Running head GMO ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS1 GMO ETHICAL CONSID.docx

Running head: GMO ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 1
GMO ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 6
GMO Ethical Considerations
Dustin Hunt
DeVry University
GMO Ethical Considerations
Introduction
Food security is a very important aspect of the economy of any
country. In the desire and urge for countries to acquire food,
securities have pushed countries into making use of various
technologies in the agricultural sector to increase production.

Among the technologies that have been adopted is the use of
DNA technology which leads to the production of genetically
modified foods. For the last about a quarter of a century, the
issue of the DNA technology to produce the GM foods has
raised a lot of controversies among individuals with some in
support of the technology and many other against the use. The
controversies raised have mainly been as a result of the ethical
issues and concern that surround this topic. The individuals that
support the use of technologies cite the lowered cost of food
production, efficiency as well as more production. For those
that are against the technology, they raise various ethical
concerns such as health concerns, contaminations as well as
environmental risks as is going to be discussed in this paper.
Analysis considers the impact of the technology on humanity.
The ethics that concern the issue of GMOs are mainly defined
on the basis of the virtue vs. the vice (Piguet & Poindron,
2012). The set of ethical concerns that we are going first to
focus on is mainly related to the consequences that born from
the use of the GM foods. The consequences caused by the GM
foods face a very major basis of the argument on whether the
GM foods are right or wrong and whether or not they should be
advocated. The questions to be answered in this are whether or
not the GM foods have negative or positive effects.
Despite the fact that most scientist still holds that the GM foods
are safe for consumption, and they do not pose any risk to the
health of the consumers, there are still numerous health
concerns that result in the consumption of GM foods, and this
acts as a major ethical concern. The first such concern is
allergies. The GM food is said to be related to the triggering of
allergies in individuals. This is because the gene that is used to
modify the plants could be extracted from an organism that is
allergenic. When placed into a plant which initially does not
cause its allergies, an allergen is added, and thus, the plant now
poses the danger of allergies to consumers. When consumed by
individuals they may, as a result, suffer allergic reactions. For
individuals whose genes are not compatible with the genes used

for modification, new allergies may also arise.
The second ethical concern that is also based on the
consequences of the GM food is the diseases. GM foods also
pose the risk of disease to their consumers. The modifications
of the plants are sometimes done with bacteria and virus DNAs;
there is the risk of new disease that is posed to the individuals
who consume it. Some of other genes used contain antibiotic-
resistant marker genes which could cause diseases and problems
to people who consume. The high resistant antibodies gained
from these foods a very disastrous problem could arise as the
response system to antibiotics for individuals could go down
exposing them to a lot of diseases.
The final ethical concern that related to the consequences of the
GM foods is the damage that it causes to the environment. There
are various speculations that GM foods come with a lot of and
damage to the environment. The environmental effects are
related to the environmental effects of technology and also the
ability for individuals to contain them. For example, some of
them are resistant to various herbicides making it hard to
eliminate them when need be (Nelson, 2001).
Analysis clearly utilizes two distinct ethical approaches
Reviewing this issue form the deontological theory point of
view which looks at the consequences which are described
above, the consequences are obviously more negative than
positive and this makes the issue an ethical. Using the virtue
theory of ethics the consequences show that the issue does not
promote such important virtues like care and thus the issue us
not ethical.
Conclusion
In the face of technology all sectors of the economy including
the agricultural sector is affected. The only way through which
the ethical concerns can be controlled is by making sure that
there are a lot of government regulations of the GM food
productions. Comment by Maxon3: need to beef up your
conclusion. review your main points and your thesis for this
section.

