This document provides supplementary material for teaching expository writing. It outlines the learning objectives, which are to teach students different types of expository writings such as cause and effect, problem and solution, comparison and contrast, definition, classification, and process essays. The material is intended for upper intermediate to advanced level students aged 18 and over. It then provides definitions and examples of expository writing, characteristics of an expository essay, tips for formatting essays, and types of expository writings. It also includes exercises for students to practice different skills related to expository writing.

1. Supplementary Material For Expository Writing
Islamic Azad University Tehran Central Branch
Advisor: Forouzan Dehbashi Sharif (Ph.D.)
Developed by
Bahareh Biarjomandi
Baharehbiarjarjomandi@gmail.com
Arefeh Haji Rahimi
arefehrahimi7878@gmail.com
Niloufar Zolghadri
nilufarzolghadri@gmail.com
Farzad Amanpour
F.amanpour77@gmail.com
Leila Masoudi
Leyllamassoudii@gmail.com

2. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL FOR EXPOSITORY WRITING
Learning Objectives
The definition of expository writing.
Characteristics of an expository essay
How should you format your essay? Types of expository writing.
Expository writing tips
Age : 18 and over
Student level : Upper Intermediate

3. Supplementary Material For Expository Writing
• Learning objectives: help students to learn different types of expository
writings such as
1. Cause and effect essay
2. Problem and solution essay
3. Comparison and contrast essay
4. Definition essay
5. Classification essay
6. Process essay
• Students’ level: advanced
• Age: 18+

4. • How To Write An Expository Writing
The word “expository” comes from the term “expose,” which means to reveal.
An expository essay explains a topic by providing facts, quotations and other
details.The purpose is to inform, explain, describe, or define the author's
subject to the reader.
Learning how to write is an essential skill at any level of education. By the
means of expository works, you can share your knowledge, provide valuable
information, and illuminate the minds of your readers.With this guide, you’ll
learn how to do it properly.

5. Examples of Expository Writing
• Analysis of a crime scene
• Comparison-Contrast of a book or movie
• Examination of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
• List of steps and directions how-to do something

6. An expository essay always has a thesis, which is
the attitude or opinion about your topic and is the
main point.
It contains a topic with a controlling idea.
It must be stated in a complete sentence.
It is usually found in the last sentence of the first
paragraph.
Thesis Example: Some amusement park rides, like
rollercoasters, can be frightening experiences.
The topic: amusement park rides
The controlling idea: frightening experience

7. Expository writing is writing that seeks to explain, illuminate or 'expose' (which is
where the word 'expository' comes from). This type of writing can include essays,
newspaper and magazine articles, instruction manuals, textbooks, encyclopedia articles
and other forms of writing, so long as they seek to explain. Expository writing differs
from other forms of writing, such as fiction and poetry. In fact, this lesson itself is an
example of expository writing.The expository essay is a tool that is often used in the
academic world. If you've attended school, it's highly likely you've written one.
Most expository essays have an introductory paragraph in which a thesis or objective is
stated, several main body paragraphs that prove or explain what is in the introduction, and
a concluding paragraph in which everything is summed up.When writing an expository
essay, it's important to write with the assumption that your audience has little to no
background knowledge about the main topic. Your duty as the writer is to provide the
reader with as much information as you can. The reader should feel as if he or she has
learned something after reading your essay.
• Definition of Expository Writing
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-expository-writing-definition- examples.html

8.  Make sure to have a well-defined thesis
 Provide Evidence
 Incorporate Examples
 Avoid using 1st or 2nd person pronouns
 Be Concise
 start your essay with….a rhetorical question, a startling
fact or statement, a quotation, a statistic
 Use Transition Words
• Expository Writing: Everything You Need to Know

