glial cells undergoes a regenerative cycle throughout the life of the organism. This
occurs in a specific region of the gut. The final finding was that this early stage development and
subsequent regeneration throughout the life of the organism depends on the microbiota presented to
the gut. The Microbiota, as they are referred to in the article, are part of an enormous array of
microbes which colonize the body (Baily, Gur, Worly, 2015). Therefore it can be understood that the
gut microbiota are the microbes of the body that inhabit the gut. These seem to be part of the
primary focus in the article.
The article noted that there were questions that arose regarding the development of this specific

The Gastrointestinal Tract, The Immune System And Mental...
Introduction
Nowadays there are a large number of investigations related to the microbiota and health not only of
the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system but also the nervous system and mental health.
Likewise, changes in the microbiota are implicated in the increasing tendency for a broad range of
inflammatory diseases such as allergic disease, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity and the
presence of non–communicable diseases (NCDs) for instance, cardiovascular diseases (like heart
attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructed pulmonary
disease and asthma) and diabetes. Studies have suggested strategies that would regulate the
intestinal microbiota for reducing the risk of such diseases, ... Show more content on
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The gut microbiota is involved in the regulation of multiple host metabolic pathways, giving rise to
interactive host–microbiota metabolic, signaling, and immune–inflammatory axes that
physiologically connect the gut, liver, muscle, and brain. A deeper understanding of these axes is a
prerequisite for optimizing therapeutic strategies to manipulate the gut microbiota to combat disease
and improve health (4).
Discussion
Interactions between the gut microbiota and the host immune system begin at birth. Some
epidemiological studies suggest that C–section babies may have an elevated risk for developing
immune and metabolic disorders, including Type 1 diabetes, allergies, asthma and obesity. Scientists
have theorized that these children may be missing key bacteria known to play a large role in shaping
the immune system from the moment of birth onward. Babies delivered by cesarean section (C–
section) acquire a microbiota that differs from that of vaginally delivered infants, and C–section
delivery has been associated with increased risk for immune and metabolic disorders. Dominguez–
Bello et al conducted a pilot study in which infants delivered by C–section were exposed to maternal
vaginal fluids at birth. A mother's vaginal fluids – loaded with one such essential bacterium,

Essay on Obesity Alters Gut Microbial Ecology
A common theme among the concerns of today's American citizens is that of obesity. Obesity,
identifiable by abnormal fat accumulation, can be defined in absolute terms by one who has a Body
Mass Index (BMI) over 30. It is estimated that over 30 percent of American adults are clinically
obese. This number has shown a dramatic increase from the 15 percent of American adults suffering
from obesity in 1980. Globally, 400 million adults are obese, while predictions place this number at
700 million by 2015. The major issue confronting this adiposity is the health conditions that
accompany states of extreme obesity. These include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, sleep apnea,
and osteoarthritis among others. The escalating number of obese and ... Show more content on
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* These microorganisms help in extracting calories from polysaccharides in our diet. * They are able
to break up polysaccharides that we would otherwise not be able to hydrolyze. * Studies in mice,
which also have large numbers of microbes living in their guts, have shown that there may be a link
between storing energy as fat and microbial activity. * It is thought that the microbes regulate the
expression of the gut protein fasting–induced adipocyte protein (FIAF). This protein is an inhibitor
of lipoprotein lipase (LPL). * If the microbes suppress FIAF, then the level of LPL increases. *
Increased LPL levels enhance fat storage (make an individual fatter). * There exists a highly adapted
range of bacteria present in the human gut that are inherited maternally.
The hypothesis:
Obesity may be linked to differences in the microbial makeup of each individual. Individuals prone
to obesity may possess microbes that are more efficient at extracting energy from food than lean
individuals.
Questions addressed by the experiment:
* How does the structure of the gut microbial community differ between individuals? * Does being
a member of the same family affect the microbial community? * Does obesity affect the community
structure? If so, at what taxonomic level does this occur, and does the gut community

The Effects Of Diet On Human Health Status Essay
Introduction
One of the most common and deadliest forms of cancer is CRC. It usually occurs in older adults,
and victims often experience abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, blood in the stool, and
passing excessive amounts of gas.1 CRC typically begins with colon polyps or ulcerative colitis,
both of which are risk factors; removal of these polyps can help decrease risk of CRC
development.2 However, these factors may not present themselves with symptoms, which is why
regular screening is necessary for adults 50 years of age or older.1
Some studies indicate nearly 80% of CRC incidents (in western civilizations) are on account of
diet.3 Though a common part of the American diet, red and processed meats have been associated
with multiple diseases, including CRC and many other cancers. Previous research indicates that
physical fitness also contributes to health status in both healthy and diseased persons, including
cancer patients. This review will investigate the effects of diet (specifically red meat removal) and
exercise on CRC risk and microbiome composition in CRC patients.
Diet Selection & Cancer Risk
Several studies have been conducted to assess the relationship between diet selection and cancer
risk. Many interventions have been evaluated in these studies, such as a vegetarian diet, red meat
removal, and decreasing saturated fat intake. Diet contributes largely to the health of individuals
regardless of disease state. It should be noted that the majority of CRC

