Resource List The Biological PerspectiveAmerican Psychological .docx

Resource List: The Biological Perspective
American Psychological Association. (2014). Ethical principles
of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from
http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
Genetics: Heredity, twin, and adoption studies
· Demirkan, A. A., Penninx, B., Hek, K. K., Wray, N. R., Amin,
N. N., Aulchenko, Y. S., Middeldorp, C. M. (2011). Genetic
risk profiles for depression and anxiety in adult and elderly
cohorts. Molecular Psychiatry, 16(7), 773–783.
· Shyn, S. I., & Hamilton, S. P. (2010). The genetics of major
depression: Moving beyond the monoamine hypothesis.
Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824618/
· Kendler, K. S., & Myers, J. (2010). The genetic and
environmental relationship between major depression and the
five-factor model of personality. Psychological Medicine, 40(5),
801–806.
· Elder, B. L., & Mosack, V. (2011). Genetics of depression: An
overview of the current science. Issues in Mental Health
Nursing, 32(4), 192–202.
· Schnittker, J. (2010). Gene-environment correlations in the
stress-depression relationship.Journal of Health and Social
Behavior, 51(3), 229–243.
· Silberg, J. L., Maes, H., & Eaves, L. J. (2010). Genetic and
environmental influences on the transmission of parental
depression to children's depression and conduct disturbance: An
extended children of twins study. Journal of Child Psychology
and Psychiatry, 51(6), 734–744.
Biochemical Studies
· France, C. M., Lysaker, P. H., & Robinson, R. P. (2007). The
"chemical imbalance" explanation for depression: Origins, lay
endorsement, and clinical implications. Professional
Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(4), 411– 420.

· JAMA and Archives Journals. (2009, February 8). Hormone
level during pregnancy may identify women at risk for
postpartum depression.Science Daily. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090202174820.ht
m
· The Endocrine Society. (2009, June 29). Symptoms of
depression in obese children linked to elevated cortisol. Obesity
& Diabetes Week, 151.
· Howland, R. H. (2010). Use of endocrine hormones for
treating depression. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental
Health Services, 48(12), 13–16.
· Krishnan, V., & Nestler, E. J. (2010). Linking molecules to
mood: New insight into the biology of depression. The
American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(11), 1305–1320.
· Karg, K., Burmeister, M., Shedden, K., & Sen, S. (2011). The
serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress, and
depression meta-analysis revisited: Evidence of genetic
moderation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(5), 444–454.
· Munafò, M. R. (2012). The serotonin transporter gene and
depression. Depression and Anxiety, 29(11), 915–917.
· Naninck, E. F. G., Lucassen, P. J., & Baker, J. (2011). Sex
differences in adolescent depression: Do sex hormones
determine vulnerability?Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 23(5),
383–392.
· Young, E., & Korszun, A. (2010). Sex, trauma, stress
hormones and depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 15(1), 23–28.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2009.94
Resource List: The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective
Biological-Cognitive Perspectives
· Beck. A. T. (2008). The evolution of the cognitive model of
depression and its neurobiological correlates. American Journal
of Psychiatry, 165(8), 969–977.
· Lebowitz, M. S., Ahn, W., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013).
Fixable or fate? Perceptions of the biology of depression.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(3), 518–527.
· Mensah, F. K., & Kiernan, K. E. (2010). Parents' mental health

