The West Fertilizer Plant Explosion

The West Fertilizer Plant Explosion
There are disasters occurring all around the world that most individuals will not hear of due to a lack of media coverage. Many of these disasters can
have incredibly detrimental effects on entire populations, and those at risk deserve a chance to educate themselves. Two of the disasters found were the
West Fertilizer plant explosion and the increasing rate of acidification of ocean water. Despite the fact that these disasters pose such incredible dangers,
they were found to be among the least reported on stories amongst media outlets. Although these disasters have not been covered nearly as much as
other major catastrophes, such as hurricane Katrina, they still have far reaching physical and emotional consequences and have their own unique story.
The West Fertilizer company located in West, Texas was in the business of chemical manufacturing and distribution. The night of April 17, 2013, an
explosion occurred as authorities were attempting to extinguish a fire that had broken out earlier that day. The primary explosive agent was found to be
ammonium nitrate, a chemical used as fertilizer in agriculture, which West Fertilizer produced. Ammonium Nitrate is the main component of ANFO, a
commonly used explosive mixture, and is often used by terrorists in the production of improvised explosive devices. The explosion left many injured,
several dead, and caused millions in damages. The oceans cover over 70% of the earth's surface and hold nearly all of the planet's water, but
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Synthesis And Characterization Of Ha / Alumina
Synthesis and Characterization of HA/Alumina and HA/MgO Nanocomposite for Biomedical Applications
V.Vijayalakshmi a*, P.Dhanasekaran a, M.Sathish b a Department of Physics, Erode Sengunthar Engineering College, Erode, India. b Department of
Physics, P.S.G College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India.
Email ID: vijiphysics007@gmail.com
Abstract:
In this study, HA/Alumina and HA/MgO nanocomposites were successfully prepared by using hydrothermal method at 2500C. The mechanisms of
composite formation, crystallite size, crystallinity, morphology, were studied HA/Alumina and HA/MgO nanocomposites. XRD and FTIR
investigations showed an intermolecular interaction between HA/Alumina and HA/MgO. The formation of HA/Alumina and HA/MgO nanocomposites
are polycrystalline in nature. It confirmed in TEM analysis. TEM images further ascertained that HAP/Alumina were formed in a short nanorod shape
and HA/MgO nanocomposites shows nanocluster like morphology. The FTIR measurement shows the appropriate vibrational spectra of HA/Alumina
and HA/MgO nanocomposites. The UV–VIS measurements show the band–gap of HA/Alumina and HA/MgO nanocomposites. This study provides a
platform for further research on the HA/Alumina and HA/MgO nanocomposites for biomedical applications.
Keywords: Nanocomposites; Hydroxyapatite; Alumina; MgO; TEM; X–Ray Diffraction;
1. Introduction
HA– Alumina nanocomposite is biocompatible and has desirable mechanical and physical properties. Less cost, simple synthesis

The Two Arrangements of Water Quality Parameters
There are two arrangements of water quality parameters:
 Conservative
 Non–conservative Conservative parameters of water which are hardness, alkalinity, salinity, and temperature are not affected significantly by
activities of microorganisms. [30] Ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, total nitrogen, pH, phosphorous, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids,
chemical oxygen demand, and oxygen reduction potential which are affected by biological activity are considered as non–conservative. [30] [31] Now
let's discuss the crucial water quality parameters taking into consideration the importance of monitoring them in an aquaculture setting for reusing them
for irrigating processes. So at first nitrogen cycle must be discussed. [30] [32] The nitrogen cycle can be described as follows. Figure 1 The graph of
nitrogen cycle
Boyd, C.E. 1976. Water chemistry and plankton in unfertilized ponds in pastures and in woods.635–636, Stickney, R.R., 1979. Principles of warm
water aquaculture. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which bacteria, aerobic, anaerobic and photosynthetic transform
atmospheric nitrogen to organic nitrogen. [30] Many organisms such as plants also rely on this process for survival. Ammonification is the process by
which organic nitrogen is converted to nitrogenous ammonia by heterotrophic microorganisms. Nitrification is the biological conversion of ammonia to
nitrate. Nitrifies carry out this process and can be autotrophic

The And Hydroponics Will Change The World Produces Food
Aquaponics and hydroponics will change the way the world produces food. By 2050 the world population is expected to exceed 9 Billion people. With
an increasing population and decreasing farm land, the world is beginning to face a serious problem in food production. Not only is the quantity of food
produced in jeopardy, the quality and variety are declining as well. Four types of plants provide more than half the plant based calories – wheat, maize,
rice, and potatoes. Additionally, 90% of the animal based protein consumed comes from only a dozen different species. What is the answer to producing
quality food at a quantity to sustain the world? Biodiversity. Biodiversity, the interaction between different eco systems, has been shown to produce
more and healthier food. Traditionally the answer to feeding a quickly growing world has been to over fertilize, use genetic modification, and ban the
production of crops for use as biofuel. Unfortunately, there has been very little priority placed on developing biodiversity as a means of sustainability.
The research that has been done on biodiversity, such as aquaponics and hydroponics, has shown that high quality food can be produced quicker and
with less resources than traditional growing. Aquaponics is the process of integrating aquaculture, fish farming, with hydroponics, growing plants in
water. Since use of unnatural products such as chemicals, pesticides, and herbicides could potentially harm either the fish or the plans,

Louisiana Chemicals Affect Human Health
Louisiana Chemicals: Sources and Human Health
Piers A. Cropp
Lynn University
Following the industrial revolution, societies across the world began to notice strange effects on individuals throughout certain local communities.
Though toxicology was a relatively new and rudimentary practice at the time, scientists were able to trace these effects back to chemicals being
exposed to industrial workers, their families, and nearby neighborhoods. Unfortunately, industry in the United States continued to expand with little
regard for the effects on human health. As a result from this expansion the amount of chemicals released into the atmosphere skyrocketed continuously
all the way to present day society. However, as industry expanded so did scientific technology, the understanding of chemicals, their exposure ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ammonia inhalation causes upper respiratory irritation. In a study conducted in 1973, four of six participants admitted to experiencing irritation of the
nose and eyes after an exposure to 50 ppm of ammonia for 10 minutes. Thirty percent of the participants described nose, eye, and throat irritation at an
exposure of 75 ppm for 5 minutes. However, low occupational exposure over a period of about fourteen years showed no effect on pulmonary function.
However, rare cases of high concentrated exposure show sever effects. For example, around 1989 an adult male was found unconscious next to a
ruptured pipeline carrying liquid ammonia. He suffered burns on his eyes as well as his skin, and experienced difficulty breathing. Throughout the
following month, he suffered from cases of complete circulatory collapse (which he was resuscitated from) and eventually died from cardiac arrest.
Exposure to high concentrations of ammonia (2,500 ppm) can potentially lead to cardiovascular problems including: elevated pulse, rise in blood
pressure, and cardiac

