Lab #11 – EcotoxicologyPrelab DiscussionT.docx

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Lab #11 –
Ecotoxicology
Prelab Discussion
Today’s Lab ObjectivesTo apply your knowledge of ecosystems,
population ecology, and ecotoxicology to a case study of the
impact of pollution on Daphnia populations and what that might
indicate for ecosystems as a whole.
To learn more about the sources and impacts of pollutants on
the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, particularly the impacts of
organic pollution, acid pollution, and salinity.
To learn more about the use of indicator species and to
understand why Daphnia are used as such a species.
Understand what lethal dose/concentration means and how it is
specific for each pollutant type.
To practice using credible sources on (at least 2 peer-reviewed)
to support your arguments.
Synthesize this information into a final lab report.
In Today’s Lab

Review of Ecosystem BasicsEcosystem: All of the interacting
organisms (populations) and abiotic factors that occur in a
particular place at a given time
Components of an Ecosystem:
Abiotic - nonliving components e.g. Sunlight, temperature,
precipitation, soil/water chemistry
Biotic - all the living things that affect an organism in its
environment e.g. Organisms
Example of an Ecosystem
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Looking at the image below…
how would you define pollution?
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What is pollution?Definition – unnatural by-products of human
activities accumulating in the environment at levels that are
harmful to living organism.
Sources of pollution vary
Some specific types of pollution:AcidOrganic
ThermalPharmaceuticalSalinity

Acid PollutionDefinition:
sulfur and nitrogen oxides react with air in the atmosphere (and
potentially the terrestrially via run-off) to form sulfuric and
nitric acids which will reenter the environment via rain.
Acid pollution is extremely detrimental to all organisms (auto-
or heterotrophic) in the environment
Acid Rain is a prime example of Acid Pollution.Rainwater with
a pH <5.6 = acidic.Side effect of air pollution from industry.
Basic Example of the
Creation of Acid Pollution
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Organic PollutionDefinition:
compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation
Examples: Pesticides, fertilizers, detergents, sewage, farm run-
off
Organic pollutants canBe persistent in the environment for a
long period of timeThey accumulate in human/animal tissues
and magnify in food chains.a.k.a. They have significant
impacts on human health and the environment as a whole.Are
capable of long-range transportCan provide large quantities of
of organic compounds and limiting nutrients, which act as
substrates (food) for microorganisms, are released into water
sources (algal blooms)
Examples of Organic Pollution
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EutrophicationThe process by which a body of water acquires a
high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and
nitrates.
These typically promote excessive growth of algae.Algae die,
decompose, increase organic material…therefore resulting in
oxygen depletion.
The Process of Eutrophication
Bioaccumulation
accumulation of a chemical at a rate greater than that at which
the substance is lost
obtained from external environment or food
Biomagnification
When accumulation of a chemical in an organism exceeds the
background concentration of the substance in its diet
occurs at higher tropic level
Toxin Accumulation in Organisms
Add image
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Salt Pollution Salinity is a measurement of the concentration of

dissolved salts in the waterThe salinity levels of our fresh water
is increasing in many areas due to salt compounds used to
remove snow and ice from roads. Increased salinity can also
come from discharges from salt mines
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EcotoxicologyEcotoxicology is the study of the effects of toxic
chemicals on biological organisms and ecosystems. Multi-step
process:
The entry, distribution and fate of pollutants within the
environment
The entry and fate of pollutants in living (biota) organisms
within an ecosystem
The harmful effects of the chemical pollutants on the
constituents (biotic & abiotic) of ecosystems (which include
humans).
Understanding Ecotoxicology
At organism level:Acute toxicity causing mortality (a.k.a. die
right away)Chronically accumulation may cause death (a.k.a.
die later)Impairmentphysiology & morphologybehavioral
effectsMeasurable biochemical changes
Ecotoxicology involves assessment of the impacts of
contaminants at the organism level
In species / population structure:
appearance/disappearance of an indicator species

number of individuals of a species
biomass of a species
presence or absence of a species
Ecotoxicology involves assessment of changes at the population
level
Ecotoxicology involves assessment of changes at the ecosystem
level changes in community/ecosystem structure
biomass & abundance
species diversity
food web complexity
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What is a bioassay?Definition – type of scientific study
Typically conducted to measure the effects of a substance on a
living organism.
Essential in the development of new drugs and in monitoring
environmental pollutants.
Both are procedures by which the potency or nature of a
substance is estimated by studying its effects on living matter.
What is an indicator organism?Definition:Indicator Organism:
basic monitoring tool used to measure both changes in
environmental water quality and conditions.
Example:Daphnia – freshwater flea = EPA certified bio
indicator organism
Provides evidence of the presence of absence of a pathogenic
organism that survives under similar physical, chemical and

