4. 4
Flanders Hydraulics Research
• Founded in 1933
• Department of Mobility and Public Works (Flemish
Government)
• Centre of expertise for research and advice on hydraulic,
nautical, sediment-related and hydrological topics.
• Develops activities for
– other entities within the Government of Flanders
– other domestic and foreign government services
– Private sector.
1
2
43
7. 7
Locks in Flanders
• Head difference:
– Most inland navigation locks: 2 - 3 m
– Sea locks harbour of Antwerp and Zeebruge: approx. 5 m
– Zemst and locks Albert Channel : 10 m
8. 8
Locks in Flanders
• Most common filling and emptying systems:
– Lift gates
– Openings in lock gate
– Short culverts around lock gates
– Long culverts with openings in side wall or in bottom
9. 9
Overview
• Introduction
• Filling and Emptying system Royers Lock
• Third set Panama Locks
• Lock Terneuzen
• Breaking bars for openings in lock gate
• Field measurements in locks
• Comparison software calculating forces on ship
• Real time manoeuvering simulations
• Conclusions
REALITY
NUMERICAL MODELS
IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS
PHYSICAL MODELS
11. 11
Royers Lock
• One of 8 locks that connect Port of Antwerp
with river Scheldt
• Present lock: 180 m x 22 m
• New lock: 250 m x 36.0 m
• Design head: 5.4 m
• Design convoy:
ECMT class VIb (195 m x 22.8 m x 4.5 m)
+ ECMT class Vb (185 m x 11.4 m x 4.5 m)
12. 12
Royers Lock
Filling / Emptying system
• 2 culverts (4 m x 4 m) bypassing the lock gates
• Outlet structure (6 ports 4 m x 1.5 m) based on similar outlet
structures of existing locks in port of Antwerp
• Between culverts and ports: overflow wall
• Design: 2 different geometries of overflow wall were considered
Crest level overflow wall
w.r.t. culvert bottom
Port 1 Port 2 Port 3 Port 4 Port 5 Port 6
Initial outlet geometry 2.8 m 2.8 m 2.8 m 3.1 m 3.1 m 3.1 m
Alternative outlet geometry 2.5 m 2.5 m 2.8 m 2.8 m 3.1 m 3.1 m
13. 14
Royers Lock
Design Filling/Emtpying system
• 1D numerical modelling:
– Asses performance of filling and emptying system
• Filling and emptying times
• Longitudinal forces on design convoy in lock chamber
– Simulated using LOCKSIM software
• 3D CFD-modelling of outlet structure
– Aim: model complex 3D flow pattern through outlet structure
and asses the head loss coefficient of the outlet structure
– Steady state simulations of filling lock, using OpenFOAM
14. 15
Royers Lock
Head loss coefficient outlet structure
• Head loss coefficient :
• From 3D CFD model
Influence of valve losses for low discharge case (BC1)
! Head losses downstream of valves
• Only outlet structure:
Relative height
lifting valve
Long culvert
(discharge)
Short culvert
(discharge)
BC1 (‘low discharge’ case) 12% 114.7 (13 m³/s) 114.9 (13 m³/s)
BC2 (‘high discharge’ case) 100 % 2.35 (62 m³/s) 2.06 (73 m³/s)
𝜉 =
𝑝𝑡𝑡 − 𝑝𝑡𝑡 2 𝐴2
𝜌 𝑄2
Long culvert Short culvert
BC2 (‘high discharge’ case) 2.0 1.8
15. 16
Royers Lock
Comparison computed head loss coefficient
• Berendrecht lock (500 m x 68 m): same head, culverts: 7 m x 7 m,
similar outlet structure with 7 ports 5.0 m x 3.25 m
• In 2008 water level measurements were carried out in lock.