The Importance of itrogen in the Growth and Development of...
Nitrogen is the most important nutrient required for growth and development of plants. Earth's atmosphere contains about 78% nitrogen gas but
majority of this remains unavailable to the plants. An important feature of our planet ecosystem is the nitrogen cycle, by which nitrogen is converted
into different several other forms. The process of conversion involves both biological and non biological processes. Nitrogen cycle consists of nitrogen
fixation, assimilation, mineralization, nitrification and denitrification (Postgate 1998). The process of conversion of molecular nitrogen to ammonia is
known as nitrogen fixation.
Biological nitrogen fixation is the mechanism of reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to a metabolically active form exclusively by microorganisms.
Biological nitrogen–fixation (BNF) involves the enzymatic reduction of N2 to ammonia (NH3–). Conversion of N2 to ammonia is catalyzed by a
metalloenzyme called nitrogenase. Reaction has a high activation energy because molecular N2 is an unreactive gas with a triple bond between the two
N2 atoms. Therefore, N2 reduction requires at least 8 electrons and 16 ATP moles, 4 ATPs per pair of electrons.
N2 + 8H+ + 8e¯ + 16 ATP = 2NH3 + H2 + 16 ADP + 16 P
Three genetically distinct nitrogenase systems have been found in diazotrophs, namely Nif, Vnf and Anf in which the active–site central metals are Mo,
V, and Fe, respectively (Zhao et al 2006). The enzyme contains two components that are named according to their metal

Goodyear Tyre
CASE STUDY
Heat exchanger rupture and ammonia release in Houston, Texas
(One Killed, Six Injured)
2008–06–I–TX January 2011
This case study examines a heat exchanger rupture and ammonia release at The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company plant in Houston, Texas. The
rupture and release injured six employees. Hours after plant responders declared the emergency over; the body of an employee was discovered in the
debris next to the heat exchanger.
Introduction
The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
Houston, TX June 11, 2008
Key Issues:
Emergency Response and Accountability Maintenance Completion Pressure Vessel Over–pressure Protection
INSIDE . . .
Background Analysis
Incident Description Lessons Learned
Goodyear ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Goodyear uses three ammonia heat exchangers in its production process lines. The ammonia cooling system supplies the heat exchangers with
pressurized liquid ammonia. As the ammonia absorbs heat from the process chemical flowing through tubes in the center of the heat exchanger, the
ammonia boils in the heat exchanger shell (Figure 2). A pressure control valve in the vapor return line maintains ammonia pressure at 150 psig in the
heat exchanger. Ammonia vapor returns to the ammonia cooling system where it is pressurized and cooled, liquefying the ammonia.
Figure 2. Ammonia heat exchanger
3
Goodyear Houston Case Study
January 2011
The process chemicals exiting the heat exchanger flow to the process reactors. Each heat exchanger is equipped with a rupture disk in series with a
pressure relief valve (both set at 300 psig) to protect the heat exchanger from excessive pressure. The relief system vented ammonia vapor through the
roof to the atmosphere.
Liquefied ammonia causes frostbite on contact. One cubic foot of liquid ammonia produces 850 cubic feet of vapor. Since ammonia vapor is lighter
than air, it tends to rise. The vapor can also remain close to the ground when it absorbs water vapor from air in high humidity conditions. The
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) limit worker exposure to
ammonia to 25 and 50 parts per

Taking a Look at Trickling Filters
Trickling filters are one of the oldest types of biological filters. They have a simple design in which media is placed in a container that has a partially
open bottom so water drains out [45]. The biofilter container can be constructed of a variety of materials, including plastic, wood, glass, metal,
concrete, or any other nontoxic substance. The size of the biofilter directly determines the carrying capacity of fish in the system. Larger biofilters have
a great ammonia assimilation capacity and can support greater fish production [43].
From the fish tank water with high ammonia flows into the trickle filter. Since a water–trickles are down over the media, the large surface area and
oxygen from the atmosphere allow nitrification bacteria to oxidize ammonia to nitrite and nitrate. Afterwards, the water exits the trickle filter with
much reduced ammonia content (see Figure 11) [36].
Trickling filters are rugged and easy to operate. They have the ability to treat a wide variety of nutrient levels (see Figure 11). One of the big advantages
of a trickling filter is that the water can leave with more oxygen than it entered. Because trickling filters have a large air water interface, they also act as
strippers to remove CO2, H2S, N2 or other undesirable volatile gasses. The other advantages of trickle filter are low maintenance, self–aerating,
moderate capital cost and medium head application. The only major drawback of trickling filters is the energy cost required to pump the

Case Analysis : Ideal Condition For The Digestion And...
Lalaine Anne Cordovez
BIO 201 (Lecture)
Dr. Joel Brame
September 4, 2015
Case Analysis: Cheeseburger in Chandler
Given all the assumptions that pose an ideal condition for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, this young woman will be able to yield the protein,
fat, nucleic acids, cellulose, and complex carbohydrates obtained from her food and drink. But before we describe how each nutrient goes to a specific
location as well as its process, it is important to know the structures behind these nutrients.
Polymers are basically molecules that are either identical or in similar subunits (monomers) arranged in a repetitive series. Simple sugars are either in
the form of monosaccharide (1 monomer), or dissacharide (2 monomers). Examples of monosaccharides are glucose and fructose, while lactose
(glucose + galactose) and maltose (glucose + glucose) are dissacharides wherein its 2 monomers are covalently bonded by a removal of water. Simple
sugars become complex carbohydrates when it is a polysaccharide (3+ monomers). A complex carbohydrate such as cellulose is comprised of a linear
chain of glucose monomers (even a few thousands) that are arranged in a uniform pattern wherein one monomer is "upside down" to the monomer
bonded to it. Protein (a polypeptide), on the other hand is another type of polymer that is made up of various peptides (a peptide is a molecule made of
two amino acids). Peptides are made using peptide bonds, a process in which an amino acid's amino group

Enzyme Biological Systems By Speeding Up The Chemical...
Enzymes catalyze biological systems by speeding up the chemical reactions included. Enzymes developed from the peroxidase that is obtained from the
different roots reacts with the hydrogen peroxide, which releases H2 and water. The extra hydrogen is indicated by the color change of the solution that
is used to measure the rate of enzyme activity. When the rate of enzyme activity was high, the activity always occurred in the roots in the beginning
stages of their development. However, when the rate of enzyme activity was low during the roots' development, sucrose was present. Sucrose was not
present in roots when the tissues consisted of high activities of acid invertase. Radish roots proved to have the rate of enzyme of activity remained high
until maturity and showed to not have considerable amounts of sucrose. In addition, radish roots can be seen to have similar rate of enzyme activity
when compared to the turnip roots because these roots also maintained a high enzyme activity until maturity and did not have considerable amounts of
sucrose. Both roots, as a result, reduced sugars being the main reserve. Through the experiment having to do with sugar accumulation and invertase
activity during the development of turnip and radish roots, it was observed that these matured roots consumed higher amounts of reducing sugars than
sucrose (Ricardo, 1974). In addition, similar changes in sugar content to the turnip roots, invertase activity and dry weight were also detected

Dinitrogen Research Paper
A catalytic route to ammonia from dinitrogen has been one of the most intensively researched areas of chemistry in the last 50 years. Nitrogen gas
constitutes 78% of Earth's atmosphere, and is easily accessed through the fractional distillation of air. Despite this enormous potential for use as a
chemical feedstock to synthesize ammonia, the inert nature of elemental nitrogen makes it extremely difficult for most practical purposes. Currently,
ammonia is synthesized via the Haber–Bosch process, which uses nitrogen, hydrogen, and an iron catalyst at an excess of 200 °C and 300 atm. The
enormous energy demands of this process consume approximately 2% of the world's annual energy supply. Despite this high cost, the Haber–Bosch
process has been invaluable as a chemical process over the last century because it has solely allowed the agricultural industry to keep up with the rising
food demand of the modern world by enabling the large scale production of nitrogen based fertilizers. Still, a more efficient route to ammonia would
remove a huge burden from the worlds energy supply. Despite our struggles to efficiently reduce dinitrogen, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This mechanism became recognized as the Chatt cycle, and it offered the most reasonable mechanism of biological reduction of dinitrogen under mild
conditions, as well as the most promising route to a synthetic route to ammonia. Nearly every one of these intermediates was isolated and
characterized11, but decades of experimental efforts to develop a catalytic pathway were almost universally unsuccessful, and the field began to grow
stale. While ammonia was observed to be formed catalytically once in the literature, it suffered from a hydrazine selectivity of 10:1, and the exact
pathway could never be