nutrient conditions.
Lethal Concentration In ecotoxicology, we report the lethal
concentration, LC50 of a toxin, radiation, or pathogenThis is
the concentration required to kill half the indivudals of a tested
population after a specified test duration.
LC50 figures are frequently used as a general indicator of a
substance's acute toxicity.
ObservationsImpact of pollutants on freshwater ecosystems is
not always straightforwardChanges in the surrounding
ecosystems with seasons and anthropogenic disturbances are not
all predictable Identifying the pollutant can help with
predictions of community and population changes
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ObservationsLook at the pictures on the following slidesFlasks
were set up with ~400 mL of the same pond waterPollutants (the
same as in the Daphnia bioassay) were added Flasks were
allowed to sit undisturbed for 5 daysConsider the questions …
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Pollutants added to pond water
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Why does the fertilizer runoff sample have so much more algae

present?
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Note the color differences in the algae.
What do you think that indicates?
Remember – algae are photosynthetic unicellular plants!
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Acid Rain
No runoff
Daphnia Bioassay - SetupTest species Daphnia pulexDaphnia
magnaSynthetic Freshwater* (EPA
Standard)Selenastrum capricornutum (green algae food for
Daphnia)Pollutantssodium phosphate (organic pollution) – 3
levelshydrogen chloride and sodium hydroxide (pH pollution) –
3 levelspotassium chloride (salt pollution) – 3 levels
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* https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-
08/documents/acute-freshwater-and-marine-wet-
manual_2002.pdf
Pollutant Treatment Levels
*PollutantTreatment
Level 1Treatment
Level 2Treatment
Level 3Organic
(Na3PO4)0%0.01%0.04%pH
(HCl and NaOH)4710Salt

(KCl)0%0.01%0.04%
Setup ProcedureSort Daphnia selecting individuals of similar
ageIn a 30 mL scintillation vial, add Daphnia to 20 mL of
synthetic freshwater + treatment level9 Daphnia per treatment
level (unless otherwise noted)Feed Daphnia 0.5 mL Selenastrum
algae food every 24 hoursCount and record Daphnia survival
every 24 hours for 7 days
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Typical Setup – Sorting Daphnia
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Daphnia in Treatments
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Daphnia in Treatments
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Three Daphnia magna in a 0% KCl treatment vial
DAPHNIA SURVIVAL
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Daphnia pulex – Organic
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Note: an acute test of 1% and 4% Na3PO4 showed 0% survival
at 24 hoursTrt LevelDay 0Day 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day
6Day 70% Na3PO4999999880.01% Na3PO4966666660.04%
Na3PO490000000

Daphnia pulex – Salt
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Note: an acute test of 1% and 4% KCl showed 0% survival at 24
hoursTrt LevelDay 0Day 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6Day
70% KCl999999990.01% KCl943333320.04% KCl90000000
Daphnia pulex - pH
*Trt LevelDay 0Day 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6Day 7pH
499977777pH 799999988pH 1098888888

Daphnia magna – Organic
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Note: an acute test of 1% and 4% Na3PO4 showed 0% survival
at 24 hoursTrt LevelDay 0Day 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day
6Day 70% Na3PO4999999990.01% Na3PO4999999990.04%
Na3PO499622111

Daphnia magna – Salt
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Note: an acute test of 1% and 4% KCl showed 0% survival at 24
hoursTrt LevelDay 0Day 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6Day
70% KCl999999990.01% KCl952222220.04% KCl92200000
Daphnia magna - pH
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NOTE: there are 6 Daphnia magna per treatment for pHTrt
LevelDay 0Day 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6Day 7pH
465555555pH 766666666pH 1066655555