• A 1D network model (LOCKSIM-software) was calibrated with
these water level measurements; head loss coefficient of outlet
structure as calibration coefficient
Local head loss coefficient outlet
structure
Long culvert Short culvert
Flow into lock chamber (filling) 2.6 1.7
Flow out of lock chamber (emptying) 2.2 3.1
16. 17
Royers Lock
Comparison computed head loss coefficient
• New lock harbour Zeebruges (390 m x 45 m), head:
culverts: 4 m x 4 m, similar outlet structure with 5 ports
3.10 m x 2.00 m
• CFD modelling outlet structure
– Steady state simulations
– Long culvert (Filling Lock)
– Both short and long culverts (filling Lock)
Low discharge (15.6 m³/s) High discharge (60.5 m³/s)
2.06 2.31
Short culvert (69.3 m³/s) Long culvert (52.6 m³/s)
2.09 2.09
17. 18
Royers Lock
Comparison computed head loss coefficient
• Comparison local head losses:
– Water level measurements in Berendrecht lock
– Computed from 3D CFD-model Royers lock
– Computed from 3D CFD-model new lock Zeebruges
– :
Culvert
dimensions
Openings outlet
structure
ξ
Long culvert
ξ
Short culvert
Water level measurements
Berendrecht lock (initial model)
7 m x 7 m 7 x 5.00 m x 3.25 m 2.6 1.7
3D CFD-modelling Royers lock 4 m x 4 m 6 x 4.00 m x 1.50 m 2.0 1.8
3D CFD-modelling lock Zeebruges 4 m x 4 m 5 x 3.10 m x 2.00 m 2.1 à 2.3 2.1
18. 19
Royers Lock
Port discharge distribution outlet structure
• Low discharges (BC1) : negative discharge for port 1 and 2
indicating recirculation
• High discharges (BC2) : more uniform discharge distribution
𝑄 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
𝑄𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
6
19. 20
Royers Lock
Flow pattern outlet structure
Velocity (m/s)
Time:
Roof deviates flow towards bottom of
lock
Horizontal vortices near guiding walls
Vertical vortices above jet near bottom
Complex 3D flow pattern
21. 22
Third set of Panama Locks
Conceptual design
• FHR subcontractor of Consorcio Pos Panamax (CPP)
• 2D simulations of Filling and Emptying (F/E) system, using Delft3D
• As well as side wall F/E-system as bottom F/E-system
• Discharge time series provided by Compagnie Nationale du Rhône
(CNR), computed with Flowmaster 2
22. 23
Third set of Panama Locks
Conceptual design
• Longitudinal (and transversal forces):
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑃 𝑥 𝑆
Fx [kg]: the longitudinal component of the hydrostatic force
P [kg]: the displacement weight of the vessel,
S [-]: the water level slope in the chamber (oscillating)
23. 24
Third set of Panama Locks
Conceptual design
• Uniformity β of discharge time series
• Hydraulic gravity center: X-coordinate of the section dividing the
area (to be filled or emptied) of the considered lock chamber
configuration into two equal areas
• Simulations:
– Location ports, ports distance
– With design ship (366 m x 48.8 m x 15.24 m), but also smaller
ships (8000 TEU, 4 small ships, …)
– Uplockage/ downlockage
– Ship positions
𝛽 =
max( 𝑄 𝑖 𝑖=1:𝑛)
min( 𝑄 𝑖 𝑖=1:𝑛)
, Qi [m³/s]= discharge port i
24. 25
Third set of Panama Locks
Conceptual design
A
A
B
B
Selected system:
Xm = 252 – 10us (18m) – 10 ds (18 m)
Hydraulic mean (
∑ 𝑋 𝑖 𝑄 𝑖
∑ 𝑄 𝑖
� )
of F/E-system for different
configurations of sidewall
F/E-system
Xm=location of middle of
ports [m]
25. 26
Entry and exit of Third set of Panama
Locks
Physical model
Description Model scale Full scale
Hull
Length over all (𝐿 𝑂𝑂) 4.356 m 348.48 m
Length between
perpendiculars (LPP)
4.106 m 328.48 m
Beam (B) 0.530 m 42.4 m
Design draft (T) 0.19 m 15.2 m
Tested draft 0.180 m 14.4 m
Rudder
Movable area (𝐴 𝑅) 0.0127 82 m²
Propeller
Rotation direction Right-handed
Number of blades (Z) 6
Diameter (D) 0.1047 m 8.38 m
Expanded blade area ratio
(𝐴 𝐸/𝐴0)
0.96
Pitch ratio (P/D) 1
8000 TEU model ship
Description Length in
nature
Lenght in
model
Lock length 488 m 6100 m
Lock width 55 m 0.688 m
Approach channel width (bottom) 218 m 2.725 m
Approach channel length 3040 m 38 m
Guillaume.delleforterie@mow.vlaanderen.be
Ship sailing self propelled and guided along a rail
26. 27
Entry and exit of Third set of Panama
Locks
Approach wall Outlet (“Wing wall”)
27. 28
Entry and exit of Third set of Panama
Locks
Ship model instrumentation
Ship: self propelled + guided along a rail
28. 29
Entry and exit of Third set of Panama
Locks
• Regular tests:
– Ship entering or leaving lock chamber
– With own propulsion or without own propulsion (tug assistance)
– Different water depths/UKC
– Different eccentricities: centric, eccentric (1.5 m from lock wall),
sliding (0.6 m from lock wall)
• Density current tests
– Spill from filling and emptying system