Visual illustration Comment by Maxon3: incorporate into your
paper.
References
Nelson, G. (2001). Genetically modified organisms in
agriculture: economics and politics. San Diego, Calif: Academic
Press.
Piguet, P. & Poindron, P. (2012). Genetically modified
organisms and genetic engineering in research and therapy.
Basel New York: Karger.
Week 5: Ethical Considerations draft. Roughly 2 pages long.
(90 possible points)
Components needed for this section:
1. A detailed evaluation of the ethical considerations associated
with the technology in relation to its impact on humanity
1. An illustration of at least two specific ethical theories that
differentiates their varying approaches in consideration of the
questions raised by the selected technology
1. At least one statistical graph/visual aid that supports or
provides value to the section
1. In-text APA formatted citations with a reference page
The assessment should be well-written and incorporate proper
grammar and no spelling errors. It should incorporate an
introduction, body, and a conclusion paragraph.
Content
Points
Earned
Analysis considers the impact of the technology on humanity
25
25
Analysis clearly utilizes two distinct ethical approaches, such as
deontology or teleology in evaluating the ethical nature of the
technology
30 (15 points each)

28
One statistical graph/visual aid is used
5
4
Use of introduction and conclusion paragraphs
10 (5 points for each)
10
In-text references are used and a reference page (in APA
format) is included
10
Editing; spelling, punctuation, grammar, sentence meaning is
clear
10
9
Total
90
86
1. Kramerica Industries has a capital structure
consisting of 65% debt and 35% common stock. The company’s
CFO has obtained the following information:
· The before-tax YTM on the company's bonds is 8.5%.
· Kramerica will pay a $3.00 dividend on its common stock and
the dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of 6% a year.
The common stock currently sells for $50 a share.
· Assume the firm will be able to use retained earnings to fund
the equity portion of its capital budget.
· The company's tax rate is 35%.
a. What is Kramerica’s WACC?3 points
b. Two independent projects are available for
Kramerica to invest in: Project A has an IRR of 10%, while

Project B’s has an IRR of 12.5%. These two projects are
equally risky and are of average risk. Which
project(s) should Kramerica accept?
2. Abbott Printing plans to issue a $1,000 par value, 20-
year bond with a 7.00% annual coupon, paid semiannually.
The company applies an average tax rate of 40% for cost of
capital decision-making purposes but Congress is considering
a change in the corporate tax rate. This change would bring the
firm’s average tax rate down to 30%. By how much would the
after-tax component cost of debt used to calculate the WACC
change if the new tax rate is adopted?
2 points
3. Davola Inc. has the following financial information:
· Debt: The firm issued 1,000, 20 year bonds five years ago
which were sold at a par value of $1,000. The bonds carry a
coupon rate of 8.4%.
· PreferredStock: Pays a 9.75% preferred dividend with a par of
$100 and is currently selling for $86.
· Equity: Davola’s common stock currently sells for $72 and
grows at a constant rate of 6%. Davola just paid a $4.65
dividend to their shareholders.
· Davola’s business plan for next year projects net income of
$360,000, half of which will be retained.
· The company applies an average tax rate of 35% for cost of
capital decision-making purposes.
· Dovola Inc. pays flotation costs of 10% on all new stock
issues.

· Dovola’s capital structure is 40% debt, 15% preferred stock
and 45% common equity.
5 points
a. Compute the capital component costs for each of the
capital components. Ignore flotation costs for debt and
preferred stock.
b. Calculate the WACC before the break in retained
earnings.
c. Calculate Davola’s break point in retained earnings.
d. Calculate the WACC after the break in retained
earnings. In other words, calculate the WACC given the
point that the firm will have to issue new stock to fund the
equity portion of its capital budget.
4. Braun Industries is considering the following mutually
exclusive projects. Braun’s cost of capital is 9%.
YearProject AProject B 7 points
0 ($86,000) ($86,000)
1 $42,000 $63,000
2 $32,000 $28,000
3 $12,900 $8,000
4 $12,200 $3,000
5 $12,000 $2,000

