Discuss the defect of gastric secretion of intrinsic factor (IF) that leads to anemia. Identify the type of anemia this defect can cause and the risk factors that can lead to this anemia to develop. Briefly discuss the treatment options for this type of anemia. Peer Response 1: Luisa Perez posted Intrinsic factor (IF) combines with vitamin B12 in the stomach and is a mucoprotein produced by parietal cells (McCance & Huether, 2019). This is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12 by the ileum (McCance & Huether). Defects in intrinsic factor production lead to decreased B12 absorption and pernicious anemia (McCance & Huether). This discussion post will identify the type of anemia this defect can cause, the risk factors that can lead to this anemia to develop, and the treatment options for this type of anemia. It is stated by Harvard Health that “an absence of intrinsic factor is the most common cause of pernicious anemia (Harvard Heath, 2019). This absence is at times associated with atrophic gastritis which is the thinning of the lining of the stomach and is commonly seen in elderly people of African American or Northern-European descent (Harvard Health). Pernicious anemia is caused by atrophic gastritis and failure to absorb vitamin B12 (McCance & Huether, 2019). It is also stated by McCance & Huether that “deficiency in IF secretion may be congenital; however, it is often considered an autoimmune (and possibly innate) process directed against gastric parietal cells” (p. 932). Harvard Health (2019) states, “Pernicious anemia occurs more commonly in people who already have diseases that are linked to immune-system abnormalities, such as Graves’ disease, hypothyroidism (under-functioning thyroid gland), thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid), vitiligo and Addison’s disease (adrenocortical insufficiency). Family history of the condition can also predispose someone to get this type of anemia. Other risk factors include surgical removal of the stomach, resection of the ileum, and infestation with tapeworms (McCance & Huether, 2019). Conditions that increase the demand of vitamin B12 can also pose a risk. Such conditions include, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, chronic infection, and disseminated cancer (McCance & Huether). Pernicious anemia is diagnosed based on the clinical manifestations that are present as well as a variety of test results. These tests include blood tests, bone marrow aspiration, gastric biopsy, and serologic studies (McCance & Huether, 2019). The following treatment options are available for this type of anemia. The treatment of choice is replacement of vitamin B12 by injections. These vitamin B12 injections are administered weekly until the deficiency is corrected, and then there are monthly injections for the remainder of the individual’s life (McCance & Huether).  Reference Harvard Health. (2019). Vitamin B12 deficiency. Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/vitamin-b12-deficiency-a-to-z McCance, K. & Huet ...

1. Discuss the defect of gastric secretion of intrinsic factor (IF)
that leads to anemia. Identify the type of anemia this defect can
cause and the risk factors that can lead to this anemia to
develop. Briefly discuss the treatment options for this type of
anemia.
Peer Response 1:
Luisa Perez posted
Intrinsic factor (IF) combines with vitamin B12 in the stomach
and is a mucoprotein produced by parietal cells (McCance &
Huether, 2019). This is needed for the absorption of vitamin
B12 by the ileum (McCance & Huether). Defects in intrinsic
factor production lead to decreased B12 absorption and
pernicious anemia (McCance & Huether). This discussion post
will identify the type of anemia this defect can cause, the risk
factors that can lead to this anemia to develop, and the
treatment options for this type of anemia.
It is stated by Harvard Health that “an absence of intrinsic
factor is the most common cause of pernicious anemia (Harvard
Heath, 2019). This absence is at times associated with atrophic
gastritis which is the thinning of the lining of the stomach and
is commonly seen in elderly people of African American or
Northern-European descent (Harvard Health). Pernicious anemia
is caused by atrophic gastritis and failure to absorb vitamin B12
(McCance & Huether, 2019). It is also stated by McCance &
Huether that “deficiency in IF secretion may be congenital;
however, it is often considered an autoimmune (and possibly
innate) process directed against gastric parietal cells” (p. 932).
Harvard Health (2019) states, “Pernicious anemia occurs more
commonly in people who already have diseases that are linked
to immune-system abnormalities, such as Graves’ disease,
hypothyroidism (under-functioning thyroid gland), thyroiditis
(inflammation of the thyroid), vitiligo and Addison’s disease
(adrenocortical insufficiency). Family history of the condition

2. can also predispose someone to get this type of anemia. Other
risk factors include surgical removal of the stomach, resection
of the ileum, and infestation with tapeworms (McCance &
Huether, 2019). Conditions that increase the demand of vitamin
B12 can also pose a risk. Such conditions include,
hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, chronic infection, and
disseminated cancer (McCance & Huether).
Pernicious anemia is diagnosed based on the clinical
manifestations that are present as well as a variety of test
results. These tests include blood tests, bone marrow aspiration,
gastric biopsy, and serologic studies (McCance & Huether,
2019). The following treatment options are available for this
type of anemia. The treatment of choice is replacement of
vitamin B12 by injections. These vitamin B12 injections are
administered weekly until the deficiency is corrected, and then
there are monthly injections for the remainder of the
individual’s life (McCance & Huether).
Reference
Harvard Health. (2019). Vitamin B12 deficiency. Retrieved
from https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/vitamin-b12-
deficiency-a-to-z
McCance, K. & Huether, S. (2019). Pathophysiology: The
Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children (8th ed.). St.
Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Peer Response 2:
Erika Shaw posted
Vitamin B12 is needed for healthy red blood cell
production in the body (McCance & Huether, 2019). Intrinsic
factor is imperative for Vitamin B12 absorption in the digestive
tract, specifically the small intestine, where it acts to attach to
the vitamin for cellular uptake. Some individuals cannot absorb
adequate amounts of B12 because of issues making intrinsic
factor. This can be from damage to parietal cells located in the
stomach that secrete this needed substance. This can be affected