10. Here’s what expository writing is: Here’s what expository writing is
not:
Factual The author’s opinion
Usually presented in a linear
format
An attempt to change the reader’s
mind or shape their perspective
Always presented in a logical
format
Subjective
Objective Nonlinear or otherwise
unconventional in how it presents
content
Clear about its purpose
• https://www.grammarly.com/blog/expository-
writing/

11. • Characteristics of an expository essay
u It explains or informs the reader about:
u how to do something
u why something happened
u How something Works
u why something should be done
u or what something is

12. Moreover
u It’s written from the third person’s perspective (using “it” “he” “she” “they”)
u It’s not about your personal opinion. Rather, it’s about informing the reader in an
objective, non-biased manner by providing facts, examples, graphs, descriptive
details, charts, and statistics.
u It’s written in a formal style (but this depends on your target audience)
u It’s written in a serious tone (no colloquialisms).

13. How should you format your essay?
u An expository essay usually consists of five paragraphs:
Introduction (1 paragraph)
u Grab the attention of the reader
u Give a brief introduction to the topic
u Present the topic sentence (thesis) in a clear and concise manner.
u Quickly present the main ideas you will share in the body of your essay.
The body of the essay (3 paragraphs)
What’s the purpose of this part?
u Start each paragraph with a topic sentence where you tell your reader about the “first big
idea”. After that, you provide supporting evidence for this idea.
u In the next paragraph, you present the “second big idea” plus the supporting evidence,
and then you repeat the same pattern in the third paragraph.
u Each of these body paragraphs needs to be tightly related to the overall thesis.
They should be telling a consistent story.
Conclusion (1 paragraph)

14. What’s the purpose of this part?
u Sum up what you’ve said in the last three paragraphs (but do it in an original
way, using different vocabulary).
u Restate your thesis.
u End with a bang (try to evoke an emotional response in the reader).
Conclusion (1 paragraph)

15. • Here’s a quick graph that will show you which structure to use:

16. TASK1
• Think of an insect you dislike and explain why. Make sure
to give good reasons and examples to support your choice.
• Choose one subject: Mosquitoes
• List three reasons.
• A. Annoying when one is outside
• B. Their bites itch
• C. They carry diseases like the West Nile Virus
• Each reason gets an explanation.
• Examples follow each reason.
• Use the subject and reasons to construct your introduction and
conclusion.

17. • Types of Expository Writing
https://www.collegeessay.org/blog/types-of-expository-writing
u Expository writing has different genres, and it depends on the goal of the writer.
Each type has its purpose for writing. There are many different types of
expository essays that you can choose to write on.The following are the most
popular types of expository writing:

18. 1. Cause and Effect Essay
u In cause and effect expository writing, you have to describe why something has happened and
its effects. This type of essay is built on the consequences or effects of something. They can
be either positive or negative.Moreover, the cause and effect essay gives the reader a clear
relationship between the two subjects. The main goal is to provide supporting evidence and
demonstrate the cause and effect relationship between the two ideas. The results in the body
paragraphs can be based on assumptions but must be valid.Such types of essays are common
in literary essays or social studies reports. Check out the given example to understand better.

19. Cause and effect essay example:
The Desired Look: Nothing But Bones
by Rebecca Patton
It seems like every little girl dreams of becoming a model. They want to be thin and pretty like the models they see on
television and in magazines. Often the desire becomes an obsession and young girls see "thinness" as being a needed
characteristic. For most girls, the teenage years are spent trying to acquire this look. Females are trying diets and are
exercising like it is a competition to see who can lose the most weight the quickest. The obsession of many young girls
over their appearance or weight has led to a growing number of people who have developed an eating disorder to try to deal
with their lack of self-esteem or other related problems.
Eating disorders are a serious health problem. Personal Counseling & Resources says that eating disorders “are
characterized by a focus on body shape, weight, fat, food, and perfectionism and by feelings of powerlessness and low self-
esteem.” Three of the most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating or
compulsive eating disorder. According to Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders, a person with anorexia "refuses
to maintain normal body weight for age and height" and"weighs 85 percent or less than what is what Is expected for age
and height. "A person diagnosed with bulimia has several ways of getting rid of the calories such as binge eating, vomiting,
laxative misuse, exercising, or fasting. The person might have a normal weight for their age and height unless anorexia is
present. The signs of a compulsive eater include eating meals frequently, rapidly, and secretly. This person might also snack
and nibble all day long. The compulsive eater tends to have a history of diet failures and may be depressed or obese
(Anred.com).There are many reasons that can contribute to the cause of eating disorders. One of the main reasons seems to
be the obsession over every little pound a person is wearing. Sometimes low self-esteem or depression from any number of
causes can usher in the eating disorder. Other times compulsive exercising can help shed the pounds but leave the enthused
unhealthy looking.

