Q17 Which one of the following statements about the virus is true-A)-.pdf
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Q17 Which one of the following statements about the virus is true? A). Lytic viruses remain dormant in cell for long periods B). Lysogenic viruses are incapable of producing lacen infection C). The genomes of lysogenic viruses can not be passed to host dughter cell D). Prophage is a part of lysogenic life cycle Q17 Which one of the following statements about the virus is true? A). Lytic viruses remain dormant in cell for long periods B). Lysogenic viruses are incapable of producing lacen infection C). The genomes of lysogenic viruses can not be passed to host dughter cell D). Prophage is a part of lysogenic life cycle Whict one of the hatoneg stisen arta abcet fie wus in thUE? beic vises remain dormart in celle for lons penot. Jegenic vinues are incapatie of producing lacent infections the genames of bsegenic virutes can Nor be passed th heat daughtar cebs prophaee is a part of lyapers lif cyite.
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b.) One hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the development of viruses suggests that
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Temperate phages don\'t immediately kill their hosts.
c.) One hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the development of viruses suggests that
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cells, and therefore increased genetic diversity. Why is this hypothesis stronger with respect to
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d.) Why do some bacteriophages, like X174, using rolling circle replication instead of the
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particles slowly. In a persistent infection, there are periods of time where the virus is not
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b.) One hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the development of viruses suggests that
viruses were beneficial because they allowed for rapid gene transfer, especially in prokaryotic
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1. Choose the best answer for each statmentquestion.a.) Which sta.pdf
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pathogenic version PrPSc
In a persistent infection, the host cell is continually releasing new viral particles slowly. In a
latent infection, there are periods of time where the virus is not replicating and creating new viral
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b.) One hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the development of viruses suggests that
viruses were beneficial because they allowed for rapid gene transfer, especially in prokaryotic
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could have increased horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotic cells and potentially could
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c.) One hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the development of viruses suggests that
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prokaryotic cells than if large, complex eukaryotic organisms had been involved?
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bidirectional replication?Persistent infections always lead to cell lysis, while latent infections
never lead to cell lysis.In a latent infection, the host cell is continually releasing new viral
particles slowly. In a persistent infection, there are periods of time where the virus is not
replicating and creating new viral particles.Persistent infections can cause transformation of the
host cell, which can lead to the development of cancer. Latent infections do not cause
transformation.
In a persistent infection, the host cell is continually releasing new viral particles slowly. In a
latent infection, there are periods of time where the virus is not replicating and creating new
viral particles.
b.) One hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the development of viruses suggests that
viruses were beneficial because they allowed for rapid gene transfer, especially in prokaryotic
cells, and therefore increased genetic diversity. If most bacteriophages were temperate, then this
could have increased horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotic cells and potentially could
have increased fitness. With respect to this hypothesis, why would it matter whether the
bacteriophages were temperate or virulent?Temperate phages are capable of lysogeny and their
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Solution
1. I: dsDNA viruses (e.g. Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, Poxviruses)
II: ssDNA viruses (+ strand or \"sense\") DNA (e.g. Parvoviruses)
III: dsRNA viruses (e.g. Reoviruses)
IV: (+)ssRNA viruses (+ strand or sense) RNA (e.g. Picornaviruses, Togaviruses)
2.
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and lyses the host cell. In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA is integrated into the host genome, in
which it is passed on to next generations.
3.
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that of the host cell. The virus and the envelope fuse and the virus enters the cell through
endocytosis. In the first example simple genetic material enters the cell. In the second case the
entire virus from the envelope enters the cell.
4.
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2.)
a.) Are viruses that infect Archaea different from other bacterial viruses?
Yes, they have only DNA genomes.
b.) Of the following examples, which is not a common part of many viral life cycles?
Once an adenovirus virion is inside a cell, host RNA polymerases transcribe early genes
c.) Some viruses are associated with cancer. There are a variety of ways in which viruses may
affect a cell in a way that may lead to cancer. Based on your knowledge of the life cycles of
viruses and of molecular genetics, what is one way that this might happen?
d.) Which statement describes the difference between the normal neuron protein PrPC and the
pathogenic version PrPSc?Yes, they do not have protein coats because of the extreme conditions
where they live.No, they consist of nucleic acid and protein just like other bacterial viruses.Yes,
the structure of archaeal viruses is always completely different from other bacterial viruses.