and children's cognitive and social development.Social
Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45(11), 1023–1035.
· Morley, T. E., & Moran, G. (2011). The origins of cognitive
vulnerability in early childhood: Mechanisms linking early
attachment to later depression. Clinical Psychology Review,
31(7), 1071–1082.
Rumination and Self Concept
· Levens, S. M., Muhtadie, L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009).
Rumination and impaired resource allocation in depression.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(4), 757–766.
· McBride, C., & Bagby, M. R. (2006). Rumination and
interpersonal dependency: Explaining women's vulnerability to
depression. Canadian Psychology, 47(3), 184–194.
· Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Roberts, B. W. (2008). Low self-
esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and
young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
95(3), 695–708.
· Michl, L. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Shepherd, K., & Nolen-
Hoeksema, S. (2013). Rumination as a mechanism linking
stressful life events to symptoms of depression and anxiety:
Longitudinal evidence in early adolescents and adults. Journal
of Abnormal Psychology, 122(2), 339–352.
· Stone, L. B., Hankin, B. L., Gibb, B. E., & Abela, J. Z.
(2011). Co-rumination predicts the onset of depressive disorders
during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(3),
752–757.
Belongingness and Social Support
· Chuick, C. D., Greenfeld, J. M., Greenberg, S. T., Shepard, S.
J., Cochran, S. V., & Haley, J. T. (2009). A qualitative
investigation of depression in men. Psychology of Men &
Masculinity, 10(4), 302–313.
· Cockshaw, W. D., Shochet, I. M., & Obst, P. L. (2014).
Depression and belongingness in general and workplace
contexts: A cross-lagged longitudinal investigation. Journal of
Social and Clinical Psychology, 33(5), 448–462.

· Grav, S., Hellzèn, O., Romild, U., & Stordal, E. (2012).
Association between social support and depression in the
general population: The HUNT study, a cross-sectional survey.
Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(1/2), 111–120.
· Ma, Z., Quan, P., & Liu, T. (2014). Mediating effect of social
support on the relationship between self-evaluation and
depression. Social Behavior and Personality, 42(2), 295–302.
Culture: Environment, gender socialization, trauma, and
acculturation
· Cutrona, C. E., Wallace, G., & Wesner, K. A. (2006).
Neighborhood characteristics and depression: An examination
of stress processes. Current Directions in Psychological
Science, 15(4), 188–192.
· Torres, L., & Rollock, D. (2007). Acculturation and
depression among Hispanics: The moderating effect of
intercultural competence. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic
Minority Psychology, 13(1), 10–17.
· Wei, M., Heppner, P., Mallen, M., Ku, T.-Y, Liao, K. Y.-H., &
Wu, T.-F. (2007). Acculturative stress, perfectionism, years in
the United States, and depression among Chinese international
students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(4), 385–394.
· Cox, W. T. L., Abramson, L. Y., Devine, P. G., & Hollon, S.
D. (2012). Stereotypes, prejudice, and depression: The
integrated perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science,
7(5), 427–449.
· Simon, R. W., & Lively, K. (2010). Sex, anger and depression.
Social Forces, 88(4), 1543–1568.
THE CAUSE OF DEPRESSION: BIOLOGICAL 3
Assessment Instructions
Write 4–6 pages about the most significant causes of depression
that presents your position defending either the biological or the
cognitive-behavioral perspective.
Your completed assessment should be 4–6 pages in length of
content, not counting the title page and references page. Use the

two articles you previously analyzed in the Research Analysis
assessment, along with two additional scholarly or professional
sources, to build three arguments for your position and support
those arguments with evidence from research. If you have
updated sources that you prefer to use, you may use those
instead. To help you follow APA guidelines for formatting and
referencing your resources, you may use the APA Paper
Template linked in the
In your paper, include the following:
· Title page.
· Introduction.
· Presentation of argument 1 and supporting evidence.
· Discussion of Principles and Standards of the American
Psychological Association on ethics as they apply to the
research. Cite specific Principles and Standards as applicable.
· Summary and Conclusion.
· Summarize your main points concerning arguments and
evidence.
· Reach a final conclusion about the position and what it means.
· References page.
You can view the Causes of Depression Sample Paper in the
Resources as an example of one way to format your position,
arguments, and evidence.
Additional Requirements
· Written communication: Written communication is free of
errors that detract from the overall message.
· APA formatting: Resources and citations are formatted
according to current APA style and formatting guidelines.
· Number of resources: A minimum of four current scholarly or
professional resources.
· Length: 4–6 typed, double-spaced pages, not including the
title page or references.
· Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12-point.