20. There are other possible causes to this widely known health problem. The media bestows a great deal of beauty
and thinness on television and magazines that are viewed by many people daily. Everyone has the desire to look
like the actors and actresses do but, in reality, it just will not happen for most of us. Abuse, whether it be physical,
emotional, or sexual, can also contribute to the development of an eating disorder (Something-Fishy.com). Such
abuse to victims can leave them with a lack of trust and low self-esteem. An unfavorable relationship a person
has with others is also a contributing factor to disordered eating habits. The world is so competitive that any
mention from parents, siblings, peers, significant others, or co-workers about a person’s weight or appearance can
lead to the onset of an eating disorder.
There really is no single reason that a person acquires an eating disorder. Many factors are considered when
making a diagnosis for a person with this problem. Causes like the ones mentioned above play such an
important role in eating disorders. Is it really so important that in order to look like the super models people
are willing to give up food and starve themselves to death for a little satisfaction on the outside? The look of a
person on the inside is what really matters.

21. • Exercise 1
Determine the cause and effect in the following sentence.https://pin.it/49YMqsH
1.We didn't have school on Monday because we had 8 inches of snow.
Cause Effect
2.Alyssa was very tired Friday night so she went to bed early.
Cause Effect
3.Becky's flowers died because she forgot to water them.
Cause Effect
4.John ate three hot dogs for lunch because he was very hungry.
Cause Effect
5. We ran out of milk so we had to drink water for dinner.
Cause

22. • Exercise 2
(A) read the essay and rearrange the paragraph. Then fill in the charts.
Dropping out from School
One cause of leaving school is poverty. That is, some parents can't affords
schooling expenses for their children. Also, students drop out because schools are
far away from their houses. Thus, they find it difficult to walk two or three
hours,especially girls. Additionally, some students drop out due to the fact that
they want to work. And this is a problem in itself.CAUSES of dropping outIn brief,
schooling is very important for children, parents and society. Dropping out is not
a solution. It's rather a serious problem.It well known that the proper place for
every child is school. However, it is very) apparent that the number of students
dropping out from school at early age inMorocco is increasing. So, what are the
causes and effects of this problem?EFFECTS of dropping outThe main
consequence of dropping out from school is child labor. That is, we find children
of ten or twelve working in shops, factories and farms. This contradicts with the
child rights. Also, the ratio of illiteracy increases. Another effect of leaving
schools is the increasing number of crimes, such as theft, mugging, etc.
https://www.eslprintables.com/writing_worksheets/writing_essays/Cause_Effect
_Essay_Article_942690/i

23. • Cause of dropping out
•
•
•
•
• Effect of dropping out
•
•
•
•

24. (B) WRITE AN ARTICLE TO A MAGAZINE ABOUT CAUSES AND EFFECTS SMOKING /
OBESITY.

25. 2. Problem and Solution Essay
u In a problem-solution essay, the writer provides an analysis of the problems and
their solution. The best method of writing this essay is to offer numerous
solutions and highlight their pros and cons. Here, a writer has to justify the
solutions and show how they can be implemented. Lastly, you can present your
recommendations based on the solution.The problem-solution essay has four
components:Situation problem solution evaluation have a look at the following
example to get a better idea.

