Insulin is administered subcutaneously or intravenously as it would be destroyed if given orally due to enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract. It is metabolized in the liver, kidneys, and muscles, and broken down into amino acids which are recycled. Side effects of insulin include local allergies, hypoglycemia, lipodystrophy, weight gain, hypokalemia, and ketoacidosis. Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids from plasma and stimulates glycogenesis, protein synthesis, and lipogenesis while inhibiting hepatic glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis.

1. INSULIN THERAPY

2. PHARMACOKINETICS
• Insulin cannot be given by oral route ? Do u
know why?
As the proteolytic enzymes in Gastro
intestinal tract destroy it, hence it is not given
through oral.
• It is administered by subcutaneous route in
routine and by intravenous route in
emergencies.

3. PHARMACOKINETICS
• Insulin are metabolized in liver, kidney and
muscles.
• It is brokendown to aminoacids and these
amino acids are recycled and reutilized

4. SIDE EFFECTS
• Local allergy
• Hypoglycemia
• Lipodystrophy
• Weight gain
• Hypokalemia
• Hypoglycemia
• Ketoacidosis

5. MECHANISM OF ACTION
Promotes uptake of glucose,
aminoacids and fatty acids from
plasma.
Promotes glycogenesis, protein
synthesis, lipogenesis.
Inhibits hepatic glycogenolysis,
gluconeogenesis and lipolysis.

6. DRUG INTERACTION
• Beta adrenergic blockers
• Diuretics
• Oral contraceptives
• Corticosteroids
• Theophylline
• Lithium and high dose of aspirin

7. NURSING IMPLICATIONS