SAMPLE PAPER! DO NOT COPY!
The Cause of Depression: Biological or Cognitive-Behavioral?
Sample Learner
Causes of Depression Position Paper
July, 2015
Running head: THE CAUSE OF DEPRESSION: BIOLOGICAL
1
THE CAUSE OF DEPRESSION: BIOLOGICAL 7
The Cause of Depression: Biological or Cognitive-Behavioral?
There are many factors that can contribute to the development,
onset, and recurrence of major depression and/or depressive
disorder, whether age, socioeconomic status, marital status,
stressful life events, or even genetic predisposition. Whatever
the contributors may be, the risk factors can be subsequently
broken down and categorized as being either biological or
psychological (cognitive-behavioral) in nature and origin
(Nevid, Rathus, & Greene, 2011). Depression is, in general, an
episodic disorder, often recurring, and can plague its victims for
weeks, months, and even years without evident, measurable, or
sustainable relief (Drevets, 2009).
Major depression, many say, can be attributed mainly to the
cognitive-behavioral perspective, meaning that there are
psychological factors that are mainly attributable to the
development, onset, and recurrence of the disorder. However,
the fact is that “not everyone who encounters stress becomes
clinically depressed” (Nevid et al., 2011, p. 256). In fact, there
is much evidence pointing to the likelihood that “people who
possess variants of certain genes may be more susceptible to
developing depression following stressful life experiences”
(Nevid, et al., 2011, p. 256). Genetic markers for depression

have been found and researched. Familial studies, studies on
genetic markers, and research on chemical imbalances, such as
serotonin, all point to the strength of biological factors in the
onset of depression.
Biological versus Psychological
Some argue that there are many types of faulty thinking that can
lead toward, or intensify depression. For example, a poor self-
concept is risk factor for depression. A person with a poor self-
concept, may feel as if he or she is not good enough for other
people who are significant in the person’s life. According to
Orth, Robins, and Roberts (2008), “The tendency to ruminate
about negative aspects of the self is closely linked to
depression” (p. 695). This can cause a person to feel as if he or
she is not deserving of enjoying the pleasures in life. However,
biological factors may be at play in low self-esteem. Studies
into the serotonin system of the brain have shown that
serotonergic dysfunction plays a key role in the development of
major depression (Drevets, 2009). In fact, abnormalities within
this system, whether through genetic mutation or other medical
or biological influence, have shown to have major effect on
affected individuals to effectively handle life stressors and/or
other negative environmental factors (Drevets, 2009).
Questions have been and are being asked as to whether
psychotherapy can play a significant role in the biological
treatment depressive disorders such as endogenous depression
(Cornell, 1985). In one such study, “[t]hose patients diagnosed
as endogenous subtype did better with medication than
psychotherapy” (Cornell, 1985, p. 22), lending even more
credence to the view that endogenous depression cannot be
exclusively attributed to having been caused by environmental
or exogenous factors.
Familial Links
Depression is under much study as to whether environmental
influences affect certain familial traits and characteristics or
whether certain familial predispositions are, in fact, to blame.
In one study, science is believed to have found some answers,

and finds “major depression to be a familial disorder, resulting
from genetic influences” (Sullivan, Neale, & Kendler, 2000, p.
1552).
As stated before, this study also finds that biological and
environmental influences work in coordination to cause
depressive disorder (Sullivan et al., 2000), but the major finds
of interest were “the prevalence of major depression in
biological relatives” (Sullivan, et al., 2000, p. 1552), familial
aggregation attributed to additive genetic effects, minimal
environmental effects common to siblings in twin studies,
recurrence as attributed to familial aggregation, and that
“reports were consistent with genetic influences on liability to
major depression” (Sullivan, et al., 2000, p. 1552).
Biological Markers
Studies into the cause of depression have yielded much
evidence as to biological markers associated with the disorder,
but not many answers as to the definitive causal factors or how
to effectively or permanently rid the affected individuals of the
disorder plaguing so many people in today’s world. Many
advances have been made, however, and answers may lie on the
horizon. One study has shown biomarkers such as abnormal
levels of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S), an
androne produced by the adrenal gland, and measured in the
blood (Ryff et al, 2006). DHEA-S levels in affected individuals
showing depressive symptoms were found to be much higher,
lending even more credence to the belief of biological
influences being very much at work in the development of
depression (Ryff et al., 2006).
Also, studies into human genetics have found such biomarkers
as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the FK506
binding protein (FKBP5), tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2),
hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (HTR2A), and the serotonin
transporter gene (5-HTT) to be at work in the tracking of
candidate genes in the implication of depression as a biological
disorder being derived from genetic influences (Drevets, 2009;
McEwen, 2009).