Yes, they have only DNA genomes.
b.) Of the following examples, which is not a common part of many viral life cycles?The pox
virus genome is replicated by DNA polymerase.Adenoviruses attach to the cell and the
nucleocapsid is taken up by the cell.Pox viruses replicate in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Once an adenovirus virion is inside a cell, host RNA polymerases transcribe early genes
c.) Some viruses are associated with cancer. There are a variety of ways in which viruses may
affect a cell in a way that may lead to cancer. Based on your knowledge of the life cycles of
viruses and of molecular genetics, what is one way that this might happen?Viral genetic
material inserts into a host genome close to the termination sequence, far downstream of the
promoter, and causes a silent mutation.Viral genetic material inserts into a host genome in a
repetitive noncoding region.Viral genetic material inserts into a host genome, placing a
promoter in a new location and turning on a gene that had previously been turned off.Viral
genetic material inserts into a host genome and causes a mutation in a promoter, turning off a
gene that had previously been turned on.
d.) Which statement describes the difference between the normal neuron protein PrPC and the
pathogenic version PrPSc?PrPC is just a protein and the PrPSc is a protein with nucleic acid
inside.The PrPC protein contains more beta sheets while the PrPSc protein contains more alpha
helices.The three-dimensional conformation is identical, but the amino acid sequence is
different.The amino acid sequence is identical, but the three-dimensional conformation is
different.
Solution
Archaea can be infected by double stranded DNA virus that are unrelated to any other form of
virus and have variety unusual shapes. These are single stranded and double stranded DNA virus.
Species of the Ligameneviral and the families Ampullaviridae, Biccaudaviridae and
Clavaviridea, infects hyperthermophiic archaea species. These viruses have lipid bilayer coat
inside the icosahedral protein coat, and some of the viru.
A bacteriophage population is introduced to a bacterial colony that .pdf
A bacteriophage population is introduced to a bacterial colony that is in stationary phase with
rapidly depleting nutrients. Appraise the following scenarios and select which one would favor
long-term survival of the bacteriophage.
A. The bacteriophages infect the remaining viable cells and integrate their genetic material into
the host cell genome thereby preserving their genome.
B. The bacteriophages do not infect the bacterial cells since they are dying; they remain inert
outside of the cells.
C. The bacteriophages infect the bacterial cells and go through all stages of development apart
from release, thus keeping the progeny phage from entering an inhospitable environment.
Solution
Answer :
C. The bacteriophages infect the bacterial cells and go through all stages of development apart
from release, thus keeping the progeny phage from entering an inhospitable environment..
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II: ssDNA viruses (+ strand or \"sense\") DNA (e.g. Parvoviruses)
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IV: (+)ssRNA viruses (+ strand or sense) RNA (e.g. Picornaviruses, Togaviruses)
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which it is passed on to next generations.
3.
When virus attached to a cell, it delivers its DNA or RNA into the host cell. Therefore,
contamination requires that the virus get through the cell membrane. Some viruses remain
outside the cell. They connect to the membrane at specific receptor. Once connected the virus
injects its DNA or RNA into the cell. Enveloped viruses are enclosed in a membrane just like
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endocytosis. In the first example simple genetic material enters the cell. In the second case the
entire virus from the envelope enters the cell.
4.
All viruses have a form of protein at the outer coat or envelope that \"feels\" or
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cell.Some enveloped viruses can dissolve proper through the cell membrane of the host because
each the virus envelope and the cell membrane are product of lipids.
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HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is a retrovirus that infects cells of the immune system and uses them to replicate itself. Over time, HIV destroys and impairs the function of immune cells, progressively destroying the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers. There is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS, but antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent transmission. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. Common routes of transmission include unprotected sex, contaminated needles, and from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding.