26. Problem and solution essay example:
OBESITY AND POORFITNESS
Consumption of processed and convenience foods and our dependence on the
car have led to an increase in obesity and reduction in the fitness level of the
adult population. In some countries, especially industrialized ones, the number
of obese people can amount to one third of the population. This is significant
as obesity and poor fitness lead to a decrease in life expectancy, and it is
therefore important for individuals and governments to work together to tackle
this issue and improve their citizens’ diet and fitness. Obesity and poor fitness
decrease life expectancy. Overweight people are more likely to have serious
illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease, which can result in premature
death. It is well known that regular exercise can reduce the risk of heart disease
and stroke, which means that those with poor fitness levels are at an increased
risk of suffering from those problems. Changes by individuals to their diet and
their physical activity can increase life expectancy. There is a reliance today on
the consumption of processed foods, which have a high fat and sugar content.
By preparing their own foods, and consuming more fruit and vegetables, people
could ensure that their diets are healthier and more balanced, which could lead
to a reduction in obesity levels.

27. In order to improve fitness levels, people could choose to walk or cycle to work or to the
shops rather than taking the car. They could also choose to walk up stairs instead of taking
the lift. These simple changes could lead to a significant improvement in fitness
levels.Governments could also implement initiatives to improve their citizens’ eating and
exercise habits. This could be done through education, for example by adding classes to the
curriculum about healthy diet and lifestyles. Governments could also do more to encourage
their citizens to walk or cycle instead of taking the car, for instance by building more cycle
lanes or increasing vehicle taxes. While some might argue that increased taxes are a
negative way to solve the problem, it is no different from the high taxes imposed on
cigarettes to reduce cigarette consumption.In short, obesity and poor fitness are a
significant problem in modern life, leading to lower life
expectancy. Individuals and governments can work together to tackle this problem and so
improve diet and fitness. Of the solutions suggested, those made by individuals themselves
are likely to have more impact, though it is clear that a concerted effort with the
government is essential for success. With obesity levels in industrialized and industrializing
countries continuing to rise, it is essential that we take action now to deal with this
problem.

28. Exercise1
https://theeslworkshop.wordpress.com/2017/03/14/problem-solution-essay-
activities/
According to the sample essay, please;
1. Highlight the thesisstatement,
2. Indicate the paragraph which describes the problem,
3. Show the paragraphs which give solutions to the problem,
4. Highlight the restatement of the thesis,
5. the importance of solving the problem and an explanation why the solution is a
good one in the conclusion part.

29. Exercise 2
Please answer the questionsbelow.
1. What is the problem in the model essay?
2. Why is it important to solve the problem?
3. What can be solutions for the problem?
4. How can these solutions work?

30. Exercise 3
Answer the question. (Bayanebartar.org)
In many countries schools have severe problems with student behavior. What do
you think are the causes of this?What solutions can you suggest?

31. 3. Comparison and Contrast Essay
u The compare and contrast essay is based on finding the similarities and differences
between two or more subjects. A good way of writing this type of college essay isto
choose the right theme for making your comparison.
For Example:You can explore the similarities and differences between the two
political personalities. For this, compare and contrast their education, skills, and
behavior towards people.Check out the given file to get a detailed example of
writing this essay.

32. Comparison and Contrast Essay Example:
Paleo Indians and Archaic People
Paleo Indians and Archaic people had some-similarities, but also many differences. They both
lived on the same land. However, the Paleo Indians lived at a time when the Earth’s climate was
much colder. Ice and snow gave way to lush grasslands where large animals such as mammoths
provided food for the Patel natives. Paleo people used hand-held sticks and spears to hunt large
animals, while the Archaic people developed the altar to enable them to throw spears from a
longer distance.In contrast to the Paleo Indians, the Archaic people enjoyed a warmer climate,
and the environment was much as it is today. While both groups were hunter-gatherers who
followed their prey from place to place, the Archaic people returned to the same campsites each
year. Both groups gathered seeds, berries, roots, and leaves, but they Archaic people also fished,
ground flour, and developed hooks, nets, traps, baskets, and canoes. The later Archaic people
even began simple farming, unlike the earlier Paleo Indians. It is interesting to see how two such
similar groups of people could also be so different.