How do you plot these data?Calculate the percent survival at the
end of the experiment for each species in each treatmentEnd
survival count / initial count * 100Plot the concentrations of
your treatment on the X-axis, and your survivals on the Y-
axisIn your report you will plot two species on each graph – and
there will only be two lines on the graph (one for each
species)You can estimate LC50 from this curveSee the example
on the next slide
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Example LC50 Plot
Trial N=5
kj N=9
S. Connelly and K. Walling, RIT
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Writing your lab reportPlease see the Lab Report Assignment
for details on what the report should include!This lab report is

due by 11:59 pm on Monday, April 27th in the assignment
dropbox on MyCoursesDon’t forget to complete Quiz # 9:
Population Ecology by 11:59 pm on Sunday, April 26th
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RaiQuan Gray
SYO4461
Professor Rohlinger
06 March 2020
Annotated Bibliography
Social media has taken over the world and with that, come new
territories that users are still exploring. In athletics, social
media has a large influence everywhere from marketing to
athlete's performance. The topic of how social media effects
athletes is a newer research field, since social media is new but
there has already been research completed in the field to
evaluate the psychological impacts of social media on athletes.
The influence social media can have on an athlete’s career is
important to understand because it can make a big difference in
the life of an athlete, regardless of their athletic abilities. This
paper will focus on social media and how it directly and
indirectly effects the athlete.
Academy, U.S. Sports. “The Impact of Social Media in
Sports.” The Sport Digest, 27 Nov. 2018,
thesportdigest.com/2018/11/the-impact-of-social-media-in-
sports/.
This article contributes many ideas on the impact that social
media has in sports. It discusses how our mobile phones and
online platforms changes how we view today’s world of sports,
and even how engage in these sports. This article not only talks
about the positive effects like reaching a bigger platform and
informing fans on sport updates. But it also talks about the
negativity it can bring in like the spreading of negative
information that can happen very quickly, as well as hate
comments that can cause a toll in a player’s performance

overall. This can be used in the paper to talk about the positive
and negative effects less in depth but gets straight to the point.
Austin, Ashley. “The Honest Truth Of Social Media And
Sports.” The Odyssey Online, The
Odyssey Online, 15 Oct. 2019,
www.theodysseyonline.com/honest-truth-social-media-
sports.
In this article we are shown another point of view on the good
and bad of social media sports. In this article we are shown how
social media can be used for fans to be informed on plays and
scores when they are not able to watch a game if they are busy.
With just one touch of a button on your phone you are instantly
shown every detail of a game as if you were watching it. You
can even watch a game life through many different forms of
social media on a live stream. The negativity side to this article
that is different from the first is that the down sides is how a
player can portray themselves on a social media platform.
People can even show comments that a player may have said to
make them look bad without showing the full context behind the
words that were said. I can also use this article to show and
demonstrate a different side to the negative and positive effects
that social media might have.
SCHOLARLY: Ballouli, K. (n.d.). It’s a Whole New Ballgame:
How Social Media is Changing
Sports, 1st edition. Sport Management Review, 15(3), 381–382.
https://doiorg.proxy.lib.fsu.edu/10.1016/j.smr.2012.02.008
This article provides a great overview of how social media can
be used by athletes and fans. It details their ability to
correspond via various outlets. The article also discusses how
social media has shifted athlete’s ability to portray themselves
and defend any allegations from various journalism outlets.
This article is not particularly lengthy or in-depth so I believe it
will be used mainly to set the scene and provide background
information about social media.

Daren, Sarah. “The Pros and Cons of Athletes Using Social
Media, Coach's Clipboard Basketball
Coaching.” Coach's Clipboard Basketball Coaching, Coach's
Clipboard, 23 Mar. 2018,
www.coachesclipboard.net/athletes-and-social-media.html.
In this article the author hits on a very different point that
social media has impacted athletes on. Social media has
portrayed and even made athletes into some type of celebrities
to their fans and all around the world. Sarah hits on totally
different pros and cons that social media might have. Social
media is started at an early beginning of one’s athletic career
and is said to be used to build up one’s brand to even self-
promote to get known by fans around the world. This article
also talks about how athletes use these platforms to
communicate and interact with their fans from all over. This
article also talks about the cons and how an athlete’s views on
certain topics can be taken negatively by fans when shared on
public platforms like social media. One last interesting topic
talked about in the article is how many athletes have no training
on how to use these social platforms or how to react to certain
hate, which can affect their overall athletic career. I can use this
article to talk about how it can be important to train athletes to
use social media, as well as talk about the different pros and
cons listed in the article.
SCHOLARLY: David, J. L., Powless, M. D., Hyman, J. E.,
Purnell, D. M., Steinfeldt, J. A., &
Fisher, S. (2018). College Student Athletes and Social Media:
The Psychological Impacts
of Twitter Use. International Journal of Sport
Communication, 11(2), 163–186.
Retrieved from
http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.fsu.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfv
iewer?vid=3&sid=acefd8
5b-1274-4952-bd13-b672eb6df41a%40sessionmgr101

