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1. Flooding in South Africa
Assignment
GEO 234
D Sonnekus
2011042526
Flooding In South–Africa
A Deeper Insight to What Happens Around Us
[pic]
Photo: Ivan Sonnekus 2012
Index
Page Number
1. Introduction3
2. The Nature Of Flooding3
3. The Main Causes Of Flooding In South–Africa4

2. 4. The Effect Of Development On Flood Hazards in SA5
5. The Effect Of The Economic Status Of People – Regarding Flood Hazards6
6. Conclusion7
7. Bibliography8
1. Introduction
Floods play a major role in our everyday lives, and how we react to the daily changing climate is of course our way of surviving our planetary
conditions. Floods determine our building styles and play a...show more content...
The heavy rains on a constant basis keeps the rivers and dams full up to their limits so in the event of a heavy cloud break the already full rivers and
dams cannot enclose all the extra water and all that water needs to go somewhere thus leading to floods, in most cases in South–Africa the floods will
be flash floods. But there is also the chance of major floods in the form of a dam overflowing and then breaking the wall or even minor floods like in
the December of 2012 the Ncandu River flowing through Newcastle KZN overreaches its banks and fills the Trim park with water at least 1–2 feet
deep as the trim park is adjacent to the rivers.
4. The Effect of Development on Flood Hazards in SA
Right around the world the population keeps growing at an alarming rate as the birth to mortality rate is not balanced which leads to a world
population always wanting and needing to expand city and/or town borders. In this case the chances are very good that eventually there will be
building developments inside flood plains or lower laying terrain in the proximity of a dam or large volume of water. Thus the engineers of the modern
world in developing countries like for instance South–Africa need to come up with new initiatives to improve building techniques to overcome the
obstacle of flooding as the floods can be the
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3. Water Crisis in Pakistan
EMERGING WATER CRISIS AND ITS IMPACT ON PAKISTAN
Introduction
1.Water in general and fresh water in particular is essential for sustaining quality of life on earth. This commodity has a direct bearing on almost all
sectors of economy. In Pakistan, its importance is more than ordinary due to the agrarian nature of the economy. Share of agriculture in Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan, though reduced since 1970, is now estimated at about 24%. Agriculture is also the major user of water, yet in
many parts of Pakistan, the very survival of the people depends on the timely and adequate availability of water. With rising demands, the aridity index
of the country is adding further to the significance of water in any developmental...show more content...
In many areas of Pakistan, it has transformed the concept of low and uncertain crop yields to a more secure and predictable form of crop production.
The overall effect has been to a tune of an increase in the cropping intensity from 63% in 1947 to 120% in 2000. The ground aquifer of the plains of
Pakistan providing ground water are recharged from direct natural precipitation, river flows and continued seepage from the conveyance system of
canals and application losses in the irrigated lands. The assessed potential is of 50 MAF, out of which 38 MAF is already being exploited. As a result
of this dramatic increase in the intensity of ground water exploitation, the policy paradigm has changed from development to management.
6.Existing Surface Storage and Hydro Power Capacity. Perennial flow in the canal system is dependent on availability of water storage dams to store
surplus water and feed the irrigation system during water scarce months.
7. Indus Basin Irrigation System. Mighty River Indus and its tributaries are the main sources of surface irrigation network in Pakistan. Five main rivers
joining Indus on its eastern side are the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Three minor rivers the Soan, Haro and Siran also drain the sub
mountainous areas of Lower Himalayas into it. Kabul with its tributaries, the Swat, Panjkora and Kunar join Indus from the western side. Downstream
Indus is joined by the Kurram, Gomal, Kohat Tai, Tank, Gaj
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4. Essay on Flooding
floods
Thousands of years ago before people built towns and planted crops, rivers cut deep canyons and molded the continents. Often these rivers
overflowed their banks and flooded the surrounding areas, depositing mineral rich silt and soil in the surrounding plains and valleys. Because of the
way floods enrich soil some of the first cities were built along rivers. The most important ones grew along the Indus River in Pakistan; the Nile in
Egypt; the Yellow River in China; and the Tigris and Euphrates in the Middle East. These rivers floodplains are called the "cradles of civilization".
(Michael Burgan &Robin Doak) Even though floods happen everywhere, there are only four types of floods. River floods occur along rivers and usually
...show more content...