33. Exercise 1
(National Geographic learning)
For each thesis statement, add additional relevant points of comparison or
contrast.
1. may seem that learning in a classroom and learning online are vastly different,
but after taking an online class, I realized that they share several basic features.
a)The syllabus tells you what is expected
b)It is important to keep up with the reading and assignments.
c)Class participation matters.
d)

34. 2) It is true that driving a car offers a lot of personal freedom, but since I sold my car,
I have found that public transportation offers me many advantages.
a) Helps me to keep to a schedule
b) Is less stressful
c)
d)
3) While many of the subjects covered in high school and college are the same, the
expectations of how students must study are very different.
a)amount of required reading
b)
C)
d)

35. Exercise 2
Writing
Choose one of the following topics for a comparison and contrast essay.Then brainstorm a
list of similarities and a list of differences. Use your lists to choose three or four points of
comparison. Write a thesis statement with a controlling idea that relates to these points of
comparison.
1. Two educational systems that you are familiar with, such as university system in two
different countries, or high school as opposed to college
2. .2. Two people or two products (such as two different automobiles, cameras, cell
phones, or mp3 players).

36. 4. Definition Essay
In a definition essay, you have to give a complete description of the topic.
Moreover, this essay is all about what, why, and how of the essay topic. Here, you have to describe a place,
event, concept, or experience that is appealing to the reader’s five senses. Furthermore, such an essay
requires the writer to describe something in-depth by adding your perspective. Ensure to use controversial
words in your writing piece to make it strong. The following is an example for you to write this type of
essay.
u

37. Definition Essay Example:
What is aYankee?
To most of the world, a Yankee is an American, anybody who lives in the United States. It is not always a
pleasant connotation; in fact, "Yankee, go home!" calls up images of angry Latin American mobs
protesting the oppression of American imperialist policies. To most Americans, though, the word Yankee
means either the pin-striped New York baseball team or theNorthern forces in the American Civil War, the
soldiers from north of the Mason-Dixon Line. In time, though, the idea that the word Yankee suggests has
shrunk geographically until it is on the verge of extinction.Perhaps the most famous Yankee of all (no
offense to the musical Damn Yankees! intended) has star billing in Mark Twain's novel Connecticut Yankee
in King Arthur's Court. I have lived most of my life, now, in that southern New England state, and I can
assure you there are precious few real Yankees around. Real Yankees might have lived in Connecticut at
one time, but now they are from another place and perhaps another time. As television and other forms of
mass media invade our homes and tend to diminish regional differences, to makeAmericans more and
more homogeneous, the Yankee might be one of the first genuine American characters to disappear.A
neighbor of mine claims he knows what areal Yankee is all about. Years ago, he says, he lived next door to
one. It seems his plumbing was acting up and he'd actually removed the toilet from the floor and taken it
out into the backyard to do some surgery on it. Now he knew that his neighbor, who happened to be a
professional plumber as well as the putative Yankee, was well aware of the fact that he was struggling to
fix his toilet and he knew that his neighbor was home, doing nothing in particular that day, probably
watching from the kitchen window. But would he come over and offer to help? No way. But when my
friend finally gave up and went over and asked for assistance, the plumber- neighbor not only agreed to
help, he did so gleefully.