This article reviews how social media, Twitter in particular,
provides positives and negatives to collegiate athletes. This
article will provide insight into how feedback from the public
via Twitter effects the student-athletes. The study found that
there is a significant influence on the athletes but that influence
is positive and negative. The athletes who participated in the
study were from a variety of sports and their athletic
achievements are varied as well. One of the short comings of
the study is that the athletes who participated were not as elite
as a professional athlete, the highest twitter following from a
participant was 869, which could be considered minimal when
looking at elite athletes and their follower numbers.
Gutbrod, Elyssa. “The Pros and Cons of Athletes Being
Connected to Fans on Twitter.” Bleacher
Report, Bleacher Report, 3 Oct. 2017,
bleacherreport.com/articles/1216751-the-pros-and-
cons-of-athletes-being-connected-to-fans-on-twitter.
This article talks about how athletes use a certain platform to
more closely interact and be viewed by fans more. This platform
is known as twitter. This platform shows fans and others how
these athletes communicate with family, friends, and even fans.
This article talks about how twitter can even humanize these
players and allows fans to see them on a different closer level.
This article talks about how athletes can pass on important
information more quickly than the press could. The article talks
about the negative effects it can have when an athlete shares an
opinion or belief that fans might not agree upon that can cause
many different problems in their popularity as a player, and
even how they are perceived as a person. I can use this article
to explain the many positive effects twitter might have on a
player’s reputation. As well as the negative effect on a player
expressing certain opinions on such a popular platform.
SCHOLARLY: Hambrick, M. E., Simmons, J. M., Greenhalgh,
G. P., & Greenwell, T. C.

(2010). Understanding Professional Athletes’ Use of Twitter: A
Content Analysis of
Athlete Tweets. International Journal of Sport Communication,
3(4), 454–471. Retrieved
from
http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.fsu.edu/login.aspx?direct
=true&db=s3h&AN=5781
3343&site=eds-live&scope=site.
This article reviews how professional athletes utilize Twitter, a
social media platform. It studies how the athletes use Twitter
and what they communicate through their Twitter accounts.
This article will be helpful to understand how athletes view
Twitter and use to their benefit or detriment but will not
provide information on how the usage effects their
psychological well-being or their performance. The literature
review of the article provides good background information on
social media which will be helpful. Another downfall of the
article is its age, it is ten years old and in the world of
technology, many things have advanced since the publication.
SCHOLARLY: Hopkins, et al. “Being Social: Why the NCAA
Has Forced Universities to
Monitor Student-Athletes' Social Media.” SSRN, 31 May 2013,
papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2272635.
In this article we are shown how some universities are forced to
monitor and watch their student athletes’ social medias. The
article states this act to monitor is so athletes are watched and
made sure they do not violate any type of rule or policy that
may be set. This tactic is used to protect an athlete, and their
career. As talked in one of my sources on how athletes are not
trained to use social media. This article hits on topics that can
resolve the issues that come with athletes not being trained on
using social media, so their careers and persona cannot be
affected negatively in the long run. I can use this article to talk
about the positive effects that monitoring athletes social media
might have, so that an athlete can be careful to not jeopardize

their college career and even future professional career.
SCHOLARLY: Penrose, M. (2013). Outspoken: social media
and the modern college athlete.
The John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law, 3, 509-
546. Retrieved from
https://heinonlineorg.proxy.lib.fsu.edu/HOL/Page?lname=Penro
se&public=false&collect
ion=journals&handle=hein.journals/johnmars12&men_hide=fals
e&men_tab=toc&kind=&page=509
This article takes a much harsher look at social media and
athletes. The article reviews legal implications, how social
media and the First Amendment are intertwined and the legal
rights of college athletes when utilizing social media platforms.
This article will provide a very in-depth look at the negative
pieces of social media. This article will be best used when
looking at the negative side effects social media can have on an
athlete and their off-field appearance which can potentially lead
to unemployment or decreasing salaries.
SCHOLARLY: Sanderson, Jimmy. Its a Whole New Ballgame:
How Social Media Is Changing
Sports. Hampton Press, 2011.
This article talks about how social media has been changing
sports for the better. Whether its sport updates to live
broadcasting, social media has made it easier to connect with
sports and even athletes. This article talks about how athletes
use different platforms to communicate and inform fans on sport
updates and even their own lives. It also talks about how fans
can even engage in athletes progress and athletic news and
catch up on games or latest plays. I can use this article for a lot
of different topics in my paper because it is a very long article,
but it also talks about all of the important details social media
has in the sports world, and on athlete’s.
SCHOLARLY: Wang, Yuan, and Shuhua Zhou. “How Do Sports