The nitrogen in ammonia makes many people think that it...
The nitrogen in ammonia makes many people think that it can double as fertilizer and promote plant growth. However, using household ammonia,
which is present in many cleansers, can do more harm than good. Learning the ins and outs of this chemical and its effect on plant growth might make
you think twice about using it.
Ammonia and Plants
Ammonia is presents in soil, water and air, and is an important source of nitrogen to plants. Nitrogen promotes plant growth and improves fruits and
seed production, resulting in a greater yield. It's also essential to photosynthesis, which is the process where plants convert light energy into chemical
energy. The ammonia that's present in many household cleanser is diluted in water and contains ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It slowed down and stunted the growth of the plants, dried out the soil and eventually killed them. (See References 5) In addition to this, ammonia
affects plants in that it discolors and burns their roots. (See References 4)
Risk of Ammonia Injury
Ammonia is most likely to injure plants if you don't known what you're doing. Using ammonia is especially risky if you're unaware of the pH of the soil
and water that you're using, and if you don't know the exact concentration of ammonia that you're applying. Concentrations as low as 3.5 parts per
million are toxic to seedlings. (See References 2, p. 25) Also, according to the University of California, applying ammonia too close to the plant and not
deep enough can also result in plant injury. (See References 4) You might be better off and more successful when using a commercial fertilizer to
promote plant growth.
Key Concepts
effect household ammonia ammonia plant growth ammonia plant fertilizer homemade ammonia fertilizer
References
North Carolina Department of Agriculture: Plant Nutrients [http://www.ncagr.gov/cyber/kidswrld/plant/nutrient.htm] The Truth About Garden
Remedies: What Works, What Doesn't, and Why; Jeff Gillman [http://books.google.com/books?
id=aEHoKAFRN6YC&pg=PA25&dq=household+ammonia+fertilizer&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QS5MU4CoAerMyQGUxIGQBg&ved=0CFwQ6AEwBA#v=o
Iowa State University Extension: Nitrogen fertilizers and Soil pH

What Was The Relationship Between The Neolithic And...
The Neolithic and Industrial Revolutions
The two changes in the use of the earth's resources that had the greatest effect on the world population were the Neolithic and the industrial revolutions.
The Neolithic revolution (a.k.a. agricultural revolution) was a change in the way of life of our ancestors. It took place about 8000 years ago among
various tribes in Asia and the Middle East. It included a transition from foraging and hunting to the domestication of animals (most probably starting
with the dog) and to farming. Tribes settled in fertile areas and formed agricultural communities many of which grew into villages and cities. This
relatively stable way of life and the more reliable food supply (and surplus) led to the development ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Biogeochemical cycles
In the carbon cycle, the key events are the complementary reactions of respiration and photosynthesis. Respiration takes carbohydrates and oxygen and
combines them to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Photosynthesis (6CO + 12H O + Light Energy C H O + 6O +6H O) takes carbon dioxide
and water and produces carbohydrates and oxygen. The outputs of respiration are the inputs of photosynthesis, and the outputs of photosynthesis are the
inputs of respiration. The reactions are also complementary in the way they deal with energy. Photosynthesis takes energy from the sun and stores it in
the carbon–carbon bonds of carbohydrates; respiration releases that energy. Both plants and animals carry on respiration, but only plants and other
producers can carry on photosynthesis. The chief reservoirs for carbon dioxide are in the oceans and in rock. Carbon dioxide dissolves readily in water.
Once there, it may precipitate as a solid rock known as calcium carbonate. Corals and algae encourage this reaction and build up limestone reefs in the
process. On land and in the water, plants take up carbon dioxide and convert it into carbohydrates through photosynthesis. This carbon in the plants
now has 3 possible endings. It can be returned to the atmosphere by the plant through respiration; it can be eaten by an animal, or it can be present in
the plant when the plant dies. Animals obtain all their carbon in their food, and, thus, all carbon

The Swine Industry Faces Growing Scrutiny Of Its...
The swine industry faces growing scrutiny of its environmental stewardship practices. With the growing water quality concerns the potential impact of
an individual operation on the environment depends on terrain, soil, weather, animal concentration, production and waste management strategies, and
many other conditions. Some simple strategies to prevent a negative impact include, improved storage, correct application and handling of manure to
limit as many negative environmental impacts. If producers can manage these issues responsibly it will get them one–step closer to a more sustainable
approach to enhance soil, air, and water quality through the effective use of swine manure.
With all these growing concerns producers have came under heavy scrutiny, studies have shown farming practices are responsible for 70% of the
pollution in the nation's rivers and streams. (6) Although sediment, nutrients, and pesticides make up much of this water contamination, manure is a
large contributor because of over applications on a yearly basis. The three common microbes found in swine manure are Escherichia coli,
Campylobacter, and Cryptosporidium all have caused serious disease outbreaks by contaminating drinking water. An EPA inventory of water pollution
problems finds that, improperly managed manure has caused serious acute and chronic water quality problems throughout the United States. (4)
Diminished air quality also poses a public health concern for those living near lagoons,

Shale Gas Of Ammonium And Ethylene
Shale Gas to Ammonium and Ethylene
Nikita Cardenas, Lucas Freiberg, James Watkins, Heitor Almeida Rogerio
RA2
Main Goals:
We are interested in using our shale gas stream, which we currently sell as heating fuel, to create another product of value. We are considering taking
the shale gas and producing anhydrous ammonia, urea, ammonia sulfate, and ethylene. The main goal is to make a greater profit from our shale gas by
selling it as more valuable products rather than solely heating fuel.
Specific objectives and requirements: This project aims to create valuable products from natural gas extracted from shale formations. The shale gas feed
entering the process contains mostly hydrocarbons that can be transformed into a variety of value added chemicals, but it also contains impurities that
must be removed. Carbon dioxide is useful in the chemical reactions utilized to convert hydrocarbons into hydrogen gas (in order to create ammonia),
but at 8 mole percent, the concentration of CO2 in our feed will dilute the shale gas and may cause corrosion. Hydrogen sulfide is not only hazardous to
health and corrosive to pipelines, but also destroys metal catalysts used in the processes downstream. These impurities can be removed using a variety
of separations techniques. Once removed, however, sulfur should not be considered a waste product. It can be collected and used in ammonium sulfate
fertilizer. Depending of the desired quality of gas,