38. He spent the entire afternoon finding and fixing the problem and helping to return the toilet to its proper
place. And wouldn’t accept a dime of course According to my friend, that’sthe
first tenet of Yankee-ness. You must never offer help because that makes the person to whom you have
preferred assistance "beholden" to you. And a Yankee must neverbe
"beholden" to anyone. (That's how the word for this concept is said, and so we must spell it that way,
too.) To be beholden means that you owe something to someone else. Now
everyone in the world can owe something to the Yankee, but the Yankee must never owe
anyone else anything, and he can't really understand someone who would be willing to be beholden.
Thus he will not offer help - oh, maybe in a real emergency, he would be as good a Samaritan as anyone
else . - until asked. When asked, it's another story. You will get more help than you can imagine, help in
great abundance, more than you could ever deserve or pay back. So it's not that Yankees are stingy; on
the contrary, a Yankee is generous to a fault. But there is a sense of reserve that prohibits the true Yankee
from offering help before being asked. The sense of inviolate space is paramount: "Good fences make
good neighbors," says the neighbor in Robert Frost's poem, "Mending Wall," and the Yankee will not
cross the fence until asked.Another friend of mine knows someone, a Yankee, a chap born so far north in
Vermont that he's nearly Canadian, who comes over to help with his taxes ever year. To re-pay him, my
friend must resort to trickery,leaving something on the doorstep in the middle of the night. To offer
anything else, up front, might tip the beholden scales in his favor and that would be risky.That's what I
think defines this dying breed of the American Yankee: an extraordinary sense of balance and reserve, a
holding off-- and yet, behind all that reserve, a reservoir of generosity and friendliness that can be nearly
overwhelming.

39. Exercise 1
Complete the text.
What is success?
Different people have different definitions of success. In order to critically define
the real meaning of success – perhaps the first and most significant recognition
which any person can make – is that no single defined formula exists which
outlines the way to personalsuccess.
.

40. 5.Classification Essay
u In the classification essay, you have to divide the essay topic into different categories and
groups. It must be based on each category’s predefined criteria. Moreover, you have to
explain the categories in detail.Such an essay type is useful to study the unique features of
a particular thing. For a good classification essay, a writer must choose a topic that can be
easily divided into smaller or more defined groups.Have a look at the following example to
get a clear idea.

41. Classification Essay Example:
Durkheim and Mauss array themselves at the outset of the work against “Logicians” and “Psychologists,”
both of which, they argue, treat the process of classifying things, events, and facts about the world as at
worst innate and at best individually constituted; that is, they assume that there is one essentially uniform
way of ordering the world that is common to all people. In contrast, Durkheim and Mauss mobilize the
anthropologist’s ubiquitous argumentative weapon: the historical and cross cultural variability of nearly any
human phenomenon. Indeed, they contend, that which is commonly understood as classification is of rather
recent origin, having its true birth in the thought of Aristotle. This historical origin of logical classification
presupposes an extended prehistory, during which humanity (or at least one part of it) gradually removed
itself from its original “state of in distinction.”Durkheim and Mauss document this In distinction, or “mental
confusion,” which, they argue, is in places and at times so extreme that “the individual himself loses his
personality.” Human consciousness, in its primitive state, is a continuous and unregulated flow of
representations bleeding into one another.

42. The phenomenon of totemism—the belief in a relation of consubstantiality between members of a social
group and a category of things (for example, bears, eagles, and lightning)—is a vestigial product of this
sort of thought. The primitive inability to distinguish aspects of the world is taken as evidence that in the
beginning, at least, humanity lacked the capacity to classify and that, consequently, such a capacity must
be acquired from somewhere. If it is not the human mind which provides this model, as a priori
philosophers such as Immanuel Kant would have it, then perhaps the
groupings and relations of things are inherent in the things themselves; perhaps, as David Hume and the
empiricists claimed, it is nature itself which indicates how things should be perceived. Durkheim and
Mauss reject this option as well, arguing that the inherent resemblances of things are not sufficient to
determine the complex schemata by which they are apprehended. Having rejected both of these solutions,
Durkheim and Mauss resolve the situation by, as Steven Lukes, Durkheim’s biographer, has put it,
“restating the old epistemological questions in sociological terms.”

