The nucleus is something we are debating on Celias thread too. Alt.pdf

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The nucleus is something we are debating on Celia\'s thread too. Although not called a nucleus, but rather a nucleoid in the prokaryotic cell, how does the organization of genetic material differ in the prokaryotic cell? Solution Ans. The genetic material of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes are chemically the same- being constituted of A, C, T G nucleotides forming double stranded DNA helix. However, their organization (from naked DNA to chromosome) differ in following aspects- I. Eukaryotic DNA is always linear, whereas that of prokaryotes is circular. II. Eukaryotic DNA is associated with basic histone proteins that facilitates its supercoiling to 30nm fiber. Prokaryotes lack histone proteins. Instead prokaryotic DNA is associated with various nucleoid- associated proteins, histone-like proteins and transcription factors that facilitate its condensation into loosely-packed loops. III. Eukaryotic genome is housed in a double membrane- bound organelle called the nucleus. Prokaryotes lack membrane bound organelles including nucleus. The regions of prokaryotic cytoplasm where genomic DNA is present in condensed form is called nucleoid..

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There are several ways in which the gene regulation in eukaryotes differ from that in prokaryotes, as follows: 1. Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms and do not have defined nucleus, therefore the DNA resides in the cytoplasm. The gene regulation takes place in cytoplasm only i.e. simultaneous transcription and translation. Whereas, eukaryotes are Complex cell structure with a defined nucleus. The DNA is present in nucleus where its transcription takes place into RNA. RNA passes into cytoplasm where its translation takes place into protein. 2 Prokaryotes have naked DNA which are not associated with any protein or other substances to affect gene regulation. Whereas, in eukaryotes DNA forms nucleosomes by wounding around the histone octamers. They are packed within chromatins. This complex structure controls the gene regulation. 3. In prokaryotes all genes are transcribed be same type of RNA polymerase. Whereas, in eukaryotes, there are three different kind of RNA polymerase (I, II and III) involved in gene regulation which are much bigger and complex than prokaryotic RNA polymerase. 4. In prokaryotes the gene expression regulation occurs primarily at transcription stage only. Whereas, in eukaryotes gene expression regulation may occurs at several levels: · Epigenetics: When DNA uncoils for transcription · Transcription: When RNA is transcribed · Post-transcription: When RNA passes into the cytoplasm · Translation: When RNA translates into protein · Post-translation: After protein synthesis. Solution There are several ways in which the gene regulation in eukaryotes differ from that in prokaryotes, as follows: 1. Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms and do not have defined nucleus, therefore the DNA resides in the cytoplasm. The gene regulation takes place in cytoplasm only i.e. simultaneous transcription and translation. Whereas, eukaryotes are Complex cell structure with a defined nucleus. The DNA is present in nucleus where its transcription takes place into RNA. RNA passes into cytoplasm where its translation takes place into protein. 2 Prokaryotes have naked DNA which are not associated with any protein or other substances to affect gene regulation. Whereas, in eukaryotes DNA forms nucleosomes by wounding around the histone octamers. They are packed within chromatins. This complex structure controls the gene regulation. 3. In prokaryotes all genes are transcribed be same type of RNA polymerase. Whereas, in eukaryotes, there are three different kind of RNA polymerase (I, II and III) involved in gene regulation which are much bigger and complex than prokaryotic RNA polymerase. 4. In prokaryotes the gene expression regulation occurs primarily at transcription stage only. Whereas, in eukaryotes gene expression regulation may occurs at several levels: · Epigenetics: When DNA uncoils for transcription · Transcription: When RNA is transcribed · Post-transcription: When RNA passes into the cytoplasm · Translation: When RNA translates into protei.

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http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm (Just in case if needed) Private institutions, on average, laid out dollar 19, 520 per student for instruction [in 2007], a 22 percent increase from a decade earlier, the Delta Project on Postsecondary Education Costs, Productivity, and Accountability, a Washington-based nonprofit research group said Friday. Public universities spent dollar 9, 732 for each student, up 10 percent in the decade, according to the report. How much did private colleges spent per student in 1997? When adjusted for inflation, what was the actual percent change in the amount spent per student by private colleges from 1997 to 2007? (You may use any method; it may help to treat the increase in expenditures as \"a raise\" and use the same approach we used in class to find the \"real raise, \" or \"pay cut, \" if applicable) How much did public colleges spent per student in 1997? When adjusted for inflation, what was the actual percent change in the amount spent per student by public colleges from 1997 to 2007? (You may use any method; it may help to treat the increase in expenditures as \"a raise\" and use the same approach we used in class to find the \"real raise, \" or \"pay cut, \" if applicable) Solution (A) In 2007 = $19,520 22% increase from 1997 In 1997 = $15,110.11 (C) Public colleges in 2007 = $9732 10% increase from 1997 Public colleges in 1997 = $7533.38.

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