Organizations Use Social
Media to Build Relationships? A Content Analysis of NBA
Clubs’ Twitter
Use.” International Journal of Sport Communication, vol. 8, no.
2, 2015, pp. 133–148.,
doi:10.1123/ijsc.2014-0083.
This article talks about how social media is used to establish
and build relationships with fans and the public. This article
informs us on how social media is a worldwide platform that
can be used to get messages, sport updates, information, and
even sport/athletic promotions. This article focuses more on the
upside of social media and how it can strengthen many
relationships personally for athletes, and even with their fans. I
can use this article to discuss a different point of view on how it
effects an athlete’s relationships and how social media can be
used to build relationships up, and possibly even down.
Zilles, Christian. “How Social Media Is Changing The Sports
Marketing
Industry.” Social Media HQ, 14 Oct. 2019,
socialmediahq.com/how-social-media-is-
changing-the-sports-marketing-industry/.
This article talks about the importance that social media can
affect sports marketing which can have a positive effect on an
athlete’s career. The article talks about how social media can be
used to promote certain sports brans and athletes, which can
overall gain them more fans and popularity. Another way it is
used to change the sports marketing is by using the platform to
further engage and interact with fans. I can use this article to
talk about the overall standing social media and sports
marketing might have on an athlete’s fame, and how it can be
used to perceive them in a more positive manner.
Name: ___________________________ General

Biology II Lab
LAB #11: Ecotoxicology Lab Report
Objectives
osystems, population ecology,
and ecotoxicology to a case study of the impact of pollution on
Daphnia populations and what that might indicate for
ecosystems as a whole.
· To learn more about the sources and impacts of pollutants on
the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, particularly the impacts of
organic pollution, acid pollution, and salt pollution.
· To learn more about the use of indicator species and to
understand why Daphnia are used as such a species.
· Understand what lethal dose/concentration means and how it is
specific for each pollutant type.
· To practice using credible sources on (at least 2 peer-
reviewed) to support your arguments.
· Synthesize this information into a final lab report.
The Scenario
You have been hired as a summer research assistant for the New
York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC).
A former research assistant left some data from a past project

that was never analyzed. Your supervisor wants you to analyze
the data and write a report on your interpretations of the data.
You have been provided the data and images in the Prelab
PowerPoint. It is your job to statistically analyze the data,
research ecotoxicology, the role of indicator species, and
sources of population in freshwater systems, and to compile this
in to a report for your supervisor.
You know that this former research assistant was comparing the
survival of Daphnia in three different types of pollutants that
are commonly found in the environment: organic pollution, pH
pollution, and salt pollution. The former assistant set up
bioassays of various concentrations of each type of pollution
using specific chemicals to represent environmental pollution:
sodium phosphate (organic pollution), hydrogen chloride and
sodium hydroxide (pH pollution), and potassium chloride (salt
pollution). You know that these chemicals are representatives of
pollutants in the environment but you do not know what
potential sources of these chemicals in nature would be. This is
something you will have to research. Where is organic
pollution, pH pollution, and salt pollution commonly found in
nature – and what is the potential source of the pollutants? No,
you should not assume that someone dumped the chemicals
directly in a pond on purpose.
Daphnia are freshwater microcrustaceans. In the research
assistant’s notebook, you found that they used Daphnia pulex
and Daphnia magna. You assume that the species must be
important, but at first you are not sure why Daphnia were even
used. After a little research you learned that Daphnia are
sensitive to the effects of pollution and are considered an
indicator species. You note that indicator species, or
bioindicators, are animals or plants that are used to infer
conditions in a given habitat, and their presence / absence can
be compared across ecosystems to understand the health of the
environment. With a little more digging, you find that the
Environmental Protection Agency has published protocols that
describe methods of using Daphnia species to monitor toxic