43. Exercise 1
Three possible ways to classify
1. By price: expensive, cheap, free
2. By number of players: team , two-player, alone (one-player)
3. By location: sea, countryside , city
For each of the following topics, think of three different ways the topic could be classified.
1. Topic: FriendsWays to divide the topic:
2. Topic: Mobile technologyWays to divide the topic:
3. Topic: HousesWays to divide the topic:
4. Topic: Study habitsWays to divide the topic:
5. Topic: Department storesWays to divide the topic:

44. Exercise 2
Classification paragraph/essay terminology
1. is/are a kind of = Bananas are a kind of a kind of fruit.
2. can be divided into = Energy can be divided into two types: renewable
and non-renewable.
3. are (?) types of = There are three popular types of movie: action,
romantic, and science fiction.
4. belongs to = The Ipad belongs to the category of mobile technology.
5. is a part of = A chair is a part of the category of household furniture.
6. fits into = Avatar fits into the category of fantasy movie.
u Write four sentences of your own using the terminology above.
1.
2.
3.
4.
https://eslflow.com/classifying-and-classification-
paragraph-and-essay-writing-exercises.html

45. Exersice 3
Write a classification essay about below topic.
u Different types of people and their response tosarcasm.
.

46. 6.Process Essay
u The process essay tells you about a task and the method to complete it.
Similarly, it involves a step-by-step guide to making or doing something
For Example:Suppose you have to write the process essay on how to make
tea. First, address the problem and then explain the main steps involved in
making tea.Check out the following examples to get a comprehensive
understanding.

47. Process essay example:
"Act of God" by Joan Baxter
Joan Baxter’s “Act of God' revolves around the consequences of a water cut
experienced by Jillian, a white woman who came to Africa to help the inhabitants of a
small village. Due to this deliberate water cut, the villagers are forced to obtain
unhealthy water from a tank. At the end of the story, Aisha, an African girl, drowns in
it. As the action progresses, Baxter portrays Jillian's changing spectrum of emotions,
emphasizing her insecurity, her anger towards the water company and her guilt
towards the Africans. Through setting and characterization of Jillian and Aisha, the
author suggests that when people are placed in a destabilizing situation, stuck between
oppressor and oppressed, their quest for a sense of belonging and their often irrational
feelings may become their main driving force. The short story takes place in a
fictitious African village, thus providing the reader with the idea that it could happen
anywhere.

48. . [Consequently, it shifts the focus from the actual geographical setting to the struggles
and feelings of the people who live in it.| The post-colonial world in which the action
occurs gives rise to a series of conflictual situations. The main conflict opposes the
water company and the Africans. Their interests are at opposite ends of the spectrum:
the latter need the water whereas the company owners would rather sell it to make
money. Bukari, Jillian's driver, refers to these rich people as " the Talon water mafia--
the men who owned tanker trucks- (who) could sell water to people and 'grow fat."
The anger that is expressed is shared by Jillian, who directs her rage towards her own
industrialized country in addition to the water company. Ironically, at one point she is
also angry at Aisha who tries to fetch water from her tank. [Her indignation towards
the oppressing company owners translates into her momentary rage against the
oppressedAfricans.| The African struggle against the company extends to the authority
of the newly independent government. When Jillian asks why the people do not protest
against the water.

49. Exercise 1
u Sample topic sentences for process essays
1. It is easy to swim if you follow these steps.
2. It is not difficult to make a speech if you have the right preparation.
3. Cooking Thai food is simple when you have the right ingredients.
4. Learning Chinese can be easy when you have the right skills.
5. There are four steps to follow in learning to ride a bicycle.
6. There are three simple instructions to follow when you use a mobile phone.
u Write the steps that should be followed to complete the processes below. Then
write a topic sentence for each topic, usin the topic sentence examples above.
1.How to learn to play badminton
Next
u First, by the right equipment
u
u
Topic sentence:

50. 2. How to impress a teacher
•
•
Topic sentence:
.
https://eslflow.com/practical-process-essay-writing-exercises.html

51. Exercise 2
u Now complete the text according to the process essay that you have
learned.
How to gain self-confidence ?
.