Summary and Conclusion
The fact that many people who encounter stress and stressful
life events do not, in fact, develop major depression does not
stand on its own as definitive proof that depression is mainly
attributable to biological factors or to the biological perspective
(Nevid et al., 2011). What serves to further argue the point is
the weighty evidence provided by studies of genetic biomarkers
such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the FK506
binding protein (FKBP5), tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2),
hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (HTR2A), and the serotonin
transporter gene (5-HTT) (McEwen, 2009). These biological
factors have been heavily investigated, implicated, and marked
as candidate genes due to their observed roles in the
development, onset, recurrence, and even treatment of major
depression and major depressive disorder (McEwen, 2009).
The fact that these candidate genes “interact with the
environment to create depression” (McEwen, 2009), and that
certain chemicals and andrones are at abnormal levels in
affected individuals (Ryff et al., 2006) is very evident.
Although environmental factors, such as circumstances and
faulty thinking interact with biological factors, based on a
growing body of evidence, it appears that for many individuals
genetic predispositions and chemical imbalances tend to trigger
the onset of depression more so than environmental factors.
References
Cornell, D. G. (1985). Psychoanalytic and biological
perspectives on depression: Contradictory or complementary?
Psychoanalytic Psychology, 2(1), 21–34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.2.1.21
Drevets, W. (2009). The serotonin system and depression. In
Cold Springs Harbor, Genes to Cognition (G2C) Online. (2009).
Retrieved from http://www.g2conline.org/#Depression
McEwen, B. (2009). BDNF-brain derived neurotrophic factor.

In Cold Springs Harbor, Gene to Cognition (G2C) Online.
Retrieved from http://www.g2conline.org/#Depression
Nevid, J. S., Rathus, S. A., & Greene, B. (2011). Abnormal
psychology in a changing world (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice Hall.
Orth, U. R., Robins, R.W., & Roberts, B. W. (2008). Low self-
esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and
young adulthood. Personality and Social Psychology, 95(3),
695–708.
Ryff, C. D., Love, G. D., Urry, H. L., Muller, D., Rosenkranz,
M. A., Friedman, E. M., & Singer, B. (2006). Psychological
well-being and ill-being: Do they have distinct or mirrored
biological correlates? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics,
75(2), 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000090892
Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000). Genetic
epidemiology of major depression: Review and meta-analysis.
The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(10), 1552–1562.
Cause of Depression Analysis Worksheet
Learner Name:
Name of Perspective:
Table 1: Cause of Depression Research Analysis
Analysis Components
APA reference for Cause of Depression Research Article 1
APA reference for Cause of Depression Research Article 2
The main purpose of this article is . . . [State as accurately as
possible the author’s purpose for writing the article. What is the
author’s position or point of view?]
The main arguments that the author is making are . . .

[Determine the main arguments the author makes to support his
or her position.]
The evidence or facts the author uses in this article to support
his or her arguments are . . . [Identify the facts, data, or
resources the author uses to support his or her argument.
The main conclusions and inferences in this article are . . .
[Identify the key conclusions the author comes to and presents
in the article.]
The main assumptions underlying the author’s thinking are . . .
[Think about what the author is assuming to be true and what
might be questioned. To expand on this statement, you will need
to think about the larger context of the topic.]
If we accept the author’s line of reasoning, the implications are
. . . [What consequence does the author’s argument have on our
understanding of current research and theory?]
If we reject the author’s line of reasoning, the implications are .
. . [What consequence does rejecting the author’s argument have
on our understanding of current research and theory?]
The ethical implications of the research and findings are . . .
[What ethics did the research address, or what ethics would
need to be addressed in implementing the research findings?]

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