Please define the following terms and build a concept map with them: node root sister species pruning time derived characters transitions synapomorphy sympiesiemorphy parsimony mon phyletic paraphyletic polyphyletic polytomy informative characters outgroup homoplasy convergent evolution bootstrapping Solution Node: the part of a plant stem from which one or more leaves emerge, often forming a slight swelling. It is conceptually the point of emergence in the stem. But if root is not there node is not possible. Root: they are usually undergrounded portion of the plant in soil. That serves as support, store food, through which water and mineral enter the plant. Roots can be stated as non leaf, non node bearing part. It can be aerating or aerial. Sister species: Either one species of the two descendant species is formed when one species split during evolution. Hence, sis species is one most closely related to any given species of the group since both of them share ancestral species or group not shared by any other species or group. Pruning:It is possible due to parts that a plant bears. Pruning is a horticulture practice involving the selective removal of parts of a plant, such as branches, buds, roots. Time:The growth and development process of the plant entirely depends upon time. It is the time when we water, cultivate, reap, and harvest or treat plants. Derivative characters : derivative characters depends upon the plant\'s characteristics. For example, when terpenes are modified chemically, such as by oxidation or rearrangement of the carbon skeleton, the resulting compounds are generally terpenoids. Hence we can say that terpenoids are derivatives and having same characters as that of terpenes. Transitions: The plant development progresses through distinct phases : vegetative growth followed by reproductive phases and eventually seed set and senescence. This time of transforming over from veg. to read. phase is refers to as transition. Synapomorphy: it is characteristic of a plant present in ancestral species and shared exclusively (in more or less modified form) by its evolutionary descendants. Sympiesiemorphy: In it, there is a characteristic of an ancestral character or trait state shared by two or more taxa.it is usually considered in reference to a derivative trait state. Parsimony: The parsimony principle is basic to all science and tells us to choose the simplest scientific explanation that fits the evidence. In terms of tree building, that means that all other things being equal, the best hypothesis is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary changes. Monphyletic: In common Cladistic usage, a monophyletic group is a taxon which forms a class, meaning that it consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants. Descendants from a common evolutionary ancestor esp. one not shared with any other group. Paraphylatic :it includes a group of organism that includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants. Polyphyletic: polyphyl.

1. Please define the following terms and build a concept map with them: node root sister species
pruning time derived characters transitions synapomorphy sympiesiemorphy parsimony mon
phyletic paraphyletic polyphyletic polytomy informative characters outgroup homoplasy
convergent evolution bootstrapping
Solution
Node: the part of a plant stem from which one or more leaves emerge, often forming a slight
swelling. It is conceptually the point of emergence in the stem. But if root is not there node is not
possible.
Root: they are usually undergrounded portion of the plant in soil. That serves as support, store
food, through which water and mineral enter the plant. Roots can be stated as non leaf, non node
bearing part. It can be aerating or aerial.
Sister species: Either one species of the two descendant species is formed when one species split
during evolution. Hence, sis species is one most closely related to any given species of the group
since both of them share ancestral species or group not shared by any other species or group.
Pruning:It is possible due to parts that a plant bears. Pruning is a horticulture practice involving
the selective removal of parts of a plant, such as branches, buds, roots.
Time:The growth and development process of the plant entirely depends upon time. It is the time
when we water, cultivate, reap, and harvest or treat plants.
Derivative characters : derivative characters depends upon the plant's characteristics. For
example, when terpenes are modified chemically, such as by oxidation or rearrangement of the
carbon skeleton, the resulting compounds are generally terpenoids. Hence we can say that
terpenoids are derivatives and having same characters as that of terpenes.
Transitions: The plant development progresses through distinct phases : vegetative growth
followed by reproductive phases and eventually seed set and senescence. This time of
transforming over from veg. to read. phase is refers to as transition.
Synapomorphy: it is characteristic of a plant present in ancestral species and shared exclusively
(in more or less modified form) by its evolutionary descendants.
Sympiesiemorphy: In it, there is a characteristic of an ancestral character or trait state shared by
two or more taxa.it is usually considered in reference to a derivative trait state.
Parsimony: The parsimony principle is basic to all science and tells us to choose the simplest
scientific explanation that fits the evidence. In terms of tree building, that means that all other
things being equal, the best hypothesis is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary changes.
Monphyletic: In common Cladistic usage, a monophyletic group is a taxon which forms a class,
meaning that it consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants. Descendants from a

2. common evolutionary ancestor esp. one not shared with any other group.
Paraphylatic :it includes a group of organism that includes an ancestor but not all of its
descendants.
Polyphyletic: polyphyletic of a group of organisms derived from more than one common
evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon.
Polytomy: In biology, polygamy is a section of a phylogeny in which the relationships cannot be
fully resolved to dichotomies, thus presenting an unlikely pictures of many apparently
simultaneous temporally based branches.
Informative characters: in parsimony, maximum of it is an intuitive and simple criterion, and it is
popular for this reason. However, there is easy to score a phylogenetic tree, there is no algorithm
to quickly generate the most parsimonious tree.
Outgroup: In phylogenetic plant, an out group can give a sense of where, on the bigger tree of
life, the main group of organisms fall. Evolutionary trees depict Clades.
Homoplasy: The Cladistic term for the same phenomenon is homology. The recurrent evolution
of flight is a classic example. Ex, bats have independently evolved and they have useful capacity
of flight.
Convergent evolution : It is the process whereby organisms not closely related, independently
evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments.
Bootstrapping: Increasing the profitability of obtaining superior segregating populations is a
major concern worldwide, here is the concept of bootstrapping concerned.