52. • Expository Writing Tips
u 1. Start with your thesis
Your thesis statement is the most important sentence in your essay.Unlike in other
types of essays, in expository work, you don’t have to argue for anything or prove
anything. Your job is to provide valuable information in a clear and succinct manner.
u 2. Compile good notes and resources
The more research you do in the beginning, the better your essay will be at the
end.Gather as much information as possible. In fact, have more than you need so then
you can use it strategically throughout your body paragraphs.
u 3. Organize an outline for your essay
You already know that your essay needs to be formatted in a certain way and that it
needs to be five paragraphs long.But you also need to organize your ideas in a logical
way. That’s where the outline come in.

53. u 4.Finish strong with a conclusion and restate your thesis
After you state your thesis, give a brief introduction, and present your ideas in
the body paragraphs, it’s time to sum everything up.The job of the concluding
paragraph is to reaffirm your thesis in an original way (so you don’t repeat
yourself) and finish the essay to make a strong impression on the
reader.Maybe you won’t be able to leave your audience with jaws open like at
the end of an epic movie, but ideally, that’s what you should strive for.
https://rafalreyzer.com/writing-an-expository-essay-the-ultimate-guide/

54. To conclude
u Expository essays are, relatively speaking, a straightforward affair. In following the
above guidelines, and with opportunities to practice applying them, students
should be able to produce well-written expository essays of their own quickly and
competently.
The ability to write expository texts has lots of practical applications outside the
classroom. Expository writing is a valuable skill in many fields of work, from
journalism and healthcare to science and business, to name but four. The ability to
explain and describe events and processes clearly and objectively is an extremely
useful skill for students to have in their repertoire.
While it can seem daunting at first, it will soon become a well-oiled process. Not only
can writing expository essays help students to express their thoughts, beliefs, and
ideas, but it can help them to organize their thinking too.
https://literacyideas.com/2021-6-24-top-5-expository-essay-writing-tips/

55. Six categories of transition words
• Spatial order. Words used in descriptive writing to signal spatial relationships, such as
above, below, beside, nearby, beyond, inside, and outside.
• Time order. Words used in writing narratives, and instructions to signal chronological
sequence, such as before, after, first, next, then, when, finally, while, as, during, earlier,
later, and meanwhile.
• Numerical order. Words used in expository writing to signal order of importance, such as
first, second, also, finally, in addition, equally important, and more or less importantly.
• Cause/effect order. Words used in expository writing to signal causal relationships, such
as because, since, for, so, as a result, consequently, thus, and hence.
• Comparison/contrast order. Words used in expository writing to signal similarities and
differences, such as (for similarities) also, additionally, just as, as if, as though, like, and
similarly; and (for differences) but, yet, only, although, whereas, in contrast, conversely,
however, on the other hand, rather, instead, in spite of, and nevertheless.
• General/specific order. Words used in descriptive reports and arguments to signal more
specific elaboration on an idea, such as for example, such as, like, namely, for instance,
that is, in fact, in other words, and indeed.

56. Self Check-Expository Writing
❑ Who was my audience? Did I give them enough information
about my topic?
❑ What was my main topic? Did I include enough facts and
details to support it?
❑ Did I begin in a clear and interesting way? Did I summarize
my ideas at the end?
❑ Did I present my information in the best order? Did I use the
right transition words to connect my ideas?
❑ Did I combine sentences? Do my sentences flow together?
❑ Are my paragraphs fully developed with important information?
Do I have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion?
❑ Did I proofread and correct all errors?