substances in water (EPA 2008).
Now that you understand what an indicator species is, you need
to figure out why the research assistant used two different
species of Daphnia – Daphnia pulex and Daphnia magna. You
will need to do a little research to better understand the life-
history of each species. In addition to comparing physical
differences, think about the differences in habitats, diet,
predators, and how they differ in terms of sensitivities to
pollution. You also may want to consider why it is a good idea
to compare two different species of Daphnia.
Your supervisor tells you that you will need to determine the
lethal concentration of each pollutant type for each species of
Daphnia. You know from your General Biology Lab course that
the median lethal concentration is the concentration of a toxin,
radiation, or pathogen is the dose required to kill half the
members of a tested population after a specified test duration.
This can be abbreviated as LC50 (abbreviation for “lethal
concentration, 50%”).
Your job is to analyze the Daphnia data and determine the LC50
for each pollutant type and each species. Your supervisor would
like this written up as a final lab report with graphs and
background information on why these pollutants would have
been found in the environment (i.e. what would be a source of
this type of pollutant?). Your supervisor would also like you to
suggest possible recommendations for reducing the presence of
these pollutants in the natural environment.
The Assignment
Synthesize the data to create a lab report. Your lab report
should include the following:
1. Introduction Section
This will provide background on the topic of pollution and the
use of Daphnia as an indicator species. You should define each
type of pollution and you should incorporate a suggestion of a
source for each of the three types of pollutants discussed in this
experiment (organic, pH, and salt). This should also include a

brief comparison of the two species of Daphnia (habitats where
they are typically found and relative sensitivities to pollution).
2. Results Section
In the results section, you need to present the data that was
provided to you from the research assistants notebook. This is
not a discussion or interpretation of the data, but simply a
presentation of the data with only limited text to support that
presentation. What is important for the reader to look at in your
data? You have been given survival data of the two Daphnia
species over 7 days for the three pollutants. You need to
analyze those data and determine what the percent survival is of
each species at each concentration of pollutant. You should
include these percent survival data in a clearly written text
paragraph at the beginning of your results section.
Now, using the percent survival data that you calculated, you
will produce three graphs and one table for this report. To
report the ecotoxicology data, you should make three LC50
graphs in ExcelTM or other data graphing program, which will
highlight the survival of the Daphnia for all three types of
pollutions tested (organic, pH, and salt). Please note, the two
species of Daphnia should be graphed on the same graph for
comparison for each pollutant type. For example, one of your
graphs should represent the organic pollution data on which you
plot concentration on the x-axis (% Na3PO4), survival on the y-
axis (as a percentage at Day 7), and the survival of each species
of Daphnia as the plot lines. Do not forget these graphs are
figures and need titles and figure legends (below the figure!).
Now use your three graphs to determine the LC50 for each
species and each pollutant. Make onetable of LC50 values for
each pollutant and each species of Daphnia that you have
calculated from your graphs. By generating a clear table here,
properly formatted and including a table title and description
(above the table!), your discussion / conclusion will be easier to
formulate.
3. Conclusions section

A. Interpretation of Daphnia data:
i. In this section you will interpret your results for the Daphnia.
Using your data that you presented in the results section, and
your reliable research (peer-reviewed scientific articles),
discuss whether or not the results recorded by the former
research assistant make sense to you. Does anything seem
strange to you in the data interpretation – or does the data
match what you found in the literature? Explain why and
present your interpretation of why any differences might have
been observed.
ii. Based on what you know about Daphnia as an indicator
species, discuss the implications of these types of pollutants on
aquatic ecosystems.
B. Proposed
Solution
s:
i. You should also think about what can be done to mitigate the
impacts of these types of pollutants on natural environments.
Propose specific solutions for each type of pollutant and be sure
to back up your claims with referenced examples.
4. References
You will also need to have a reference section with at least five
sources (two of these sources must be peer-reviewed…ALL of
the sources should be credible;
https://infoguides.rit.edu/genbio). Format with APA formatting
and be sure to include in-text citations with an (author last
name, date) format (https://library.rit.edu/citations/apa/journal-

article-apa) .
Formatting and Submission
1. Paper formatting
2-3 pages, 1.5 spaced, 1” margins, 12 pt. font
2. File submission:
· File should be submitted as a PDF file to the designated
Assignment Folder on MyCourses by 11:59 pm on Monday,
April 27, 2020.
i. Your submission files must be named and uploaded as
follows: Last name_First name_lab section
ii. Late Submissions: Late assignments will be accepted only in
the Assignment Folder on MyCourses up to 5 days late (no later
than May 2, 2020). All late submission will be penalized 10%
per day.

Lab #11 – EcotoxicologyPrelab DiscussionT.docx

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