The Human Immune System And Its Effects On Disease...
The human immune system has advanced to distinguish between and eliminate disease–causing
microorganisms. Nevertheless, a symbiotic relationship has been developed with several species of
bacteria that not only inhabit the gut, but also make up the natural commensal flora or microbiota.
The microbiota, being essential in the breakdown of nutrients, helps prevent colonization by
potentially pathogenic bacteria. Also, the gut commensal bacteria appear to be vital in the growth of
an efficiently functioning immune system. Many studies have been done to demonstrate that various
species of microbiota can cause responses from different types of immune cells such as Th17 cells
and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, suggesting that the properties of the microbiota can have a
significant influence on immune response. Although the microbiota is found in the gut, it seems to
have a substantial effect on immune response. In fact, specific gut commensal bacteria have
displayed a correlation in affecting disease development in other organs besides the gut, and
depending on the type of species, can have a wide range of effects on disease, whether that being
inhibition or protection. It has also been determined that the initial composition of the microbiota is
significant through the effects of milk attained by either breastfeeding or formula feeding. All in all,
the gut microbiota has been found to be significant in the development of the host's immunity to
various pathogenic microorganisms, and

Case Study: Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Jade Chapman Central Methodist University NU 500 Nonalcoholic
Steatohepatitis As the medical world continues to grow and improve with technology, there
continues to be new discoveries and developments with diseases. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
(NAFLD) is a condition where fat deposits are present in the liver that is not expected. This disease
was able to be broken into two sub groups: nonalcoholic fatty liver and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
(NASH) (Singh et al., 2015). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the normal process for an adult
that could be facing the diagnosis of NASH. In 1980, Dr. Ludwig identified and described NASH as
a disease that is "a unique entity characterized by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over their lifetime they will come in contact with several people and departments to help manage
their care. A patient will have several trips to the lab, imagining department, and primary care
provider. Depending on the comfort of the primary care provider a patient can be referred to a
hepatologists. This doctor specializes in the liver and can help prevent, manage, and treat this
disease. A diagnosis of NASH can be life changing and health care providers must be consciousness
of this and help prevent any secondary diagnosis, for example: depression. Counseling and pastor
services could be utilized for this patient

Using 15 D Treatment Periods
A 3×3 Latin square design with 15 d treatment periods was used in this study. Probiotic 2, from the
previous experiment, was chosen because the concentrations of SBEC and E. coli K12
concentrations were lower when compared to probiotic 1 and 3. A second reason that probiotic 2
was chosen was because, at an economic standpoint, probiotic 2 is more cost–efficient than
probiotic 1 and 3. The three treatments used in this study were defined as: no supplement (CON),
recommended dose (REC), and two times the recommended dose (2xREC).
Periods consisted of 15 days, with a 5 d acclimation period (Weese et al., 2003) and a withdrawal
period of 10 days. On d 1 of each period, pasture and grass hay samples were collected and frozen
for proximate analysis. On d 1 and 5 of each period, blood from the jugular vein and cecal samples,
prior to morning feeding, were collected. Immediately after collection, the pH of cecal sample was
recorded with an Oakton pH 110 Advanced Portable Meter (Vernon Hills, IL). Samples were
aliquoted into one, 15 mL collection tube and frozen until further bacterial analysis. On d 5, blood
was collected in the same manner as d 1. Beginning at 0600, cecal fluid was collected from each
horse at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 h, in order to represent a full 24 h day. Cecal pH was recorded
after every collection with an Oakton pH 110 Advanced Portable Meter (Vernon Hills, IL). At h 0,
samples were aliquoted into three, 15 mL conical tubes for bacterial, VFA, and NH3

Childhood Obesity : An Epidemic
Introduction Childhood obesity is rising worldwide in an alarming rate. New Zealand Health Survey
results in 2012/2013 showed that one out of nine children (2–14 years) was obese and it was 11 per
cent of the total children population1. Obese children are more prone to have cardiovascular disease,
psychological morbidity, asthma, Type 1 diabetes, and early mortality2 sooner or later in their life.
Adverse effects of childhood obesity not only affect the current or later health status of children but
also the country's productivity and economy. Therefore it is very important to break the obesity
viscous cycle in order to have a healthy nation. Various factors involve in the development of this
multifaceted condition – "Obesity" such as individual's genetics, environment and behaviour2. The
major causes for childhood obesity in New Zealand include less physical activity, inadequate sleep3,
unhealthy dietary patterns such as skipping breakfast4 and consumption of unhealthy snack food5.
There are various preventive strategies for childhood obesity. The conventional treatments include
promoting healthy dietary and behaviour practises and physical activities; however, these seem to be
not having positive impacts in some situations. Moreover, some studies also have shown that
different diet and physical activity intervention studies had failed to have a positive effect on BMI
and obesity of children2. Likewise, some existing evidence reflects that traditional obesity
prevention