– Opening of lock gate with fresh water in lock and salt approach
channel
– Static ship moored next to approach wall) and dynamic tests (ship
enters the lock complex)
29. 30
Entry and exit of Third set of Panama
Locks - Test without density currents
Lpp/2 inside the lock
repulsion force
Scenario 21:
• Speed: 2 knots
• Propulsion rate:
Dead slow - Slow
Entry Exit
30. 31
Entry and exit of Third set of Panama
Locks - Tests with density currents
2013: this type of test were also carried out for lock of
Ijmuiden (Netherlands); bulk carrier, other type of approach
wall )
32. 33
New Lock Terneuzen
• Canal Ghent (Belgium) – Terneuzen (Netherlands): connects port of
Ghent and river Scheldt
• Present situation:
– West lock: 290 m x 40 m
– Middle lock: 140 m x 18 m
– East lock: 280 m x 23 m
• Future: remove middle lock
and built new lock
• Collaboration between Flemish and Dutch government
Scheldt
Canal
33. 34
New Lock Terneuzen
Preliminary design lock
• New lock:
– Length: 450 m between outer rolling gates
– Width: 55 m
– 2 pairs of rolling gates
• Filling emptying system: 12 circular openings diameter 2.2 m in
rolling gates with lifting valves
• Preliminary design of F/E system carried out by Deltares (NL)
• Importance of density currents (Scheldt: 21 kg/m³ - Canal : 5 kg/m³ )
34. 35
New Lock Terneuzen
Preliminary design filling emptying system
• To asses filling and emptying times and compute forces on the ship,
taking into account density currents:
– 1D simulations with software LOCKFILL
– Scale model tests using the modified scale model of the Ijmuiden
lock, scale 1:40 (@Deltares)
• Design ship: bulk carrier (265 m x 40 m x 12.5 m)
• Force criteria (relative to displacement weight of ship):
– Longitudinal force: 0.24 ‰
– Transversal force: 0.16 ‰
35. 36
New Lock Terneuzen
Scale model tests
Original valve opening Slower valve opening
Filling lock with fresh water
from upper lock head;
Head: 4.82 m;
Density difference: 16 kg/m³
Slower opening of valves
does not reduce longitudinal
force
36. 37
New Lock Terneuzen
Scale model tests
• Conclusion: openings in lock gate not feasible
• Reference design was changed to longitudinal culvert with
openings in side walls or openings in bottom
• Design & Build procedure is currently running
• Design (tender phase and during execution):
– CFD-modelling of culverts to asses head loss coefficients
– 1D numerical model (WANDA/LOCKSIM/…) for computing filling
and emptying times
• Verification: Scale model test to verify forces and filling and
emptying times
38. 39
Breaking logs for openings in lock
gates
• Filling emptying systems with openings in the lock gate:
– Limiting forces on ship can be achieved by: (“Design of locks”)
• Spreading the flow along width of lock chamber
• Generating turbulence to break down energy of filling jets
• Directing the flow along lock axis
– Generating turbulence: dutch literature advises breaking logs
Evergem (BE)Little lock Ijmuiden (NL)
39. 40
Breaking logs for openings in lock
gates
• Research questions concerning breaking logs:
– Influence of breaking logs on current pattern, discharge
coefficient, …
– Influence of shape of breaking log, number and distance between
breaking logs
– Vibrations, forces on breaking logs
• Gain knowledge on flow through openings in lock gate
• Physical model research
• Comparison with CFD-modelling
40. 41
Breaking logs for openings in lock
gates
• Measurements physical model
– Water level, discharge
– Flow velocity (Vectrino II-profiler)
– Visualisation of flow patterns, using dye injection
– Water level depression above jet
• Studied configurations:
– Circular opening / rectangular opening in lock gate
– Number of breaking logs and distance between breaking logs
– Breaking logs inside lock gate / outside lock gate
41. 42
Influence of breaking logs for circular
openings
• Vertical and horizontal spreading of jet with breaking logs
• Head loss coefficient with breaking logs > without breaking logs
No breaking logs Breaking logs outside Breaking logs inside Head loss coefficient
42. 43
Influence of breaking logs for circular
openings
• Comparison with CFD-modelling
– Steady state simulations with OpenFOAM
– Spreading of jet is simulated, but differences are noticed
43. 44
Flow pattern downstream of breaking
logs
G1 G2 G3 G4
-0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
v/U
0
[-]
-2
0
2
4
6
8
z[-]
z[-]
G1
G2
G3
G4
• Rectangular opening in lock gate; 4 different configurations
breaking logs
• Head loss coefficient with breaking logs < without breaking logs
• Flow velocity relative to 𝑼 𝟎 = µ 𝟐 𝒈 ∆𝒉
• Lower velocity with breaking logs
• Horizontal and vertical spreading of jet