These earthquakes cause tsunamis, which are huge waves. Tsunamis travel long distances across the ocean before reaching land where they flood the
coasts, drown people, and smash buildings. (Dennis Fradin) Volcano eruptions can also cause tsunamis like in 1883 when Krakatoa erupted killing
37,000 people making it the worst tsunami in history. China is the largest and most populated country on the earth. It is also where the worst flood in
history occurred. In 1887 the Yellow River toped its seventy–foot–tall levees and flooded eleven cities and hundreds of surrounding villages. This flood
became the deadliest flood ever by killing at least 900,000 people. Thousands of square miles of farmland was covered in water that sometimes
stood twenty feet deep over farm houses. It took two years for this much water to recede. With crops washed away there was little to eat; it is not
known how many starved to death. In 1889 Johnstown Pennsylvania flooded. Fourteen miles away from Johnstown the Little Conemaugh River
had been dammed to form Lake Conemaugh. The dam was owned by a country club and was known to be in poor condition. The members sailed
and fished on the lake but did little to repair the dam. May 30, 1889 was Memorial Day and it rained hard. The river and lake rose quickly and the next
day the water topped the dam and spilled over
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5. Pakistan Essay
Pakistan: Foreign Policy
Pakistan, a land of many splendors and opportunities, a repository of a unique blend of history and culture for both the East and West has been the
cradle of one of the oldest civilizations. The Indus valley, is the ninth most populous Area in the world, with 134 million tough, conscientious, hard
working people wishing and striving hard to enter into the 21st century as equal partners in the community of the different developed nations. During
the last 20 years Pakistan's economy has been one of the fastest growing in the world–the seventh fastest in Asia (www.forisb.org/fpolicy).
Pakistan's economy has been becoming large on a worldwide scale, with the annual gross domestic product growing at more than six...show more
content...
Pakistan now has a highly developed financial sector consisting of local as well as foreign commercial banks, investment banks, leasing companies,
mutual funds and varies other fund companies. Besides providing working capital and long–term financing to the investors, these banks offer a number
of facilities such as remittance of profits/dividends and maintenance of foreign currency accounts (www.mofa.com). Now because of this, various cities
in Pakistan have developed stock exchanges with major corporations in the U.S.
Security in Pakistan has been a major issue since the origins of the country and its controversial creation.
The overriding objective of Pakistan's foreign policy is the safe guarding of its sovereignty, security and territorial integrity. This is underpinned by its
firm adherence to immutable principles of interstate relations.
The violence accompanying the partition leading to the emergence of the two independent states of Pakistan and India generated hostility, which
continues to afflict relations between the two countries, mainly because of the unresolved issue of Jammu and Kashmir. The issue is the source of
continuing tensions and conflict, and shaped the unstable and tense security environment in the region. The historical
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6. Essay about Natural Hazards
Introduction
Floods are a natural hazard. There have been many devastating floods in the past decade. Different countries have reacted differently during and
after the floods have occurred. Some countries have needed economic help during these times. Some countries were able to give detailed warning
and saved many lives in doing so. Developed countries have the money to warn its people of any floods or other natural hazards which may affect a
community. Developing countries often do not have the resources or money to start a rescue of people after the disaster occurs. They have to rely on
the United Nations (UN) or developed countries to donate money. Pakistan experienced a flood in July 2010 in monsoon season. The monsoon...show
more content...
These factors made the flooding of 2010 more catastrophic than previous years. The difference between the two floods was the type of landscape
where the flood occurred. Pakistan does not have mountains or any other features in the land to limit the flood plain. The heavy rain caused both floods.
Impacts
The impacts of the floods were very different. The life lost in Pakistan was estimated at 1,540 people while in Australia the loss of life was around
35 people. The loss of life in Pakistan was due to poor warning and failure to help those who were trapped. The structure of the houses in Pakistan
was not built to stay together in a flood. The Australian houses in flood areas are built with waterproof walls and to only have the garage
downstairs. The Australian is estimated to cost $6 billion to rebuild all of the structures which were damaged or destroyed during the floods. The
Pakistani floods were estimated to cost around $9 billion. There are many areas in Pakistan were flooding occurs every year and the people know
how to rebuild their homes. There are some positives of floods. Pakistan needs to be flooded every year otherwise crops will not grow. The soil
needs the flood water every year so it has nutrients for crops to grow. The Australian environment does not need to be flooded every year. Australia
has four seasons while in Pakistan there is a wet and dry season. Australia experiences rain in every
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