Bifidobacterium Research Paper
The beneficial aspects of Bifidobacterium Probiotics are live microorganisms that live in the body
and regulate the proper functioning of organism; in adequate amounts help maintain our well–being.
This is about two kilograms of bacteria, which are responsible for protecting our body against
pathogenic bacteria. One of many bacterial strains found in human body is bifidobacterium, which
has a great impact on health of digestive and immune system. Bifidobacterium does interact with
intestinal mucosal cells, and communicate with intestinal epithelial cells which help to maintain gut
homeostasis physically and immunologically. By the communcation with intestinal epithelial cells
bifidobacteria can improve its work and help in case of the inflammation. ... Show more content on
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Currently, the type Bifidobacterium includes 32 species. They natural environment is in the
gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals where it may occur in a number of 1012 cells per 1 g of
the intestinal content. In addition, they are presented in the mucous membranes of the mouth and of
the reproductive tract. Within human intestines the most popular species are B. adolescentis, B.
angulatum, B. bifidum, B. brevi, B. catenulatum, B. langum, and B.infantis. Microorganisms that
are classified as the genus Bifidobacterium belong to the lactic acid bacteria family. It includes rods
and coccus Gram–positive bacteria belonging to other genera, among which the most important are
Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, and Leuconostoc. All bacteria belonging
to this group are characterized by the metabolism of fermentation where the main end product of
metabolism of sugars is lactic acid. These microorganisms metabolize in the process of lactic
fermentation simple sugars, disaccharides and some complex

Why Is Eczema Important
ECZEMAAND PROBIOTICS Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic allergic
disorder that mainly involves the skin (Sears 89). As reported in, The Allergy Book, "of all the
allergic disorders...eczema is the most troublesome to treat" (89). In addition, eczema care is much
more than skin deep; the whole body must be healthy to minimize eczema (Sears 98). Our immune
system's response to allergens is what causes millions of us to suffer from allergic disorders (Sears
3). In addition, epidemiologic data showed that atopic children have a different intestinal flora from
that of healthy ones (Ozdemir par. 4). Researchers are beginning to link the introduction of
probiotics as an effective way to treat/or prevent eczema. Per Dr. Ozdemir, children who ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5). Probiotics are bacteria that are native to your digestive tract, which means, they are normally
found in healthy small and large intestines and can influence the mucosal barrier (the inner lining of
the digestive tract), which in turn can affect immune system functions (EczemaFree.org par. 2).
Lack of a sufficient mucosal barrier allows food and environmental antigens to cross over into the
blood stream, activating the immune system and leading to hyperactivity, which is the hallmark of
eczema conditions (par. 2). This is an example of how usage of probiotics can improve conditions
within the intestinal tract, and in turn reduce eczema symptoms. Unaltered probiotics such as
Lactobacillus GG, with its anti–inflammatory powers, may help prevent the development of eczema
and other allergic disorders (Sachs 230). The first clue that gut bacteria could play a role in risk for
developing eczema came in the discovery that breastfed babies have a reduced incidence, prolonged
onset and decreased severity to eczema

Human Gut Microbiome
The relationship between the human gut microbiome to health and disease is strong. Human
physiology, metabolism, nutrition, and immune function are all affected by the composition of the
gut. If the composition of the gut microbiome is altered in a way that any of these functions are
negatively affected, this can lead to disease. The developments of the microbiome, its complexity,
and its functionality in health and disease have been extensively studied. In addition, the way in
which it is altered has many implications in the cause of diseases, such as bowel disease, obesity,
diabetes and cancer. A healthy adult has over 1000 species of bacteria residing in the gut (1). There
is great diversity in genera of these bacteria, however the most ... Show more content on
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Dietary fiber is a source of carbohydrate that has benefits for intestinal health. It plays a role in the
prevention of disease in the intestine and even throughout the body, such as obesity, type II diabetes,
and cardiovascular disease (10). Furthermore, when the bacteria in the gut ferment the fiber,
metabolites are produced, which benefit the body. Short chain fatty acids are one major end product
of this carbohydrate metabolism, which act to lower the colon's pH, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria
from growing. Some other metabolites include lactate, succinate and formate. Lactate is converted
to butyrate by the bacteria in the gut, which induces mucin synthesis, which is a glycoprotein that
maintains the gut epithelium integrity. Butyrate also acts to prevent bacterial transport across the
epithelium and increases tight junction assembly (11). What this means, is that the fermentation of
fiber allows these beneficial metabolites to be produced, causing a cascade of reactions that promote
health and gut integrity. This shows the complex beneficial interaction between gut microbiota and
fiber intake and its role in promoting health. Gut microbiota composition has also been seen to play
a role in glycemic levels, particularly in children with type 1 diabetes. When butyrate and propionate
(short chain fatty acids) are produced by the gut microbiota, they have been shown to regulate gut
hormone levels, such as