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The document summarizes the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viruses. In the lytic cycle, a virus infects a host cell and uses its machinery to replicate itself before destroying the host cell. In the lysogenic cycle, the virus inserts its genome into the host's genome and remains dormant, replicating with the host cell before entering the lytic cycle. Some key terms are defined, including latency, bacteriophage, and pseudolysogeny. Examples are provided of viruses that undergo lytic replication like T4 bacteriophage and lysogenic replication like lambda bacteriophage.
07 viruses
Viruses are small infectious particles that contain genetic material and reproduce by inserting their DNA or RNA into host cells. They are not considered living organisms as they do not have cells, lack metabolism, and are obligate intracellular parasites. Viruses can cause diseases in humans and other organisms. They reproduce through lytic and lysogenic cycles and can be transmitted through various methods like contact, air, body fluids, or insect bites depending on the virus. While viruses cause disease, they can also be used to deliver beneficial genes or drugs through viral vectors in applications like gene therapy or chemotherapy. Other infectious particles like viroids and prions also lack cells but can damage crops or brains.
Aid svaccine 2012
This document discusses the challenges of developing an effective HIV vaccine and different vaccine approaches that have been attempted. The first attempts used recombinant viral proteins to generate antibodies but had limited effectiveness. A combination vaccine trial in Thailand saw partial effectiveness by generating antibodies to a variable loop on the HIV gp120 protein. Subsequent trials used adenovirus vectors carrying HIV genes to also boost T cell responses, but early results from a major trial were a stunning failure, leading researchers to re-evaluate their vaccine strategies and focus more on understanding immune responses.
Humanretroviruses 120401050128-phpapp01
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase which allows their RNA to be converted to DNA. The two major genera of human retroviruses are lentiviruses, such as HIV, and HTLV viruses. HIV targets CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS by destroying the immune system over time. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and replicates by first converting its RNA to DNA then integrating into the host cell genome. Highly active antiretroviral therapy uses multiple drugs to suppress HIV replication and prevent disease progression.
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This document discusses Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the disease it causes. It provides details on:
- The history and prevalence of HBV, which infects over 350 million people globally.
- The structure and replication cycle of HBV, which is a DNA virus that replicates through an RNA intermediate in liver cells.
- Modes of HBV transmission including sexual contact, blood exposure, and perinatal transmission from mother to child.
- Stages of HBV infection from incubation period to clearance of the virus. Chronic infection can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer.
- Diagnosis involves detecting hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies to HBV
Hepatitis B
This document discusses hepatitis B, including its history, prevalence, transmission, clinical features, outcomes, and diagnosis. Key points include:
- Hepatitis B is a serious viral infection that affects the liver and can become chronic, increasing risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and from mother to child.
- Globally, over 350 million people have chronic hepatitis B infections, with prevalence highest in Asia and Africa.
- The virus replicates in liver cells and can cause acute or chronic infection. Chronic carriers have a high risk of long-term liver damage.
- Symptoms of acute hepatitis B include jaundice and fatigue. Chronic infection often has no symptoms but increases cirrh
Virus
Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and infect host cells by attaching to receptors on their surface. They take over the cell's machinery to replicate their nucleic acid and proteins, eventually causing the cell to burst and release new virus particles. There are two main life cycles viruses follow - the lytic cycle where the virus immediately replicates and bursts the cell, and the lysogenic cycle where the viral DNA incorporates into the host DNA and lays dormant until conditions change and switches to the lytic cycle. A virus relies entirely on host cells for replication and spreads by exiting infected cells and finding new host cells to infect.
generalpropertiesofviruses-140309015013-phpapp02.pdf
Viruses are acellular organisms that replicate inside host cells using host cell machinery. They have either RNA or DNA genomes but not both. Viruses consist of a protein capsid that encloses and protects their nucleic acid. Inside host cells, viruses hijack the host's metabolic machinery and ribosomes to produce new viral components which then assemble and exit the cell. The viral life cycle consists of attachment, entry, uncoating, replication, assembly and release stages. Viruses are cultivated using techniques like cell culture, embryonated eggs and animal inoculation to study them and produce vaccines.