Notes On Advanced Water And Wastewater Engg
Assignment – 3
7404ENG Advanced Water & Wastewater Engg.
Course Convenor –Dr Qin Li
Pollutant selected–Nitrogen
Student Name – Simranpreet singh
Student ID – s2908955
Pollutant Selected–Nitrogen
Boiling point – –210 degrees at 760 mm hg
Melting point – 80.2 degrees
Molecular weight – 14.0067 g.mol –1
Density 1.25*10–3 g.cm–3 at 20°C
1.0Introduction
Nitrogen is a chemical atom in periodic table its atomic number is 7 with symbol N. The standard mass of nitrogen is 14.0067 g per mol. Nitrogen is a
common element due its abundance availability in universe. Nitrogen and its other constitute 78 present of earth's atmosphere and are constituent of all
live tissues. Nitrogen molecules mainly present in air. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 Another cause of the nitrate is decrease the functioning of thyroid gland
 It can create deficiency of vitamin A in body
 Both nitrate and nitrite cause cancer by fashioning of nitro amines
There are ample of reason beyond this because the excessive use of nitrate and nitrite in water and soil change the proportion of nitrogen in water and
human change the nitrogen proportion radically because the use of liquid nitrogen is use for store the vaccines so these are factors when it discharge
into ground or water. Last, the use of nitrate as a fertilizer it also puts effects and combustion process also increase the amount of nitrate and nitrite into
environment
Nitrogen in water
Sea water contains approximately .5ppm nitrogen. This value goes down if we moving from top to surface of sea. At surface or bottom layers its value
is nearly .1pmm.as comparative Sea the river water generally contain .25pmm nitrogen. The form of nitrogen present in water is depending upon the
properties of water. In aerobic water conditions the nitrogen is mainly present as N2 and NO3–, and depending on environmental conditions it may also
occur as N2O, NH3, NH4+, HNO2, NO2– or HNO3. Ammonium, nitrate and nitrite these three plays an important role in any kind of biochemical
reaction but some nitrogen compounds which are present in water some time have a significance affect. For calculation of nitrogen that how much
nitrogen present in

Laundry Detergent Experiment
Laundry detergent, vegetable oil, and vinegar were all used in my experiment to determine the reaction to water and filtration. The laundry detergent
had a brownish color and a small amount of soap bubbles were present when stirred after filtration. The oil had a brown color from the dirt, but no odor
was present and the oil barely showed signs of contamination. Vinegar had a brown murky color despite the very strong odor was not as strong as it was
before filtration. There were identical and different amounts of contamination levels as I went through experiment 3. Ammonia had a reading of 0mg/L
for all three water samples of tap water, Dasani, and Fiji bottled water. Roughly every other reading for my experiment turned out different for at least
one water sample in relationship with the contaminants. Fiji lead in my test results for phosphate with 100ppm, nonetheless tap water lead in all other
contaminants. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Oil was present on the water surface proving my oil hypothesis correct. Vinegar having the least amount of effect on the groundwater, and showing
clear visibility, was also correct despite carrying a slight odor due to contamination. Laundry detergent had a slight soap odor with a cloudy look to the
water, resulting in backing up my hypothesis. For my second experiment the treated water mixed with soil became clearer, thus being filtered and
supporting my hypothesis. For my third experiment, after three water sources were tested for contaminants, Dasani water had the lowest amount of
contaminants, while tap water had the highest levels of contamination, supporting my

Molecular Biology And Biotechnology ( Biotech )
CARBON SOURCE The lignocellulosic hydrolysate will be prepared by the National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH,
UPLB) from sweet sorghum bagasse subjected to pretreatment followed by sulfuric acid (0.75 wt% and pH 1.1) hydrolysis at 100∘C.
BACTERIAL STRAIN
Cupriavidus necator is a bacterial strain that is commonly used in accumulating poly–3–hydroxybutyrate (PHB), the most common type of PHA. It is
most effective when the amount of carbon source present is in excess compared to the other essential nutrients in the medium like nitrogen, phosphorus
or oxygen (Lopez–Abelairas, Garcia– Torreiro, Lu–Chau, Lema, & Steinbuchel, 2015). This bacterial strain will be pre–cultured from within 24 hours
in a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask under 30∘C and 150 revolutions per minute (rpm) without the addition of other carbon source (Martinez, Bertin, Scoma,
Rebecchi, Braunegg, & Fava, 2015). The C. necator culture will be stored at –80∘C in a 2 mL cryovial containing 300 µL of glycerol with 20 grams per
liter (g/L) of xylose (Cesario, Raposo, de Almeida, van Keulen, Ferreira, & da Fonseca, 2014). In this experiment, "dual–phase strategy" will be
performed. This will employ that two different media will be prepared for the first and the second process. The first process will involve the cell growth
or the balanced growth phase. On the other hand, the second process will involve the accumulation of PHA. Both media that will be prepared will limit
the ammonia (NH3)

Sulphuric Acid Production Should Not Be Banned Essay example
Sulphuric Acid Production Should Not Be Banned
Background Information
Acids and bases are chemical compounds with certain properties, and are classified according to several different definitions. There are clear
distinctions between the two types of compounds, and although they share some similarities in their physical and chemical properties, their uses and
applications vary greatly. Acids can be described as having a sour taste, producing hydronium ions in water, forming a salt and water when reacted with
a base and having a pH of less than 7. In contrast, bases follow the descriptions that; they taste bitter, produce hydroxide anions in water, feel soapy &
slippery and have a pH of more than 7. There are three chemistry–based ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1. Strong acid + strong base  Salt + water
e.g. HNO3 + LiOH  LiNO3 + H2O
In this reaction, the products are always a salt and water. The salt, in a reaction between a strong acid & a strong base, always has a pH of 7.00. The
produced ions will not react with the H2O.
2. Strong acid + weak base  Salt
e.g. H2SO4 + NH3  (NH4)2SO4
Usually, reactions between strong acids and weak bases do not result in water being formed, and instead only a salt is produced. This is because weak
bases usually do not have hydroxide ions.
3. Weak acid + strong base  Salt + water
e.g. HNO2 + NaOH  NaNO2 + H2O
The reaction between a weak acid and a strong base results in the production of a basic salt, i.e. a salt with pH > 7, and water.
4. Weak acid + weak base  Salt
e.g. HNO2 + HN3  NH4NO2
"The pH of the solution formed from the reaction of a weak acid with a weak base depends on the relative strengths of the reactants. For example, if the
acid HClO has a Ka of 3.4 x 10–8 and the base NH3 has a Kb = 1.6 x 10–5, then the aqueous solution of HClO and NH3will be basic because the Ka of
HClO is less than the Ka of NH3." (Helmenstine, 2004)
Production of Sulphuric Acid
Sulphuric acid, in its anhydrous form, cannot naturally occur on Earth; however, the natural formation of sulphuric acid does occur, rarely, in a few
different circumstances. One natural occurrence of sulphuric acid happens due to the sulphur dioxide gas produced by volcanoes. Sulphur

Haber Process Essay
Tejas Gandesha
Ms. Rajeev
Science 10
Tuesday, October 24, 2017
Haber Process One World Essay
The Haber Process, also known as the Haber–Bosch Process, was discovered in the first half of the 20th Century, by a man named Fritz Haber. The
Haber could be considered to be a very high on technological advance/discovery in the past 100 years. The world has had many mixed opinions on
Fritz Haber and his development of the Haber Process. The manufacture of Ammonia has a lot of history and science behind it, it has impacted our
history as well as our present day, mainly in our environment. Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, two German Chemists, developed the Haber Process, in the
early 1900s, as ammonia was very difficult to produce on a high ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though, 80% of ammonia produced is used in agriculture for fertilizers (Ammonia, Wikipedia), it is also used for refrigerant gas, to purify water
supplies, and in the manufacturing of explosives, fabrics, pesticides and many other chemicals (health.ny.gov). Ammonia is a in house hold cleaning
supplies. The cleaning solution for bigger projects, industrial use contains larger amounts of ammonia and will cause irritation. There also have been
some negative uses, thoughts, and effects of the Haber Process. With the Haber Process, the nitrogen cycle is thrown off track, and it creates an
imbalance, due to that large amount of extraction from our atmosphere. To complete the process, there is a high fossil fuel input, as you require 400–
550oC and that uses a lot of energy. When ammonia enters the body, due to breathing, it sometimes reacts with water to produce ammonium hydroxide.
This is very corrosive chemical and has been known to damage cells in the body that it comes in contact with. During World War 1, the Germans took
the research used by the German Chemists, to kill troops that were stuck in trenches, with Ammonia poisoning. Every good thing comes with a side of
bad effects, and Haber and Bosch's discovery had almost a full serving of bad. Though we still use ammonia in our day to day lives, as well has for
industrial purposes, there are many ways that it has impacted us negatively.
One of the biggest subject that has