Summary Of What If The Animals Could Speak
SOLONIA TRIES HER STORY ON HER CLASSMATES The young girl writes feverishly, partly
because she wants to perform the puppet play as soon as possible, and partly because she is
genuinely, and poetically inspired. Though she is in a rush, she is also concern of how others will
take to her story, so she writes it out in the from of a poem and calls it..."What If The Animals Could
Speak" She has always been shy of reading before adults, even her parents, but she already foresees
this foreboding necessity, but thinks what better audience of critics then her classmates at the
university, children her own age. Solonia has written down her poem from memory, the original
having been left behind at her parents Villa, far south of the capital, so discontented was she upon
leaving, she wanted nothing that would remind her of home save the necessities of the travel.
Having finished it she is anxious to read it to Sandro, but avoids the ears of his sister Marchesa and
the children's parents not knowing whether it is any good. If Alexandro likes it she reasons, this will
be inspiration enough to elaborate and turn it into a play for the puppets. There is a gazebo midway
between the gymnasium and the insulae that is home of the family, and is where the two often meet
to walk the surrounding gardens or stroll home to assist the parents when there is a performance for
the evening. Sandro is waiting there as she calls out to him waving the scroll above her head. He
knows what it is before she

Analysis Of Flora Nwapa
Sample Analysis Flora Nwapa was the first Nigerian woman to publish a book in English. All of her
novels discuss women and the problems they face in their societies and their struggle to obtain a
voice. What distinguishes Flora Nwapa's writings from other writers is that her writing delves into
Igbo traditions, customs and religious beliefs so her writing give us a true account of Nigeria and
Nigerian people and their beliefs at that time. Flora Nwapa encourages women through her writings
to fight for themselves and to be independent and happy. Nwapa is a social critic and a reformer of
her society. She is a voice for the unheard women of her society and she is the one who opened the
door for other women writers to start writing and to find their voice. Efuru (1966) ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have no sense. They are like dogs that do not know who feeds them. Leave Adizua with this
woman. He will soon be tired of her and you will resume your position again" (58). Efuru was so
sad that Adizua left her for an ill–mannered woman though she loved him very much and she tells
Ajanupu: God in heaven knows that since I married Adizua I have been faithful to him. Our
ancestors know that since I ran away from my father's house to Adizua's that nobody, no man has
seen my nakedness. But Adizua has treated me shabbily. He has treated me the way that only slaves
are treated. God in heaven will judge us. (58) She cries and says "If he wants to marry her, he only
has to say so. I cannot stop him. If Adizua does not love me any more, I too will try to learn not to
love him any more. It will be a difficult task but it is not impossible" (58). Months passed and
Adizua did not come back. Efuru's daughter got so ill and died and they sent to Adizua but he does
not come. Efuru felt very bad as she "watched the men as they lowered the body of her only child
into the coffin. She stood there like a statue with tears running down her cheeks"

The Use Of Bacteri Lactobacillus And Bifidobacterium Essay
For every eukaryotic cell in the human body, scientists estimate that there are about ten prokaryotic
cells present, which means that more than half of what makes up the human body is 30–40 trillion
bacteria and archaea. Recent research suggests that this diverse microbiota is both directly and
indirectly responsible for human mental and physical health. As the human body develops, so does
the microbe flora. Lactobacillus acidophilus (L acidophilus), L. fermentum, L. plantarum, and L.
rhanosus are just some of the dangerous sounding bacteria that are not just beneficial but essential to
proper human health. All of these helpful strains of bacteria are given the common name of
probiotics. Scientists are just now beginning to understand the immense effect of the gut bacteria in
human everyday lives and they, very well, may find that through manipulation of probiotics, any
disease could potentially be inhibited/cured.
There are two major groups of probiotic bacteria: Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Lactobacillus,
a rod–shaped, gram–positive bacterium, is the most popular probiotic used and can be found in
fermented foods, like kimchi, and yogurt. Bifidobacterium, a gram–positive, non–motile bacterium,
is the other probiotic choice approved for common usage. More and more bacteria are being added
to the list of potential probiotics. The benefits of probiotics range from prevention/remission of
infectious diarrhea, antibiotic–associated diarrhea, crohn's disease, hepatic

Phyla Case Study
Using a culture–independent technique, bacterial and fungal diversity of 18 different SLUs were
evaluated by amplification of V3–V5 and V4 regions of 16S bacterial rRNA and ITS 3–4 regions of
fungi followed by sequencing of the amplicons using Illumina's MiSeq Platform. A total of 89
samples were analyzed in this study. Out of the 89 samples, 61, 60 and 79 samples were analyzed
from the three amplicons respectively. This was as a result of quality control done to eliminate low
depth reads and ambiguous Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) during preprocessing.
We analyzed the relative abundance of OTUs at two main levels (phylum and genus) by grouping
samples according to three categories; Skin Swab (SS), Wounds before treatment (DB & SB) ...
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The presence of Bacteroides was observed among untreated SLU samples only and the appearance
of Stenotrophomonas, Bradyrhizobium and Luteimonas among treated samples only (Fig 2A).
V4 Analysis also revealed the dominance of Pseudomonas among untreated SLU samples. Among
other genera detected were Staphylococcus, Proteus and Bacteroides. Some of the least abundant
bacteria detected were Enterobacter, Streptococcus and Corynebacterium. Treated SLU samples
were dominated by Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas and Burkholderia, while among the least
prevalent genera were Enterobacter, Proteus and Helcococcus. Bacteroides and Veillonella were
only observed among untreated SLU samples, while Stenotrophomonas, Bradyrhizobium and
Burkholderia were observed only among treated SLU samples (Fig 2B).
For fungal diversity studies, among untreated SLU samples, the dominance of plant–like material
was evident in DB samples only. The least abundant genera identified among these groups were
Candida and Wickerhamomyces, in addition to these genera, unidentified OTUs were likewise
detected. The microbiota of treated SLU samples was dominated by Aspergillus, a member of the
phylum Ascomycota, other minor genera identified were Candida, Dothiorella and Malassezia. (Fig
2C).
Inspection of bacterial OTU heatmaps revealed OTU clusters

