strptomycin

1. Streptomycin

2. Antibiotics are complex chemical secondary metabolites, which are produced by
microorganisms and acts against other microorganisms. The term antibiotics had its
origin from Greek word anti = “against” + biotikos = “fit for life”. An antibiotic inhibit the
growth of other microorganisms even when used at low concentration. The term
antibioticdescribes any substance produced by a microorganism that is antagonistic to the
growth ofother microorganisms in high dilution.
CLASSIFICATION
1. Broad spectrum antibiotics are control the growth of several unrelated organism. These
includes tetracycline, chloramphenicol.
2. Narrow spectrum antibiotics are effective against selected species of bacteria. These
includes penicillin, streptomycin.
MICROORGANISMS PRODUCING ANTIBIOTICS
• Bacteria’s like Bacillus and Streptococcus species produces antibiotics are tyrothricin,
polymixin, bacitracin
• Actinomycetes like Streptomyces species produces streptomycin,
tetracycline,erythromycin, novobiocin, nystatin.
• Fungus like Penicillum and Cephalosporium species penicillin and cephelosporin.
Introduction

3. Introduction cont…
Streptomycin is a bactericidal antibiotic drug belonging to class
aminoglycosides.
Used against active TB, Rat bite fever, plague etc.
Broad Spectrum- active against both Gram positive and Gram
negative bacteria
Derived from Streptomyces griseus. Used against gram
negative bacteria especially.
Commercially used as Dihydrostreptomycin a hydrogenated
form of streptomycin with platinum catalyst

4. Introduction cont…
• MAJOR FAMILY OF ANTIBIOTCS
• AMINOGLYCOSIDE - Aminoglycoside are oligosaccharide
antibiotics contain an aminocyclohexanol moiety which is bound to
other amino sugars by glycosidic linkages. This group includes
streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin, neomycin, amikacin,
tobramycin, netilmycin, and sisomicin. These which are derived from
Streptomyces genus are named with the suffix- mycin.
• STREPTOMYCIN - It is a water-soluble aminoglycoside derived from
Streptomyces griseus. It is marketed as the sulfate salt of streptomycin.
Streptomycin was first isolated on October 19, 1943 by Albert Schatz,
a graduate student, in the laboratory of Selman Abraham Waksman at
Rutgers University.

5. CLINICAL USE OF AMINOGLYCOSIDES
• Aminoglycosides bind to 30S ribosome and block or slow down protein synthesis that has
already initiated and induce misreading of the mRNA.
• Severe and chronic infections, Useful primarily in infections involving aerobic, gram-
negative bacteria, and some gram- positive bacteria.
• Not useful for anaerobic bacteria or for intracellular bacteria.
• Some mycobacteria including the bacteria that cause tuberculosis are susceptible to
amioglycosides.
• Used for the treatment of pneumonia, spinal meningitis, and typhoid fever.
• Streptomycin Sulphate Injection is used in the treatment of pneumonia,
laryngopharyngitis and bronchitis, urinary tract infections.
• Streptomycin is also used as a pesticide in the control of fireblight on apple and pear
trees.
• Emperical formula - C21H39N7O12.3HCL
Mechanism of Action

6. Structure
It is a Polymer of 3 sugar sub units
derived from Glucose
It’s Emperical formula: C21H39N7O12
The three subits;
1. Streptodine-Inositol with two
guanido groups
2. Streptose- Methyl, Pentose
3. Streptoscamine- N-methyl-L-
glucosamine

7. Structure cont…
Morphology
Highly heteromorphous in contrast to
unicellular organisms
In submerged cultures,
hyphae are present as
Mycelium: dispersed
hyphal filaments
Pellet: Spherical
agglomerate of hyphal elements

8. Industrial production
Strain
Media components
Inoculum
Fermentation process
Purification

9. Strain
S. griseus
Spores stored in lyophilized or soil culture from

10. Media components
The culture medium for streptomycin consists of –
1. Carbon source : starch, dextrin, glucose, glycerol
2. Nitrogen source : soybean meal, corn steep liquor, cotton
seed flour, casein hydrolyte, or yeast & its extract.
3. Inorganic salts like ammonium sulphate, ammonium
nitrates and Sodium Chloride
4. Animal oils, vegetable oils and mineral oils
Hockenhul medium
Sterilized @ 121o C

11. Media components cont…
Hockenhul medium:
Media - Glucose -2.5%;
Soyabean meal – 4%;
Distillers dried soluble – 0.5%;
Nacl – 0.25;
pH – 7.3 – 7.5 before sterilization
Stock – lyophilized in carrier sterile skim milk
Spore – sporulation media
Temp – 25 -30 0C
pH – 7.6 – 8
Duration - 5 to 7 days
Actinophages are probable contaminants

12. Inoculum
The spores are inoculated in the inoculation media
Inoculum generated in 2 stages- Spores to vegetative cells-
Vegetative to Mycelial cultures
Inoculum culture is maintained for 24 hrs. before inoculation
into the fermentation tank
Or till heavy mycelial growth is observed
Concentration: 10-12%

13. Fermentation process
Yield sensitive to aeration and agitation rates
Important parameters-
a. Temperature range 25-30°C
b. pH range 7-8
c. Time 5-7 days
Production involves 3 phases;
I. Initial Fermentation phase
II. Mycelial growth phase
III. Final product

14. Fermentation process cont…
Phase I –
Rapid growth 24 hrs – strong proteolytic activity release NH3
from soyabean meal
pH rises 6.8-7.5
Phase II –
Streptomycin production stage, mycellial growth occurs,
Ammonia is utilized, Glucose utilized, pH – stable at 7.6-8
Phase III –
Sugar completed depleted, production ceased, cell lysis begins,
release ammonia, pH rises

15. Purification
Filtered to separate mycelia
Recovery
Acid addition-Filtration-Neutralization
Filteration – “S” adsorbed on activated “C” – eluted using dilute
acid – precipitated using solvents (methanol, acetone) – filtered –
dried –
Cation exchange chromatography
cation exchanger – made available as Ca-chloride complex
Vacuum drying
Purification
a) Dissolution in Methanol and filtration
b) Precipitation by acetone
c) Acetone Wash and Vacuum drying
d) Further purified by Methanol and Sodium chloride
e) Activated charcoal filtration and acid-alcohol elution

16. Uses
Treatment of diseases
1. Tuberculosis
2. Plague
3. Veterinary medicine against gram negative bacteria.
Pesticide & fungicide.
Cell culture.
Protein purification.