The document provides an agenda for a TESOL certificate program discussing classes on linguistics, teaching modals and clauses. It then explains the form of modal auxiliaries and provides teaching ideas for modals of probability and their meaning and uses. Finally, it defines phrases and clauses, discusses different types of clauses and conjunctions used with clauses.

1. TESOL CERTIFICATE
PROGRAM
LINGUISTICS
March 29, 2012

2. Agenda
- Minor Classes
-Teaching Modals
-Major Classes
-Teaching Clauses
Final Teaching Project Explanation

3. Modals-Teaching Form
Azargrammar.com

4. 7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB
could must would
can should
may will
might had better
not followed by to
Inga can to play the violin.

5. 7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB
could must would
can should
may will
might had better
no final -s
Inga can plays the violin.

6. 7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB
could must would
can should
may will
might had better
not in past form
Inga can played the violin.

7. 7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB
could must would
can should
may will
might had better
not in -ing form
Inga can playing the violin.

8. 7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
AUXILIARY + TO + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB
have to (j) You have to be on time.
have got to (k) He has got to be on time.
be able to (l) He is able to be on time.
ought to (m) He ought to be on time.
to + simple form

9. Modals of probability – Meaning Teaching
Ideas
Not Likely Possibly Probably
0% 100 %
 (1) rain today (possibly) … It may rain.
 (2) picnic today (not likely)
 (3) plan to stay indoors (probably)
 (4) movie (possibly)
 (5) barbecue (not likely)

10. (1) phone rings (90% Yumiko)
(2) Knock at door (50% neighbor)
(3) Old photograph (10% Scott)
(4) Ray absent (50% ill)
(5) Jan laughing (90% happy)

12. Modals – ‘Use’ Teaching
Ideas
 A: Hey, you! Open this door!
 B:It’s locked. Want me to get the key?
 A:Yeah. Get it. Fast
-------------------------------------------------------------------
A: Excuse me, would you open this door?
B: I’m afraid it’s locked. Shall I get the key?
A:Please, if you wouldn’t mind, as quickly as you can.

13. What is a Phrase?
Phrase - A phrase is a group of two or
more grammatically linked words
without a subject and predicate.

14. The highlighted words in each of the following sentences
make up a phrase:
She bought some spinach when she
went to the corner store.
Lightning flashed brightly in the
night sky.
They heard high pitched cries in the
middle of the night.

15. What is a Clause?
 A clause is a collection of grammatically-related
words including a predicate and a subject .
 Clauses are the building blocks of sentences: every
sentence consists of one or more clauses

16. If a clause can stand alone as a sentence, it is an
independent clause. Two independent clauses can be
combined with a coordinating conjunction:
-The President is in Mexico.
-The president is in Mexico, but the first lady stayed home.
Some clauses, however, cannot stand alone as sentences: in
this case, they are dependent clauses or subordinate
clauses.
-when the President is in Mexico….
-because it’s raining….

17. Conjunctions…
Coordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions
(used with independent clauses) (used with dependent clauses)
and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet after, although, as, as if, because,
before, even if, even though, if, if
only, rather than, since, that, though,
unless, until, when, where, whereas,
wherever, whether, which, and while.
Do quick exercise 6.2

18. Coordination vs. Subordination
Quick ex. 6.9
(1) We learned the golden rule when we were mere children.
When we were mere children, we learned the golden rule.
(2) We learned the golden rule but we follow our own rules.
* But we follow our own rules, we learned the golden rule.

19. Different Kinds of Subordination
 Adverbial Clauses
 Nominal (noun) Clauses
 Adjective (relative) Clauses