The Production of Ammonia and Its Building Blocks
Also known as azane, ammonia is a chemical compound with one nitrogen and three hydrogen atoms that are tightly bonded together; giving it the
formula NH3. At room temperature, ammonia exists in a gaseous state with a colourless form and a pungent smell. It boils at –33.34°C and ammonia
used for household uses is usually a mixture of ammonia and water. Ammonia provides the right conditions and nutrition that are needed for the growth
of terrestrial organisms. Even in commercial products such as pharmaceuticals, ammonia is directly or indirectly a building block. Ammonia that is
used for commercial applications is called anhydrous ammonia. Since it has a very low boiling point, the chemical should be kept at very low
temperatures and pressure to sustain its liquid form for commercial use. Some products that contain this alkaline substance can be cleaning products or
fertilizers, as ammonia is known to provide the right conditions for plants to grow. Although the chemical has several commercial uses, it is very
hazardous, even in low concentrations and therefore it is important to handle the chemical properly. Inhaling or getting the solution on skin can have
several effects such as burning, fainting and even death. Even low concentrations can cause damage to the human body when over exposed. Production
The natural occurrence of ammonia happens when plants, animals or organic matter decompose, releasing ammonia into the air. Not only that, but
ammonia salts can also be

The Formation Of Prebiotic Compounds On Early Earth And...
The Formation of Prebiotic Compounds on Early Earth and in the Solar System By Trevor Harrison GE 70A: Evolution of Cosmos and Life Scientists
have long sought to understand the origin of prebiotic compounds and its transition into self–replicating biological structures, both as an explanation for
life's emergence on earth and as an assessment of the abundance of life in the solar system and the galaxy. In 1952, Stanley L. Miller and Harold C.
Urey performed experiments demonstrating that the basic foundation of life could be formed when abiotic molecules that existed on early Earth were
jolted with appropriate amounts of energy. However, current models of the composition of early Earth's atmosphere show that it would be difficult for
amino acids to have formed unless they did so in the deep ocean. Martins et al. (2006) explores whether these compounds could have been formed by
the impact shock of one celestial body slamming into another. Succeeding research has investigated whether amino acids formed in space can survive
the journey to Earth and discovered, in space, some of the prebiotic compounds posited in Martins et al. Researchers theorized that prebiotic
compounds could have built up over time in the Early Earth's oceans and then been jolted together with bicarbonate by the impact of the falling meteor.
The study was successful in producing amino acids under these conditions. No matter their source of origin on early Earth, amino acids alone cannot
form a self

The Grand Challenge Of Engineering On Nitrogen Cycle Essay
The Grand Challenge of Engineering on Nitrogen Cycle: Is it Ethical or Not? Engineers have revolutionized the world. Not one person, living or dead,
has escaped the benefits of their works let alone the animals, or microorganisms, or basically everything that constitutes the physical world. They have
made life easier and provided other professionals the tools necessary to discover and better understand existence. They found ways of breaking into
another dimension of any known discipline and have continually advanced the society to a more global and prolific understanding. Then again, like any
other areas in this world, there is a whole different side to this story. Engineers may have brought the wonders people enjoy today but at the expense of
other life forms, like the environment, as well as of the general view on what is ethical. As stated in the code of ethics for engineering practice, it is of
paramount importance to consider the environment, as well as public safety, health, and welfare when performing professional duties [1]. Since the
pioneering advancement in technology entailed environmental crisis and affected public health, it cannot therefore be entirely considered ethical and is
in need of a more profound understanding and creativity to address such issues.
One of the many grand challenges of engineering considered by the National Academy of Engineering is the management of nitrogen cycle. Indeed,
nitrogen is the most common gas in the atmosphere and is

The Vapor Absorption System
1.4 VAPOR ABSORPTION SYSTEM
The attention of the vapor absorption system is growing in the past two decades. The major two advantages are growing up this technology that is low
carbon emission technology and low electrical energy required. This system is operated with the help of low heating sources like solar power,
geothermal, waste heat, low–pressure steam, and it contributes significant energy conservation. Ecofriendly working fluid leads to reduce the global
warming and ozone layer depletion. The following reason is also growing the research interest of the system. It is suitable for small to very large
capacity. Operating cost is too less when compared with other commercial technology, and it is required very less electrical energy to operate the pump.
Less maintenance cost because of heat exchangers and there are no moving parts in the system. The installation can be done in a remote area, and it is
movable. The system can be operated at various cold and refrigeration ranges from –15 to 25 °C.
1.4.1 Overview of Absorption Technology
William Cullen and Nairne invented the mechanical vapor compression system in 1755 and, it is one of the oldest refrigeration device operated based
on the absorption refrigeration principle. He made ice by the distilling effect of evaporating the air. He placed water in contact with air under the
receiver of a vacuum pump. The pump accelerated evaporation of the air and the temperature significantly reduced and; it freezes the water

Copper Cycle Lab Report
The Copper Cycle
Alexes Montalvo Chem 1500–10 September 26, 2012
The Copper Cycle
Introduction:
The Copper Cycle is a popular experiment used to determine if an element, in this instance, copper, reverts to its elemental form after a chain of
reactions. This experiment is very dangerous because of the reactions between the strong acids and bases. In this experiment I performed a series of
reactions starting with copper metal and nitric acid to form copper (II) nitrate. Then I reacted copper and several other solutions such as, sodium
hydroxide, sulfuric acid, ammonium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid to form precipitates. In conclusion my percent recovery ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If you see a deep blue color add more zinc powder until there is no change in color of the solution in the test tube.
XI. Inside the fume hood, add a good amount of Hydrochloric Acid, HCl(aq), to the solution in the 250 ml beaker to remove excess zinc. (accelerate
reaction by heating if the reaction appears slow)
XII. Take the 250 ml beaker to your lab bench. Set up a gravity filtration with a plastic funnel, folded wet filter paper, and an Erlenmeyer flask. Pour the
content in the 250 ml beaker slowly through the filter paper. Wash the filter paper with deionized water. Dispose of the filtrate in the proper labeled
waste container.
XIII. Carefully remove the copper metal from the filter paper onto the watch glass. (with a spatula) Place a 400 ml beaker on a hot plate contained with
water. Carefully place the watch glass before the water boils to dry the copper metal. (Use the tongs to handle the hot watch glass)
XIV. Record your observations of the dried, cooled copper metal and weigh the recovered copper.
Data Collection and Observations:
I started with elemental copper metal and then reactions occur step by step as follows:
|Experimental stage |Observations |
|1. Copper metal (penny) at the start |Tarnished, worn out, brownish, copper–colored, fine solid. |
|2.