-1.5-1-0.500.511.5
y [-]
-0.5
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
v/U
0
[-]
0 91 [ ]
G1
G2
G3
G4
45. 46
Water level measurements in locks
• Carried out in several locks in Flanders
• Divers are placed in ladder recesses of lock
• Filling/emptying time measured; rising speed of water level,
discharge, and water level slope is computed
Type Range Precision Memory
[m] [%] [# measurements]
CERADiver DI701 10.00 +/- 0.05 % 48000
46. 47
Full scale measurements ship motion
• Inland tanker Elise (105 m x 9.5 m x 2.6 m) navigating on river Lys (Be)
• Measurement of 6 DOF (RTK-GPS)
• Other measurements:
– Rudder angle and propeller rate (video)
– Other shipping traffic (AIS)
– UKC (local water level measurement)
• Validating mathematical model of ship simulator
47. 50
Water level measurements in locks
Lock of Sint-Baafs-Vijve
• Situated on the river Lys
• Lock: 152.5 m x 16.0 m, bottom level: 1.45 m TAW
• Upstream water level: + 8.00 m TAW – downstream water level:
+ 5.61 m TAW head: 2.39 m
• 6 water level sensors were placed
• Water level slopes compared with measurement of ship motions
48. 51
Water level measurements in locks
Lock of Sint-Baafs-Vijve
• Comparison water level slope – trim MT Elise
49. 52
Water level measurements in locks
Lock of Sint-Baafs-Vijve
• Comparison with numerical model results (vul_sluis)
Water level slope in lock
chamber and longitudinal force
on MT Elise computed with
vul_sluis (similar to LOCKFILL
(Deltares))
51. 54
Comparison software for
computation forces on ship
• 5 components of (longitudinal) hydrostatic force on ship :
– Translatory waves
– Decrease of momentum
– Filling jet
– Friction
– Density
Source: Design of locks
52. 55
Comparison software for
computation forces on ship
• Delft3D 4.01.00 (Deltares): 2D Saint-Venant equations; ship =
pressure field
• LOCKSIM Windows version 1.1 (USACE; G. Shohl): 1D Saint-Venant
equations; ship = reduction of wet section
• Openings in lock gate:
– LOCKFILL 5.03.00 (Deltares): Wave propagation + impuls balace
(including jet influence); also influence of density
– Vul_sluis 01.54.00 (WL): idem LOCKFILL; no density influence
• 16 cases for filling/emptying locks with openings in lock gate
– Rectangular / circular openings
– Lifting valves / butterfly valves
– Filling / emptying of the lock
• Comparison computed forces on ship
53. 56
Comparison software for
computation forces on ship
• Lock: 200 m x 16 m; head: 3 m; min. water depth: 3.70 m
• Filling/Empting system: 5 rectangular openings in lock gate (2.10 m
x 1.10 m) sealed with lifting valves; filling the lock
• Ship: 110.0 m x 11.4 m x 2.8 m, moored at 7.5 m from lock gate
LOCKSIM + Delft3D: no influence filling jet
LOCKFILL + vul_sluis: Influence of filling jet
Vul_sluis: no influence of filling jet; only
translation waves + impuls force
+ modified demping translation waves
54. 57
Comparison software for
computation forces on ship
• Lock: 182.5 m x 22 m; head: 5.4 m; min. water depth: 5.33 m
• Filling/Empting system: 4 rectangular openings in lock gate (2.15 m
x 1.50 m) sealed with lift valves; emptying the lock
• Ship: 135.5 m x 16.84 m x 3.2 m, moored at 10 m from lock gate
Emptying: No influence of filling jet
55. 58
Comparison software for
computation forces on ship
• Lock: 473.0 m x 57 m; head: 1.3 m; min. water depth: 18.2 m
• Filling/Empting system: 5 circular openings in lock gate diameter
1.80 m sealed with butterfly valves; filling the lock
• Ship: 82.0 m x 11.5 m x 4.3 m, moored at 55 m from lock gate
Translation waves are most important
! Delft3D: also gate recesses of rolling gates are in model
higher order reflections
57. 60
Real Time Simulations
• Ship manoeuvring simulators:
• SIM360+ and SIM 225: sea going vessels
• LARA: inland navigation
• Simulations of ship manoeuvring towards lock, entering lock,
leaving lock
• Also for real time simulations of ships sailing on rivers
jeroen.verwilligen@mow.vlaanderen.be
58. 61
Lock Sint-Baafs-Vijve
• Situated on the river Lys
• Existing lock: 152.5 m x 16.0 m, bottom level: 1.45 m TAW
• Head: 2.39 m
• New lock is designed: 250.0 m x 16.0 m, bottom level: + 0.91 m TAW
• Design ship: ECMT class Vb (185 m x 11.4 m x 3.5 m)
61. 64
Conclusions
• Different examples are shown of design of locks
• Assessing filling and emptying times, head loss coefficients,
flow patterns in culverts, measuring water level in lock
chamber, measuring ship motions
• Emphasis of combination of numerical modelling, physical
modelling and field measurements
62. 65
Thank you for your attention
Questions?
kristof.verelst@mow.vlaanderen.be
waterbouwkundiglabo@vlaanderen.be