Gender Relations in Efuru by Flora Nwapa Essay
Gender Relations in Efuru by Flora Nwapa
In "Efuru", Flora Nwapa put a lot of emphasis in marriage and procreation. Both of these aspects are
indispensable in creating new family units and in increasing the population of the family or lineage.
Nwapa is reflecting, in "Efuru", the situation, as it exists in her society. Children are greatly valued
in "Efuru". Each marriage is expected to produce many siblings, both male and female (with
preference for a male). In Igbo culture, the most important reason for marriage is procreation. Even
in marriages where love is the main attraction that brings couples together, the desire to have
children is always the ultimate goal. This is the reason why most marriages, including those that are
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This role limits, confines, and domesticates women. It also distracts women from achieving higher
goals or roles for themselves. In "Efuru", Flora Nwapa constantly refers to the proper upbringing of
children; especially girls who are expected to become wives and mothers. Amede, Efuru's mother–
in–law and her friend, Omirima, express their disappointment with Ogea when Amede complains:
'It is that silly girl, Ogea. She washed my wrappers and all of them will have to be washed again
because there is still black soap on all of them. How is it that a grown–up girl like that is not able to
wash clothes properly? How can she live in a man's house?'(181)
Omirima replies:
'That's what I keep on saying, children of these days are no good. How men of today marry them is
what
I can not understand.'(181)
This part of the book makes someone ask themselves: If motherhood is so vital to the mental health
of the African woman, why does Flora Nwapa punish the heroine, Efuru, with the malignant trauma
of childlessness? The pain of infertility is inflicted in Efuru. As I have read as well, in some of the
websites that I have visited dedicated to Flora Nwapa, this pain is inflicted in most of her
independent and assertive women in four of her novels: Efuru and Idu, Amaka in One is Enough,
and Rose in Women Are Different. When these women eventually conceive a child, it brings about a
lot of

Literary Devices In One Is Enough
There is no understating the facts here Amaka is the author's persona, and is here by giving the new
commandments to guide and ensure woman's passage into freedom and independence, while at the
same time providing the critical arrow for confronting and deflating the excessive dimensions of that
power and freedom.
Nwapa advocates and affirms the need for women's empowerment in One Is Enough. At the
symbolic level, however, Nwapa resorts to the uses of double–entendre to expose, critique, and
chastise the so–called powerful successful women for their reckless use of power. More importantly,
she exposes the hidden, violent exploitation of power by women against men, perhaps as a means of
cautioning women against the reproduction of excess and injustice which destroy harmony in
society.
One Is Enough is framed as a provocative, subversive text that is aimed at revealing, reconstructing,
reinterpreting and rewriting the conventional notions of women's disempowerment. The writer
relocates and uncovers the shocking and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the past, women have been portrayed as victims of patriarchal traditions, but Nwapa shows the
other men losers . Men too have been victims as the author reveals in the experiences of Obiora and
Fr. Mclaid or Izu is One Is Enough, much in the same manner that "Adizua becomes feminized" by
Efuru, Amaka's alter ego. While exposing the demonic powers of tradition, Nwapa unveils the
matriarchal roots of the tradition which have continued to impede and marginalize women,
especially in Igbo society. How can these women that she describes as the "upholders of the
traditions" be presented also as such passive actors who must simply toe the party line like
Zombies? The argument of this critic distorts the issues, and it is precisely this kind of warped
vision of patriarchy and motherhood that Nwapa questions and revisions in One Is

Personal Experience In Life In My Life Of Swaminarayanism
I have been a follower of Swaminarayanism for all seventeen years of my life, but during my
childhood, temple and religion were just a Sunday obligation. My parents would encourage me to
attend the weekly sabhas (assemblies) held at the temple, but I would often refuse because I was
scared and shy. I followed Swaminarayanism solely because my parents followed it, and for that
reason was very uninterested in the culture and religious values. As I grew older, I came to the
realization there were many fruits of Swaminarayanism, and that temple was one place to take
refuge even when everything in the world was going wrong. It opened many new opportunities for
me. I started to volunteer at the mandir by helping young children learn all that is good in life
through the values of religion. I created a bond between the kids and Swaminarayanism, and
although I was not a firm believer at their age, I wanted to make sure that they had that connection
and conviction to god and to Pramukh Swami Maharaj. Swaminarayanism has taught me to help
others and appreciate the things I have. I dream of becoming a doctor because it will help me live by
Pramukh Swami Maharaj's motto: "In the Joy of Others Lies Our Own." Being a successful doctor
and helping out the less fortunate is one of the best feelings in the world, and Swaminarayanism has
instilled these values within me. I want to be a part of the Doctors Without Borders organization so I
am able to serve the unfortunate people across seas.