Comparing The Adaptations For Nitrogenous Excretion Across...
Report Comparing the Adaptations Relating to Nitrogenous Excretion across Three Taxonomic Groups
All organisms produce waste nitrogen products as part of their metabolism. Nitrogen is obtained from the diet in the form of protein and nucleic acids.
When a protein is ingested, the tertiary and secondary structures of the protein are denatured. The peptide bonds are also broken, separating the protein
into individual amino acids, the basic structure of which is displayed in Fig. 1.1.
Amino acids are used to synthesise variety of functional compounds, including nucleic acids and enzymes. However, when amino acids are obtained in
the diet in excess of those needed for synthesis of functional nitrogenous compounds, they are either catabolised as energy sources or used as sources of
carbon chains for synthesis of non–nitrogenous storage compounds. When amino acids are used as energy sources or for the synthesis of non–
nitrogenous compounds, the nitrogenous component of the acid must first be removed. The amino group, –NH₂, is the nitrogenous component of
protein and is removed from the amino acid by a catabolic process called deamination. This process removes the amino group from the amino acid and
converts it to ammonia (NH₃).
The ammonia is highly toxic and must either be excreted quickly or converted to a less toxic waste product, such as urea or uric acid, and then excreted.
Organisms that excrete nitrogen as ammonia (Fig. 1.2) are ammonotelic. Organisms that convert

A Training On Cold Storage
A Training on Cold Storage The Technology and Management of Cold Storage Training Place: Saligram Tiwari Cold Storage Amritpur, Farrukhabad
(U.P.) Training Period: 15.05.2014 To 06.06.2014 Guided By: Mr. Rahul Deo Tiwari ( Engineer) Submitted to: Submitted By: Naleeni Ramawat Nikhil
Dev Tiwari (Acting Head) ABSTRACT Cold storages form the most important element for proper storage and distribution of wide variety of
perishables, especially fruits and vegetables. According to a rough estimate 25% of fruits and vegetables worth crores of rupees are spoiled every year
for want of adequate post harvest technologies including cold storages. It is therefore necessary that cold storages are to be constructed in major
producing as well as consuming centers. Since there is no cultivation of generally cold stored items like apple, oranges, chilly etc. in some states. The
demand of off seasonal vegetables and fruits are very much, so the consumption of these type of vegetables and fruits are very high. The most obvious
losses after harvest are caused by mechanical injury, decay and aging. Losses in moisture, vitamins, sugars and starches are less obvious, but they
adversely affect quality and nutrition. Rough handling and holding at

A Research On Organic And Chemical Essay
Organic and chemical are both antagonistic words, and both are rivals to say in the horticulture and agriculture industries, as one of the words invokes a
sense of greenery and meadows while the other hinders to synthetic mixtures and various concoctions in a sterilized environment. What organic
fertilizers means is that they are minimally processed, in which the nutrients are sourced in their natural form. Most of these sources are made from
plant waste, animal wastes, and powdered materials such as glacial rock dust and bone meal. On the other hand, chemical fertilizers are refined
nutrients from extracts that are mixed with chemical dressings to create a specific ratio. Chemical fertilizers are made from petroleum products, certain
rocks, and also from organic sources.
100 years ago a lone chemist, Fritz Haber, discovered ammonia synthesis, a process in which Fritz used a sheet of osmium inside a steel chamber,
flowing with nitrogen and hydrogen gas, and packed with pressure and enormous heat, created ammonia. Fritz was a genius, and he discovered
something many scientists had been frantically researching for years, the idea of turning nitrogen gas, which was abundant in the atmosphere, into a
physical form in which plants can take up as nutrients. The advent rise of chemical fertilizers has brought humans many great harvests in the turn of the
last century. It has given the ability for agriculture to sustain and feed humanity at an ever more increasing rate, from 1.6

Ammonia and Haber Process
7.4
Case Study: The Haber Process:
Ammonia for Food and Bombs
From: Eros Wang
To: Ms. Irumekhai
Date: March 30, 2012
1. Suggest five factors that could affect the production of ammonia in the Haber process. Explain the effect of each factor, using rate theory.
The Haber process itself is a delicate balancing act because of all the factors that affect the yield of ammonia. In the Haber process, the nitrogen,
hydrogen and ammonia are in equilibrium. So five factors that affect the production of ammonia would be:
a) Temperature. The reaction is an exothermic reaction, meaning it produces heat. The higher the temperature in the reaction chamber, the less ammonia
is produced, as the equilibrium shifts to the right to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[pic]
Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) RDX is the main ingredient in plastic explosives. [pic]
c) Write the chemical equation that describes a nitroglycerine explosion. Why is this reaction explosive? 1.4 C3H5 (ONO2)3([pic]) [pic]12 CO2(g) +
10 H2O(g) + 6 N2(g) + O2(g) Nitroglycerin is a dense, oily liquid that detonates if heated to 218°C or if subjected to mechanical shock. The molecule
is explosive for three reasons: 1). Nitroglycerin contains both oxidant and fuel. 2). The decomposition is highly exothermic. Many reactions occur when
nitroglycerin detonates, but the overall process can be written 4C3H5(ONO2)3([pic]) [pic]12 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(g) + 6 N2(g) + O2(g) The reaction
releases an enormous amount of heat because many strong bonds in the product gas molecules replace the fewer, weaker bonds in nitroglycerin. Every
mole of nitroglycerin that detonates releases about 1.5 MJ of heat! 3). A large volume of gas is produced
d) What is gun cotton? What are its uses? How is it made? Nitrocellulose is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through
exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent. When used as a propellant or low–order explosive, it is also known as guncotton.
6. a) Using equilibrium principles only, what advice would you give the company regarding the best environment mental conditions for optimal
ammonia

Essay on History of Chemistry and Technology
In this paper I will be writing about chemistry and technology. The paper will be on how much chemistry is used in modern technology. The first thing
I'm writing about is Sulfur, sulfuric acid. The next thing is Phosphorus, phosphoric acid. The last thing is Nitrogen. Chemistry is more important than I
ever imagined it would be.
The first thing is Sulfur is a member of the sixth main group of the periodic table. It is a yellow solid which is not soluble in water. It is not a metal. In
nature, it occurs in two crystalline structures: Monoclinic and hexagonal. Sulfur burns in air as a blue flame, producing sulfur oxide. It forms sulfides
with a number of metals. It is used in the production of some medicines, rubbers and fungicidal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the characteristic gleam of white phosphorous in the dark, which has led to glowing materials being called phosphorous. Then comes
Phosphoric acids are those which come from phosphorus derived from oxygen–containing acids. Phosphoric acids are relatively strong and non–
volatile. They have a pleasant–smelling odor and are non–toxic. When added to some drinks, they are taste boosters, making these drinks have more
intensive tastes. They are produced by dissolving phosphoric oxide in water. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is the most important of all of the phosphorous–
containing acids. It is found in numerous physiologically important compounds (for example in DNS). Besides the better–known H3PO4, there are
other phosphorous–containing acids such as H3PO3 which is produced as an intermediate in the dissociation reaction with water at a temperature of
over 200° C.
The last thing is Nitrogen is the first element of Group V main group elements, a group that is called the nitrogen group. The nitrogen atom has five
electrons in its outermost electron shell. Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless gas which is found as a two–atom molecule in nature. The two nitrogen atoms
are joined by a triple bond. Each nitrogen atom has one unbounded electron pair. Nitrogen was recognized as one component of air in 1777 by C.W.
Scheele. At the time, it was found not to be essential for either combustion processes or organism respiratory functions. It is almost completely
insoluble in water. It does

