Flood Essay Essay about Natural Hazards Pakistan Essay Essay on Flooding Water Crisis in Pakistan Flooding in South Africa

1. Flood Essay
Management before the floods in Malaysia is based on the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP ) as
determined by the NSC to agencies like Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID), Public Works
Departments (JKR), Department of Meteorology and Local Authorities (PBT) includes two steps,
namely, structured and unstructured. Structural measures adopted in Malaysia are like dams and
dykes to control flood flows and non–structural measures are such as land use planning and flood
forecasting and warning systems to mitigate the effects of floods (Chan, 2012; Khalid, & Shafiai,
2015). Structural measures implemented to reduce the danger of flooding so as not to pose a
greater hazard to people in the flood plain. Agencies involved in the success of...show more content...
In addition, the short message system (SMS) is also provided to warn employees of related
government agencies such as the Police, the Army, the Malaysian Meteorological Department
(JMM), Civil Defense Department, the Department, and National Security Division (BKN) in the
Prime Minister and other agencies involved (Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran, 2013). The
Meteorological Department has also provided a weather forecast web site to facilitate public access
to current weather conditions. In 2001, Malaysia has introduced 'Manual Saliran Mesra Alam'
(MSMA) to be used as a tool in integrated flood management (Chan, 2012; Musa, Chan, Ku
Mahamud, Karim, & Zaini, 2013). In contrast, an example of which is seen nonstructural methods
are effective flood forecasting and warning system (Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran, 2013). The
methods used for the management of flood disclosed before it has been shown that Malaysia has
certainly had an initiative to reduce the impact of floods on human health and life at risk areas.
Management of flood victims during and after the flooding situation in Malaysia also is based on
Directive No. 20. According to MKN (2012), during the current disaster management involves a
number of rescue agencies on the scene as the Special Search and Rescue Team Malaysia
(SMART), the Royal Malaysian Police (PDRM),
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2. Essay about Natural Hazards
Introduction
Floods are a natural hazard. There have been many devastating floods in the past decade.
Different countries have reacted differently during and after the floods have occurred. Some
countries have needed economic help during these times. Some countries were able to give
detailed warning and saved many lives in doing so. Developed countries have the money to warn
its people of any floods or other natural hazards which may affect a community. Developing
countries often do not have the resources or money to start a rescue of people after the disaster
occurs. They have to rely on the United Nations (UN) or developed countries to donate money.
Pakistan experienced a flood in July 2010 in monsoon season. The monsoon...show more content...
These factors made the flooding of 2010 more catastrophic than previous years. The difference
between the two floods was the type of landscape where the flood occurred. Pakistan does not have
mountains or any other features in the land to limit the flood plain. The heavy rain caused both
floods.
Impacts
The impacts of the floods were very different. The life lost in Pakistan was estimated at 1,540
people while in Australia the loss of life was around 35 people. The loss of life in Pakistan was
due to poor warning and failure to help those who were trapped. The structure of the houses in
Pakistan was not built to stay together in a flood. The Australian houses in flood areas are built
with waterproof walls and to only have the garage downstairs. The Australian is estimated to cost
$6 billion to rebuild all of the structures which were damaged or destroyed during the floods. The
Pakistani floods were estimated to cost around $9 billion. There are many areas in Pakistan were
flooding occurs every year and the people know how to rebuild their homes. There are some
positives of floods. Pakistan needs to be flooded every year otherwise crops will not grow. The
soil needs the flood water every year so it has nutrients for crops to grow. The Australian
environment does not need to be flooded every year. Australia has four seasons while in Pakistan
there is a wet and dry season. Australia experiences rain in every
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3. Pakistan Essay
Pakistan: Foreign Policy
Pakistan, a land of many splendors and opportunities, a repository of a unique blend of history and
culture for both the East and West has been the cradle of one of the oldest civilizations. The Indus
valley, is the ninth most populous Area in the world, with 134 million tough, conscientious, hard
working people wishing and striving hard to enter into the 21st century as equal partners in the
community of the different developed nations. During the last 20 years Pakistan's economy has been
one of the fastest growing in the world–the seventh fastest in Asia (www.forisb.org/fpolicy).
Pakistan's economy has been becoming large on a worldwide scale, with the annual gross domestic
product growing at more than six...show more content...
Pakistan now has a highly developed financial sector consisting of local as well as foreign
commercial banks, investment banks, leasing companies, mutual funds and varies other fund
companies. Besides providing working capital and long–term financing to the investors, these banks
offer a number of facilities such as remittance of profits/dividends and maintenance of foreign
currency accounts (www.mofa.com). Now because of this, various cities in Pakistan have developed
stock exchanges with major corporations in the U.S.
Security in Pakistan has been a major issue since the origins of the country and its controversial
creation.
The overriding objective of Pakistan's foreign policy is the safe guarding of its sovereignty, security
and territorial integrity. This is underpinned by its firm adherence to immutable principles of
interstate relations.
The violence accompanying the partition leading to the emergence of the two independent states of
Pakistan and India generated hostility, which continues to afflict relations between the two countries,
mainly because of the unresolved issue of Jammu and Kashmir. The issue is the source of continuing
tensions and conflict, and shaped the unstable and tense security environment in the region. The
historical
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4. Essay on Flooding
floods
Thousands of years ago before people built towns and planted crops, rivers cut deep canyons and
molded the continents. Often these rivers overflowed their banks and flooded the surrounding
areas, depositing mineral rich silt and soil in the surrounding plains and valleys. Because of the way
floods enrich soil some of the first cities were built along rivers. The most important ones grew
along the Indus River in Pakistan; the Nile in Egypt; the Yellow River in China; and the Tigris and
Euphrates in the Middle East. These rivers floodplains are called the "cradles of civilization".