Beneficial Effects of Probiotics Essay
INTRODUCTION
Probiotics are ingestable microorganisms which gives the consumer a beneficial effect. First coined
by the late eli Metchnikoff probiotics are described to be microorganisms which are ingested in
small amount to increase the diversity of both flora and fauna inside the human body this reaction in
turn affects the adaptation abilities for the human body to react to different surroundings, digest
different things, or just improve the antibody or the mechanism that already exists in the human
body.
This mechanism of diversity caused by many flora inside the digestive track of humans are
beneficial because it helps with the digestion of a more diverse product. Even if the probiotic does
not help with digestion some other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the other reasons why lactobacillus plantarum 229v is used is that because it is a gram
positive facultative aerob bacteria it can survive in low oxygen environment like inside the juice box
or in the juice itself.
Although lactobacillus plantarum cost are higher this certain strain of lactobacillus is specifically
engineered to have more commercial benefits.
Some benefits can also benefit the product itself. Like many other lactic acid bacteria lactobacillus
plantarum229v releases lactic acid if in dairy based product lactic acid might bring a negative side
effect of giving it a crude rancid taste and smell in juices with a sour taste like orange, black current,
and mango these lactic acid give or enhance the taste. According to a 2006 study of comparison of
both probiotic and non–probiotic juice, juices containing lactobacillus plantarum yields a higher
mark with emphasis on them being more fragrant and tasteful. Another side effect of these lactic
acid is that the lactobacillus plantarum uses the lactic acid to control competing microorganism this
affects the product by giving it a longer shelf life without any excessive amount of sugar and or any
other added preservative.it is also worth mentioning that by eliminating the need of any preservative
production cost can be cut down significantly and the product can now avoid any problems based on
the use of

Fecal Transplants : The Future Medical Medicine
ENG 201, Assignment 2, Draft 2
Brandt Christopherson
October 13, 2014
Fecal Transplants: The Future in Medical Treatments
Infectious bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics, more today than ever before. Antibiotics
also kill off many of the good bacteria in our gut, and can complicating health problems. Disease
often comes back in those that are elderly or have a suppressed immune system. And treatment with
antibiotics can take weeks to be effective. Doctors fear antibiotics will become obsolete as an
effective cure for disease within decades (Bakken). What if there was a far easier, safer, quicker, and
inexpensive treatment is available? Fecal transplants are that answer.
Organ transplants have been successful ways of saving lives in modern society, today a whole new
type of transplants are beginning and will change the way we look at medicine – fecal transplants.
Fecal transplants, technically Fecal Microbiota Transplants (FMT), as defined by the Fecal
Transplant Foundation, is a procedure in which fecal matter is collected from a test donor and placed
in a patient by colonoscopy, or enema replacing the bad bacteria with a batch of good bacteria and
jump–start a patient's gut back to good health.
Since bacteria have been discovered, we have been developing antibiotics to kill them. The study of
beneficial bacteria however, has only taken shape over the past few years (Lim). Right now, inside
your gut there are over 100 trillion bacteria and microorganisms that

Gut Organisms
Technically, the term microbiome can refer to either the group of microbes living within a larger
organism or the genes within those microorganisms. In many cases, when we talk about the
microbiome, we really the microorganisms found in humans.
Although there are microoganisms in all our of tissues, we typically think of them in terms of gut
flora. Part of the reason for this is that the gut flora vastly outnumber the microbes elsewhere in the
body and are also much more diverse than average. Another reason is that many of the flora found in
the gut are known to be involved in how we digest our food.
Compared to our understanding of most microbiota living on and in humans, our understanding of
our gut flora is relatively well developed. It is also an area where it is "common knowledge" that
there are microorganisms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is complicated by the need to try to exclude host DNA from the studies.
The microbes that make up the microbiome include bacteria, viruses, fungi and archaea. Archaea
were previously classified as bacteria, but new research has found them to a distinct class of
organisms, different from the other two main classes of organisms. They were originally believed to
live in only extreme environments, such as volcanic hot springs, but they have proven to be much
more flexible and abundant than it was initially assumed. They are known to have a generally
mutualistic relationship to humans and to aid in digestion.
Some of our gut flora play a critical role in helping us digest certain things. For example, they
ferment dietary fiber into short–chain fatty acids. They also play an important role in creating
vitamins B and K, as well as other important chemicals, such as sterols. These play an important
role in our immune function. Problems with the gut flora are known to correlate to autoimmune
disease and inflammatory