3. by autoimmune disorders like chronic gastritis (McCance &
Huether, 2019).
This process is called pernicious anemia, which is a
megaloblastic anemia, characterized by larger red blood cells
due to issues with the nucleus (McCance & Huether, 2019).
Symptoms include weakness, changes in skin color, glossitis,
fatigues, parentheses, decreased appetite, pain, and decreasing
weight. It can contribute to neurologic disorders with ongoing
anemia. If no interventions are sought, this disorder can be
deadly. Diagnostic testing for this condition entails lab work
like FBC, serum B12, and tHcy (Gilbert, 2017), gastric biopsy,
and bone marrow sampling (McCance & Huether, 2019).
Treatment includes vitamin B12 injections; they are
administered every week until desired effect, then are
administered monthly. This intervention usually shows an
increased blood count (McCance & Huether, 2019). With
neurologic disorders, hydroxocobalamin injections can be
helpful (Gilbert, 2017).
Some risk factors include digestive surgeries,
pregnancy, tapeworms or other autoimmune disease. These
include type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Addison’s
disease, myasthenia gravis, and Graves disease. Certain factors
can flare up gastritis like chronic alcohol use and smoking
(McCance & Huether, 2019). More cases are also seen in those
with type A blood (Gilbert, 2017).
Reference
Gilbert, L. (2017). Diagnosis and treatment of pernicious
anemia. Practice Nurse. 47(4), 20-23. Retrieved
from https://web-a-ebscohost-
com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=0dfc8703-
9f69-4ca9-a43d-
cc18d705e738%40sessionmgr4007&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3Q
tbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=ccm&AN=122680895
McCance, K.L, Huether, S.E. (2019). Pathophysiology: the
biologic basis for disease in adults and children. (8th ed.) St

4. Louis: MO: Elsevier.
CJ 550 Module Three Activity Guidelines and Rubric
Overview: Understanding how data is collected is an important
aspect of ensuring a research project’s or experiment’s overall
validity. Research ethics is an
integral part of any valid research finding. This research will
potentially have a major impact on your decision as a leader
within the criminal justice organization
where you are employed. Therefore, it is vital to ensure proper
findings by ethical data collection to minimize liability in your
decisions.
Prompt: Read the following real-world case study: The Kansas
City Preventive Patrol Experiment. Then, read the following
information on predictive policing:
Evaluation of the Shreveport Predictive Policing Experiment.
Think about the research and data collection methods used in
both studies. Compare and contrast
both methods. Identify ways in which the findings of the
research experiments could be vulnerable to liability. Suggest
alternative methods to minimize liability
in the research findings. If no vulnerabilities can be identified,
explain how the methods used in the research experiment
preserved ethical and accurate findings.
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
case studies

5. explains if methods used preserved ethical and accurate findings
Guidelines for Submission: Your paper must be submitted as a
2- to 3-page Microsoft Word document with double spacing, 12-
point Times New Roman font,
one-inch margins, and at least three sources cited in APA
format.
Critical Elements Exemplary (100%) Proficient (90%) Needs
Improvement (70%) Not Evident (0%) Value
Data Meets “Proficient” criteria and
provides an exceptionally
detailed comparison and
contrast for the data collection
of the two case studies
Compares and contrasts the data
collection methods of two case
studies
Compares and contrasts the data
collection methods of two case
studies but comparison lacks
details
Does not compare or contrast
the data collection methods of
two case studies
30

6. Vulnerabilities Meets “Proficient” criteria and
provides exceptional detail in
identifying the vulnerabilities of
the research findings and/or
explaining if methods used
preserved ethical and accurate
findings
Identifies the vulnerabilities of
the research findings and/or
explains if methods used
preserved ethical and accurate
findings
Identifies the vulnerabilities of
the research findings and/or
explains if methods used
preserved ethical and accurate
findings but explanation lacks
details
Does not identify the
vulnerabilities nor explain if
methods used preserved ethical
and accurate findings of the
research findings
30
Methods Meets “Proficient” criteria and
provides exceptional details for
suggesting alternative methods
to limit liabilities
Suggests alternative methods to

7. limit liabilities
Suggests alternative methods to
limit liabilities but suggestions
lack details
Does not suggest alternative
methods to limit liabilities
30
http://www.policefoundation.org/projects/the-kansas-city-
preventive-patrol-experiment/
http://www.policefoundation.org/projects/the-kansas-city-
preventive-patrol-experiment/
http://www.nij.gov/topics/law-
enforcement/strategies/predictive-policing/pages/testing-in-
medium-sized-agencies.aspx
http://www.nij.gov/topics/law-
enforcement/strategies/predictive-policing/pages/testing-in-
medium-sized-agencies.aspx
https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/evaluation-shreveport-
predictive-policing-experiment
Articulation of
Response
Submission is free of errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, and organization
and is presented in a
professional and easy-to-read
format.

8. Submission has no major errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization.
Submission has major errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
that negatively impact
readability and articulation of
main ideas.
Submission has critical errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
that prevent understanding of
ideas.
10
Total 100%