(Michael Burgan &Robin Doak) Even though floods happen everywhere, there are only four types
of floods. River floods occur along rivers and usually...show more content...
These earthquakes cause tsunamis, which are huge waves. Tsunamis travel long distances across the
ocean before reaching land where they flood the coasts, drown people, and smash buildings. (Dennis
Fradin) Volcano eruptions can also cause tsunamis like in 1883 when Krakatoa erupted killing
37,000 people making it the worst tsunami in history. China is the largest and most populated
country on the earth. It is also where the worst flood in history occurred. In 1887 the Yellow River
toped its seventy–foot–tall levees and flooded eleven cities and hundreds of surrounding villages.
This flood became the deadliest flood ever by killing at least 900,000 people. Thousands of
square miles of farmland was covered in water that sometimes stood twenty feet deep over farm
houses. It took two years for this much water to recede. With crops washed away there was little
to eat; it is not known how many starved to death. In 1889 Johnstown Pennsylvania flooded.
Fourteen miles away from Johnstown the Little Conemaugh River had been dammed to form
Lake Conemaugh. The dam was owned by a country club and was known to be in poor condition.
The members sailed and fished on the lake but did little to repair the dam. May 30, 1889 was
Memorial Day and it rained hard. The river and lake rose quickly and the next day the water topped
the dam and spilled over
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5. Water Crisis in Pakistan
EMERGING WATER CRISIS AND ITS IMPACT ON PAKISTAN
Introduction
1.Water in general and fresh water in particular is essential for sustaining quality of life on earth.
This commodity has a direct bearing on almost all sectors of economy. In Pakistan, its importance
is more than ordinary due to the agrarian nature of the economy. Share of agriculture in Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan, though reduced since 1970, is now estimated at about 24%.
Agriculture is also the major user of water, yet in many parts of Pakistan, the very survival of the
people depends on the timely and adequate availability of water. With rising demands, the aridity
index of the country is adding further to the significance of water in any developmental...show more
content...
In many areas of Pakistan, it has transformed the concept of low and uncertain crop yields to a
more secure and predictable form of crop production. The overall effect has been to a tune of an
increase in the cropping intensity from 63% in 1947 to 120% in 2000. The ground aquifer of the
plains of Pakistan providing ground water are recharged from direct natural precipitation, river
flows and continued seepage from the conveyance system of canals and application losses in the
irrigated lands. The assessed potential is of 50 MAF, out of which 38 MAF is already being
exploited. As a result of this dramatic increase in the intensity of ground water exploitation, the
policy paradigm has changed from development to management.
6.Existing Surface Storage and Hydro Power Capacity. Perennial flow in the canal system is
dependent on availability of water storage dams to store surplus water and feed the irrigation system
during water scarce months.
7. Indus Basin Irrigation System. Mighty River Indus and its tributaries are the main sources of
surface irrigation network in Pakistan. Five main rivers joining Indus on its eastern side are the
Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Three minor rivers the Soan, Haro and Siran also drain the
sub mountainous areas of Lower Himalayas into it. Kabul with its tributaries, the Swat, Panjkora and
Kunar join Indus from the western side. Downstream Indus is joined by the Kurram, Gomal, Kohat
Tai, Tank, Gaj
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6. Flooding in South Africa
Assignment
GEO 234
D Sonnekus
2011042526
Flooding In South–Africa
A Deeper Insight to What Happens Around Us
[pic]
Photo: Ivan Sonnekus 2012
Index
Page Number
1. Introduction3
2. The Nature Of Flooding3
3. The Main Causes Of Flooding In South–Africa4
4. The Effect Of Development On Flood Hazards in SA5
5. The Effect Of The Economic Status Of People – Regarding Flood Hazards6
6. Conclusion7
7. Bibliography8
1. Introduction
Floods play a major role in our everyday lives, and how we react to the daily changing climate is of
course our way of surviving our planetary conditions. Floods determine our building styles and play a
...show more content...
The heavy rains on a constant basis keeps the rivers and dams full up to their limits so in the event

7. of a heavy cloud break the already full rivers and dams cannot enclose all the extra water and all
that water needs to go somewhere thus leading to floods, in most cases in South–Africa the floods
will be flash floods. But there is also the chance of major floods in the form of a dam overflowing
and then breaking the wall or even minor floods like in the December of 2012 the Ncandu River
flowing through Newcastle KZN overreaches its banks and fills the Trim park with water at least
1–2 feet deep as the trim park is adjacent to the rivers.
4. The Effect of Development on Flood Hazards in SA
Right around the world the population keeps growing at an alarming rate as the birth to mortality
rate is not balanced which leads to a world population always wanting and needing to expand city
and/or town borders. In this case the chances are very good that eventually there will be building
developments inside flood plains or lower laying terrain in the proximity of a dam or large volume
of water. Thus the engineers of the modern world in developing countries like for instance
South–Africa need to come up with new initiatives to improve building techniques to overcome the
obstacle of flooding as the floods can be the
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