Disadvantages Of Intestine
Improve your health by knowing more about the intestine.
Intestine is the key to one's beauty and health as well as ageing.
The intestine is not just an organ that handles digestion, nutrient absorption and excretion.
Intestine problems are often associated with constipation.
Constipation can cause stomach to bulge and many people are concerned about it. However, this is
just one example caused by the deteriorating intestinal environment.
Other than digestion, nutrient absorption and excretion, the intestine has other functions which are
less known. Such functions are closely related to the whole human body.
This is why when one's intestinal environment deteriorates, it does not simply cause stomachache
and constipation.
Making use of this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Euglena is used in many ways these days. What is euglena?
It is a micro–algae with both plant and animal characteristics.
Euglena is a type of micro–algae, about 0.05mm long, that thrives in freshwater. It has existed since
500 million years ago.
It is a rare living organism where it can carry out photosynthesis like a plant. At the same time, it has
the ability to move on it's own like an animal.
Euglena is loaded with a rich variety of nutrients.
Nutrients from both plant and animal sources can be found in euglena. In addition, since euglena
does not have a hard cellulose cell wall, its nutrients are easily digested and absorbed by the human
body.
DHA, EPA amino acids found in animal sources.
Vitamins, minerals found in plant sources.
Euglena holds vast potential for use as a resource and a food ingredient.
It can be used as a food ingredient that contains excellent characteristics and rich in nutrients. It can
also be used as a bio–fuel, thus offering endless future possibilities for the Earth.
Raw ingredient used is the Euglena gracilis EX45 developed by euglena Co., Ltd. exclusively for
Naturally

Study The Association Between The Gut Microbiota And Brain...
Objectives:
Short term objectives: To study the association between the gut microbiota and brain functions in
response to the stress reactivity at different stages of early life. This research will also help to link
the brain structures involved in stress reactivity. This research will help to understand, how the
diversity and distribution of these prominent phyla contribute to health and disease.
Long term objective: We plan to expand this research to a broader aspect to study the gut–brain axis
with simultaneous stress exposure. This research presents a paradigm that is applicable in clinical
studies and will provide basis for the psychiatric disorder treatments. Behavioral neuroscientists are
increasingly recognizing the importance of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In clinical studies, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes was positively correlated with the severity of
anxiety and depression (Charles et al., 1992).
Central stress circuitry includes hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA). There also exist a
negative feedback loop between HPA axis and the immune system. Signaling is mediated by
corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoid and their related
receptors (Turnbull and Rivier, 1999). There also exists a negative feedback loop via glucocorticoid
receptors and melanocorticoid receptors within the hippocampus (Turnbull and Rivier, 1999;
Kellendonk et al., 2002). Dysregulation of HPA axis in rodents (Landgraf and Wigger, 2002;
Jakovcecski et al., 2011) and in humans (Coryell et al., 2006) leads to anxiety and depression like
symptoms respectively. Whereas, correction of the HPA axis with medications have shown
improvement in depression (Wilkinson and Goodyer, 2011). Increase in levels of IL–1, TNF–α and
increased mortality following immune challenge with LPS (Perretti et al., 1993; Goujon et al., 1996)
have been reported in adrenalectomized rodents. The stress response in adrenalectomized rodents is
reversible with dexamethasone treatment (Butler et al., 1989).
Gut–microbiota–brain Axis and behavior: Over the recent years, the concept of interaction between
peripheral

Research Paper On Prebiotics
Prebiotics
A prebiotic is a non–digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively
stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon thus
improving host health. The prebiotic approach advocates the administration of non–viable entities.
Dietary carbohydrates such as fibres are candidate prebiotics, but most promise has been realised
with non–digestible oligosaccharides, because of their selective metabolism. In particular, the
ingestion of fructo–oligosaccharides (FOS) stimulates bifidobacteria in the lower gut. As prebiotics
exploit non–viable food ingredients, their applicability in diets is wide ranging. A further approach is
synbiotics, where probiotics and prebiotics are combined. Today, only bifidogenic, non–digestible
oligosaccharides (particularly inulin, its hydrolysis product oligofructose, and (trans)
galactooligosaccharides), fulfill all the criteria for prebiotic classification. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The main site of action is the colon. Thus, prebiotic should also resist the effects of various digestive
enzymes and acidic conditions of the gut. Once the prebiotic can phase through all these conditions,
it helps in the stimulation of growth and the various metabolic activities of live probiotic bacteria by
fermentation itself. The target bacterial genera for the prebiotic actions are bifidobacteria and
lactobacillus species. These bacterial species are able to take as a diet of any prebiotics and then
produces various metabolic end products via the fermentation process. These fermented end
products have a direct effect on health through the stimulation of host immune system as well as
functions as a binding of receptor sites. The fermentation end products can be organic acids or
biologically active peptides. These fermented products have a specific role in the direct antagonistic
action against the harmful disease causing