The Effects Of Nitrogen On The Dairy Industry
Nitrogen is one of the main biogeochemical elements, around which a cycle supports life on Earth. Nitrogen can be found in many forms, one of which
is nitrite, a toxic chemical that can produce severe abnormalities in animals (Binta and Mushi, 2012). Nitrite is formed from nitrate by micro–organisms
and bacteria present in soil, water, saliva, and the large intestine of most animals. These micro–organisms are present in high amounts in ruminants such
as cows, which poses serious implications on the dairy industry as nitrite poisoning, if nitrate levels are not closely monitored, can lead to the death of
large numbers of livestock as well as birth defects in calves. In ruminants, nitrate is reduced to nitrite, and the rumen microbes utilize this nitrite by
converting it into ammonia as a nitrogenous source important in DNA production and synthesis of amino acids (Robson, 2007). Though, when levels of
nitrogen rise in excess, nitrite accumulates in rumen, and is then rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream, then reacting with the ferrous form of
haemoglobin to form met–haemoglobin (met–Hb) (Sidhu et al., 2011). This is a serious issue as met–Hb is a poor transporter of oxygen and the animal
suffers from oxygen deficiency. Nitrite poisoning has become more common over the past century as application of nitrogen fertilizer to farmland
improves both quality and yield of milk produced by cattle (Sidhu et al., 2011). Nitrogen increases the levels of crude protein in forage, which

The Fda And The Usda Deems It Safe For Beef Manufacturers
The FDA and the USDA deem it safe for beef manufacturers to use ammonia in their meat filler. In fact "70% of meat filler contains ammonia" (Avila,
"70 Percent of Ground Beef at Supermarkets Contains Pink Slime."). Millions of Americans consume beef daily, and are unaware of what actually
makes up the meat they are consuming. Because the hamburger is such a staple in many American's diets it didn't take long for someone to develop a
cheap solution to produce more burger product for consumers, and to make a greater profit. Beef Products Inc. in South Dakota after lots of testing
came up with the solution of injecting low grade beef with ammonia and creating a cheaper product by using fatty trimmings that were sold for pet food
(Avila, "70 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Is Pink Slime Bad for Your Health?" Live Science). The result looks like a pink slime. The Question I ask throughout this paper is if ammonia is safe?
My goal is to reveal the facts and to bring awareness to people.
Ammonia: Beef or Pink Slime?
By: Sara Beth Wilken
In 1984, the humorous advertising slogan for Wendy's fast food chain, "Where 's the beef?" became very popular and was meant to show their beef
patties were much larger when compared to other fast food burger establishments (Reno Gazette). The pictures of their patties were obviously bigger,
but we all missed the most important question. What is in the beef patties?
Americans consume approximately "5 billion hamburgers each year which equates to roughly 1.2 billion pounds of meat" (Reno gazette). Most
consumers assume that the hamburger they eat is composed primarily of meat. However, Fast Food Burgers: What are we really eating? Published a
recent study that analyzed eight different brands of fast food hamburgers revealing a different truth (Reno gazette). The answer of what our burgers are
made of is mostly water. The amount of water in these burgers was as much as "37–64 percent which is something most likely all consumers would
never consider" (Reno gazette). This raises the question; how much actual beef are the burgers we consume made of? Surprisingly, the meat content
was as low as "2 to 15 percent" in

West Fertilizer Company Case Study
West Fertilizer Company Fire & Explosion
Case Study Report
Group 6
Abhinandan Sakhare, Jawahar Khetan, Mahati Ganji
Abstract
On the 17th of April, 2013 a fire and subsequent explosion at the West Fertilizer Company facility in West, Texas caused the death of twelve emergency
responders, three civilians and injured over two hundred and sixty others. The explosion destroyed the WFC site and many other buildings, making it
one of the "most destructive incidents investigated by the U.S. Chemical Safety Board."[2] The CSB report found that a fire of unknown source caused
the piles of stored ammonium nitrate to be covered with soot which heated up and eventually caused the ammonium nitrate to detonate. OSHA and the
EPA, neither had regulations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was used for the storage of fertilizer, grain, farm equipment and herbicides and employed ten people. The main building of about 12,000 square feet
stored fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate in plywood bins approximately 10 feet high and 8 to 20 ft wide but they were rarely full since the structure
could not handle the weight [2]. As the building was over fifty years old and had a wooden frame construction, it did not have sprinklers or fire alarms
[4]. Table 1 shows the inventory stored in the WFC at the time of the explosion. Table 1: Inventory in WFC in April 2013[2]
During a period of several years, the city of West led to the development of land near West Fertilizer Company including parks, apartment complexes,
schools, and a nursing home. The following figure and table shows the location and people in various buildings near the company [2]. Figure 1:
Neighborhood of WFC [2] Table 2: Overview of WFC facility [2]
1.3 Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate is relatively inexpensive to produce, has a 100% bioavailable nitrogen content and is highly soluble in water making it one of the
most widely used fertilizers today [6]. However, it also has an established history of being used as an industrial explosive, most significantly in
Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) which makes up over 80% of explosive use in the US [6]. Although pure ammonium nitrate is not flammable or

Biochemical Test E. Coli
I had discovered that my unknown microbe is Escherichia coli (E. coli). After performing various biochemical tests E. coli seemed to fit my microbe
the best with only having two misguided biochemical tests that had not fit the data. The tests that were performed included the MRVP test, catalase test,
oxidase test, nitrate test, citrate slant test, phenylalanine deaminase test, urea test, SIM test, TSI test, and starch test. These tests helped me discover my
microbe along with a few other tests. The first biochemical test I performed was the MRVP test. This test is known as the Methyl Red and Vages–
Proskauer test. It is a broth containing peptone, buffers, and dextrose or glucose. My microbe was Methyl Red positive and Vages–Proskauer negative.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This test is used to see if the microbe can hydrolyzes urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. When there is an alkaline environment the color turns to
pink. Turning pink would present a positive result. The SIM test tested negative for sulfur reduction presenting no sign of the color black, positive for
indole production presenting the color red, and positive for motility. Sulfur reduction is a test used to differentiate enteric bacteria. The indole
production test differentiates Enterobacteriaceae. For testing a wide variety of organisms the motility test is used. The TSI test stands for triple sugar
iron agar, my results had turned out positive presenting a yellow slant and yellow butt (acid/acid). The microbe was a lactose fermenter. The test is used
to see the fermentation of lactose, glucose, and sucrose. The last test I had done was the starch hydrolysis. I had gotten a positive result when the result
should have been negative. A halo may or may not be seen with the presents of iodine. When a halo is present it is positive, starch is present. When a
halo is not present it means there is an absence of starch. When the media is positive it means that extracellular enzymes are capable of diffusing into
the medium. E. coli is supposed to be starch