Hepatitis ppt final
Hepatitis viruses include hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route while hepatitis B, C, and D are transmitted through blood and body fluids. Hepatitis B and C can cause chronic infections while hepatitis A usually does not. Diagnosis involves tests to detect viral antigens, antibodies, and nucleic acids. Treatment options depend on the hepatitis virus but may include antiviral drugs and vaccines to prevent transmission.
2.)a.) Are viruses that infect Archaea different from other bacter.pdf
2.)
a.) Are viruses that infect Archaea different from other bacterial viruses?
Yes, they have only DNA genomes.
b.) Of the following examples, which is not a common part of many viral life cycles?
Once an adenovirus virion is inside a cell, host RNA polymerases transcribe early genes
c.) Some viruses are associated with cancer. There are a variety of ways in which viruses may
affect a cell in a way that may lead to cancer. Based on your knowledge of the life cycles of
viruses and of molecular genetics, what is one way that this might happen?
d.) Which statement describes the difference between the normal neuron protein PrPC and the
pathogenic version PrPSc?Yes, they do not have protein coats because of the extreme conditions
where they live.No, they consist of nucleic acid and protein just like other bacterial viruses.Yes,
the structure of archaeal viruses is always completely different from other bacterial viruses.
Yes, they have only DNA genomes.
b.) Of the following examples, which is not a common part of many viral life cycles?The pox
virus genome is replicated by DNA polymerase.Adenoviruses attach to the cell and the
nucleocapsid is taken up by the cell.Pox viruses replicate in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Once an adenovirus virion is inside a cell, host RNA polymerases transcribe early genes
c.) Some viruses are associated with cancer. There are a variety of ways in which viruses may
affect a cell in a way that may lead to cancer. Based on your knowledge of the life cycles of
viruses and of molecular genetics, what is one way that this might happen?Viral genetic
material inserts into a host genome close to the termination sequence, far downstream of the
promoter, and causes a silent mutation.Viral genetic material inserts into a host genome in a
repetitive noncoding region.Viral genetic material inserts into a host genome, placing a
promoter in a new location and turning on a gene that had previously been turned off.Viral
genetic material inserts into a host genome and causes a mutation in a promoter, turning off a
gene that had previously been turned on.
d.) Which statement describes the difference between the normal neuron protein PrPC and the
pathogenic version PrPSc?PrPC is just a protein and the PrPSc is a protein with nucleic acid
inside.The PrPC protein contains more beta sheets while the PrPSc protein contains more alpha
helices.The three-dimensional conformation is identical, but the amino acid sequence is
different.The amino acid sequence is identical, but the three-dimensional conformation is
different.
Solution
Archaea can be infected by double stranded DNA virus that are unrelated to any other form of
virus and have variety unusual shapes. These are single stranded and double stranded DNA virus.
Species of the Ligameneviral and the families Ampullaviridae, Biccaudaviridae and
Clavaviridea, infects hyperthermophiic archaea species. These viruses have lipid bilayer coat
inside the icosahedral protein coat, and some of the viru.
A bacteriophage population is introduced to a bacterial colony that .pdf
A bacteriophage population is introduced to a bacterial colony that is in stationary phase with
rapidly depleting nutrients. Appraise the following scenarios and select which one would favor
long-term survival of the bacteriophage.
A. The bacteriophages infect the remaining viable cells and integrate their genetic material into
the host cell genome thereby preserving their genome.
B. The bacteriophages do not infect the bacterial cells since they are dying; they remain inert
outside of the cells.
C. The bacteriophages infect the bacterial cells and go through all stages of development apart
from release, thus keeping the progeny phage from entering an inhospitable environment.
Solution
Answer :
C. The bacteriophages infect the bacterial cells and go through all stages of development apart
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Gynecology 5th year, 1st lecture (Dr. Sindus)
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Hepatitis B Lecture for Large Company ppt
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver and can lead to serious long-term health issues. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be contracted from mother to child during birth or from shared needles. The disease affects millions worldwide and is classified by prevalence into high, intermediate, and low endemicity areas. Symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and dark urine. Diagnosis involves testing for hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies. Prevention focuses on vaccination, safe needle practices, and screening of high risk groups.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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