Low Oxalate Diet
What Is a Low Oxalate Diet (And How Can It Heal Your Strange Symptoms?)
Have you found yourself struggling with strange symptoms your doctor can't seem to find a cause
for? Are you beginning to agree with him that the problem might be in your head?
If so, you're not alone. Millions of people are living with hidden autoimmune conditions, allergies,
and food sensitivities that make them miserable but often don't show up on standard medical tests.
By now, I'm sure you've heard of celiac disease, lactose intolerance, and peanut allergies.
But, did you know that there are other food sensitivities just being brought into the mainstream?
Ones you may have not even heard of yet?
These include, but are certainly not limited to, histamine sensitivity, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to research http://kidneystones.uchicago.edu/how–to–eat–a–low–oxalate–diet/
, diets that are low in calcium can raise urine oxalate levels. This is because proper calcium levels
can inhibit intestinal oxalate absorption.
A randomized controlled trial (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1455427/) studied
men with hypercalciuria (elevated calcium in the urine) and placed them on one of two diets to
check which would be the most effective in the prevention of kidney stones (a common symptom of
oxalate sensitivity).
One group followed a diet low in calcium and oxalate. The other followed a diet higher in calcium
with restricted intake of oxalate, protein, and salt.
At the five–year mark, the latter group had a 51 percent lower rate of stone recurrence than those
following a low–calcium diet.
Talk with your doctor about testing you for calcium deficiency and/or hypercalciuria if you're
experiencing symptoms of oxalate sensitivity before following the low oxalate diet.
It could make all the difference in your health.

What Causes Oxalate

A Study Of Dynamic Regulation Of Gene Expression Essay
The majority of cells in the human body are not human at all. The 100 trillion prokaryotic cells that
make up our microbiota, constitute 90% of the cells in our bodies, and are derived from more than
40,000 bacterial strains (Forsythe & Kunze, 2012). Bacterial cells reside in animal hosts as
commensals, symbionts, or as pathogenic parasites, forming a veneer over almost all body surfaces
(Dave et al., 2012). Increasingly, research is showing the importance of host microbiota composition
and the bidirectional signaling pathways between the brain and the gut, some of which are
epigenetic. These studies elucidate the profound impacts that signaling pathways, such as short–
chain fatty acid mediated effects, nucleomodulins, and other bacterial metabolites, can have on
health, behavior and cognition (Sommer & Backhed, 2013). 'Epigenetics,' derived from the Greek
root 'epi ' meaning on top of, is the study of dynamic regulation of gene expression due to factors
that act on chromatin structure, nuclear architecture and other molecular events that do not change
the DNA sequence (Stilling et al., 2014). In addition, epigenetics has sometimes been defined as
sequence– independent heritable changes in gene expression (Holliday, 1987). Epigenetic processes
include post–translational histone modification, as well as cytosine methylation and interactions of
non–coding RNAs (Jaenisch & Bird, 2003; Landry et al., 2013). Post–translational histone
acetylation results in a decreased

Human And Microbial Components Of The Human Body Essay
Introduction With the influence of "micro–evolution," science is evolving at a relatively fast pace.
We as humans, are also evolving at a rate in which we still today have many unanswered questions;
pushing us to make this new technology to learn more. Our own health is always changing across
decades, keeping us up to date on finding new information about the human body. Our bodies are
composed of human and microbial components, making us supraorganisms. (Costello et al 2012)
Meaning we have advanced functions and work in units, to make us superior to other organisms on
the Earth. (Turnbaugh) We know currently essential information about microbiomes to help us
understand the human body a little better. The skin, mouth, esophagus, stomach, colon, gut, and
vagina are composed of microbial communities. Collectively, the gut has the most information.
Information pertaining to these body parts however, are limited simply because each individual is
unique This makes each body just as unique as the person. (The Scientist Staff) It is in still in
question whether we are functionally redundant between community members, and what kind of
factors are influencing this. (Turnbaugh) The struggle of finding accurate technology to be able to
compare human microbial communities globally include the degree of relatedness so whether that
persons are related, the place in the family structure, the age, demographics, there are many ethical,
legal, and logistical barriers, types of comparisons,

Gut Microbiome: A Case Study
Introduction The human body contains trillions of resident bacteria that make up the gut
microbiome. These bacteria establish a symbiotic relationship with the host cells and the immune
system. Imbalance of the gut microbiota, or dysbiosis, is associated with a number of diseases
including Clostridium difficile infection (C. diff), autoimmune diseases, diabetes, obesity, and
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an emerging therapy
used to treat gut microbiome disorders, most notably the diarrheal infection due to C. diff.Seektaz
Recently, there have been efforts to use FMT as a therapy for other diseases such as Ulcerative
colitis (UC). This condition is an inflammatory bowel disease that is also characterized by an
imbalance in the gut microbiome. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mild UC is characterized by occasional rectal bleeding with mucus discharge, mild diarrhea,
tenesmus, constipation, and some abdominal pain. Moderate UC, in contrast, presents with up to 10
bloody, loose stools each day, mild fever, abdominal pain, and mild anemia. Patients with severe UC
will have more than 10 bloody loose stools per day, severe abdominal pain, high–grade fever, quick
weight loss, and anemia due to blood loss.Garud Patients with severe disease may require a
colectomy. This review will analyze clinical trials that included patients with mild or moderate
disease. FMT is not yet a therapy considered for severe UC. The symptoms described above may
lead to a very poor quality of life for some patients with chronic disease. It has been postulated that,
similar to a C. diff infection, there is spore formation in the mucosal surfaces of the colon and
rectum of patients with UC. Spores are more resistant than non–spore forming bacteria. This may
contribute to the chronicity of UC and may explain why antibiotic treatment will not fully eliminate
these spores associated with chronic

Why I Want To Study Gut Microbiology

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