The natural rubber industry products have a large demand...
The natural rubber industry products have a large demand globally for their various uses in different applications. Rubber is used to manufacture
products in every field, from automobile parts, medical devices, plumbing, electrical, stationary, etc. India is ranked third in the world producers of
natural rubber [4]. In the Dakshina Kannada region of Karnataka agriculture is one of the main occupations of the locals. Rubber, Arecanut, Paddy,
Coconut, etc., are commonly grown in this region of which the rubber industry is the most polluting. The rubber industry pollutes through the
wastewater generated during manufacture and also air emissions depending on the drying process adopted. The rubber industry is vast as it consists of
farms, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The liquid latex contains around 60% of dry rubber and it varies with the climate, i.e. the water content in the latex increases during the monsoon
season.The latex is used to produce five main products, namely Ribbed Smoked Sheets (RSS), Air Dried Sheets (ADS), Block Rubber, Crepe Rubber &
Concentrated Latex. These products are further used to produce other rubber products for various applications such as tyres, gloves, insulations, tubes,
etc. In Dakshina Kannada region, Ribbed Smoked Sheet & Air Dried Sheets are the commonly produced of the five types, and are similar except for the
method adopted for drying. These are produced from small scale farms to large scale plantations.
1.2.1. RUBBER SHEET MANUFACTURING PROCESS:
In the production of Ribbed Smoked Sheets and Air Dried Sheets, latex from the trees is carried back to the rolling house for processing. In certain
cases where the plantation is located far away from the rolling house, ammonia is added to the latex to prevent early coagulation. Early coagulation of
rubber particles before the processing stage leads to the production of low grade sheets and hence an economic loss. If ammonia is added to prevent
early coagulation, then higher amounts of acid are required during the coagulation stage. At the rolling house the latex is mixed with water in a ratio of
2:1 to improve its consistency, and formic acid (5ml each tray) which helps in coagulation. A mixture of 2 litres rubber

A Brief Biography of Henri Louis Le Chatelier
Henri Louis Le Chatelier (i) Henri Louis Le Chatelier was a world renowned chemist known primarily for his work in developing "Le Chatelier's
Principle". Henri was born to an academic bourgeoisie family on October 8th, 1850, in Paris France (1). Le Chatelier was fortunate as his father, Louis
Le Chatelier, was able to teach him the basics of math and science, thus giving him a head start, and due to his parent's status and wealth he was able to
study at several universities (2). Le Chatelier's earned his first degree from the College Rollin in 1867 and another in 1868 (2). He then went on to
attend l'École Polytechnique after which he was named second lieutenant with the rest of his class (3). Before continuing his education he briefly served
in the French army during the Franco–Prussian war and fought in the siege of Paris (3). After the war he studied at l'École des Mines in Paris earning a
degree in mining engineering in 1873 (2). Le Chatelier spent the next few years working as an engineering miner throughout France but he switched
careers and became a lecturer in 1877 after being offered a position to teach chemistry at l'École des Mines (2). The year before Le Chatelier married
Genevieve Nicolas who bore him three boys and four girls (2). There Le Chatelier studied the chemistry of cement, plaster and various alloys becoming
an expert in these fields and uncovering that when cement mixes with water a super saturated solution is formed which in its solidification forms

Depletion Of The Reducing Agent Of Sodium Tioglycolates
This test utilizes a medium that has an oxygen gradient, meaning that most of the oxygen was at the top of the tube, and the least amount of oxygen was
at the bottom of the tube. To prepare this medium, a reducing agent called Sodium thioglycolate was added, removing the free oxygen by chemically
binding with it. Thioglycolate broth, also called a reducing medium, eradicates the tube of oxygen. Rasazarin is a pink dye that indicates oxygen
depletion an indicator for oxygen depletion. The test results determine oxygen requirements the organism requires.
1. Strict aerobes need oxygen to grow. Growth will only appear at the top of the tube.
2. Strict anaerobes require the complete absence of oxygen. Growth will only appear at the bottom of the tube.
3. Facultative Anaerobes do not require oxygen, but develop best aerobically. Growth will be shown throughout the tube, usually more at the top and
minimizes as the microbe descends.
CATALASE TEST:
Some facultative aerobes have the enzyme called catalase, which catabolizes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into harmless water plus oxygen. A chunk of
the unknown colonies was transferred onto a slide and added a drop of H2O2 onto the colony. A positive test result showed oxygen bubbles rising up
from the plate. That meant that the organism had the enzyme, resulting as catalase positive. A negative result showed no appearance of bubbles.
OXIDASE TEST:
Some aerobes have the enzyme called cytochrome oxidase, which is a molecule that is a terminal electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain
(ETC). A Q–tip was used to pick up the unknown organism and then administrated a drop of reagent, Dimethyl–p–phenylene diaminic hydrochloride.
Results were obtained within a minute duration. If purple was observed in less than a minute, it was positive for oxidase. If there was no color change
within a minute, it was negative.
OXIDATION–FERMENTATION (O–F) TEST FOR GLUCOSE
This test attempts to extrapolate a microbe's ability to ferment or oxidize glucose. The pH indicator utilized in this test was Bromthymol blue, which is
yellow when acid is present. The procedure involved stabbing two O–F tubes of glucose. One tube needed a layer of sterile oil to create an anaerobic
environment

The Treatment of Wastewater with Microalgae Essay
2.1 Wastewater Treatment with Microalgae
Microalgae have a great potential to solve energy and environmental challenges around the world. Wastewater treatment with microalgae is a more
environmental sound approach to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus and to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Microalgae can absorb significant
amount of nutrients because they need large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus for proteins (45–60% microalgae dry weight) and metals as
micronutrients for their growth. William Oswald first developed the idea of treating wastewater using microalgae and performed photosynthesis in
sewage treatment [29]. Figure 2.1 briefly depicts the process involved in high rate algal pond in which algae plays a dual role by ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
2.2.1 Nitrogen
Organic nitrogen is the key element in biological substances like enzymes, peptides, proteins, chlorophylls and energy transfer molecules such as ADP
(Adenosine diphosphate) and ATP (Adenosine–5'–triphosphate) [33]. Organic nitrogen is derived from inorganic sources including nitrite (NO2–),
nitrate (NO3–), nitric acid (HNO3), ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+), and nitrogen gas (N2). Microalgae has an ability to convert inorganic
nitrogen be only in the forms of nitrite, nitrate and ammonium to organic nitrogen through a process called assimilation. Only eukaryotic algae can
perform assimilation [32]. Figure 2.2 describes the assimilation process of inorganic nitrogen. As shown in the figure 2.2, translocation of inorganic
nitrogen takes place across the plasma membrane where reduction of nitrate takes place followed by the incorporation of ammonium into amino acids
and glutamine. Initially nitrate is reduced to nitrite by a "NADH–dependent" nitrate reductase and the nitrite reduced to ammonium by "NADPH–
linked" nitrite reductase present within the algae. The resulting ammonium is assimilated to form amino acids by glutamine and glutamate synthase
within the intracellular fluid using adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glutamate (Glu) and glutamine synthase. Thus, all inorganic forms of nitrogen are
finally reduced to organic form (amino acids) [32]. Figure 2.2 Conversion of inorganic

The New Zealand 's Landscape
New Zealand's landscape is commonly identified by many people worldwide as being clean, fresh and pure. The rivers, lakes, wetlands and pastoral
areas within New Zealand are all unique and allow life to flourish. However, over recent years, in some rural and urban areas, water quality has slowly
become more and more polluted as the need to use land by many growing industries has intensified with one of New Zealand's main land users being
Dairy Farming. This is a huge part of New Zealand with dairy exports contributing $17.6 billion into the national economy in the previous season of
2013–2014. However, the problem that comes with having a higher population of cows than humans within New Zealand (4.9 million cows) is that the
amount of waste that is deposited into the soils and waters is excessive. Even though nitrates and phosphates within the waste are essential for the
nutrients of plants and soils, immense amounts can eventually be leaked through the soils or runoff into the streams, polluting the ground waters and
rivers creating a vast problem environmentally, socially and economically. This issue summons huge conflict and controversy as contaminated rivers
can cause numerous health issues and cultural distraught that comes with the steady increase of pollution within New Zealand's waterways. However
this doesn't seem to be as much of an issue to many farmers and dairy industries as their farms create a large profit which seems to be their prioritized
focus. Without

The West Fertilizer Plant Explosion

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