a. Calculate each project’s NPV and IRR.
b. Find the Payback Period for each project.
c. Find the MIRR for each project.
d. Which of these projects should Braun accept? Why?
5. Bania Inc. has annual sales of $17 million, inventory
levels of $2.5 million, receivables of $3.5 million, and payables
of $1.25 million. The firms cost of goods sold is 80% of sales.
3 points
What is Bania’s CCC?
6. Puddy Manufacturing sells on terms of 2/15, net 40. Total
annual sales are $9,500,000. 40% of the customers pay on the
15th day and take discounts, 40% pay in 40 days and the
remaining customers pay, on average, 60 days after their
purchases. What is the Puddy’s accounts receivable balance?
2 points
7. Jiffy Park Inc. can buy its inventory from the following
two suppliers both of which offer essentially the same
pricing and quality. Their credit terms are as follows:
Supplier A 2/15, net 30
Supplier B 3/15, net 20
Jiffy Park is frequently short on cash and is often unable to
take advantage of prompt payment discounts. Calculate the
nominal cost of trade credit for each supplier given that Jiffy
Park will usually pay its suppliers in 40 days.

2 points
Running Head: GMOS
GMOS
9
Genetically Modified Organisms
Dustin Hunt
DeVry University
Professor Maxon

Introduction
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) have been known to
have various implications on humans and the environment at
large. GMOs generally involves the alteration or changing of an
organism’s cell structure in order to come up with a wanted
trait. The impacts in which GMOs have on people and the
environment can be classified into various classes. For instance
we have social, cultural, political, economic and environmental
effects. The following essay will therefore focus upon the
effects in which GMOs have on these five major categories.
Social Comment by Maxon3: Social
How has this technology been received, accepted, rejected?
Why? Is it feared or favored? What is the attitude toward
change? How are the developers trying to “sell” the technology
to the general public? Look at attitudes, feelings (emotions),
behaviors, personality, and the ways humans change as a result
of this technology. What is being thought and why? Is the
human mind impacted? How? Are interactions between people
changing as a result? Who is included or excluded and why?
Use Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Piaget or some other theorist.
What psychological needs are met by the technology (e.g., cell
phones once granted status and now promote a sense of
belonging or connectedness) or created by the technology?
Consumerism?
Look at groups and organizations that have arisen and prospered
because of this technology. Are these groups supportive or
antagonist, and why? (An example is genetically modified foods
[GMOs] and the backlash against the Monsanto Corporation.
Another is cochlear implants which allow the deaf to hear, yet
reduce the deaf population that calls itself a community.) How
does the technology change society, or how does society change
in response to the technology? What factors in society led to the
development in the first place? What do class, gender roles,
race, norms, etc. mean in this context? Who will benefit from
the technology, and who might be harmed (this might also
belong in ethics/morals section)? For example, prosthetics

enable people to participate more fully and actively in society
(some persons are competing in triatholons and marathons), and
the “war” has brought about the need for advances in prosthetic
technology as casualties with missing limbs return home to the
United States. Look at the workplace, new companies and/or
jobs created, jobs lost (or save this for economics?). Look at
roles—subgroups, people’s interpersonal and intrapersonal
relationships. Consider crime, healthcare, schools. Surveillance
cameras, for example, have recently been installed in New York
City, and the result has been a decrease in the amount of crime,
purse-snatching, pickpocketing, etc. Yet some fear the “big
brother” effect of always being watched and tracked and
concerns over “Who will guard the guards?”
Genetic modification on organisms has had various impacts on
people. The emergence of GMOs has improved food security
within nations of the world. Food security is a very important
requirement from the fact that people need food for survival.
Food is required for energy in order to perform other activities.
Many nations especially in the Sub Saharan region currently
face food shortages due to climatic factors as well as poor
agricultural techniques. GM crops have the ability to grow
faster to maturation and thus spend less time in farms. These
crops also have the ability to withstand harsh climatic
conditions and thus make them grow in such conditions. Due to
these traits therefore, GMOs are expected to improve food
security which is a very positive social aspect. Another major
social aspect is the fact that foods can be modified in a way that
they contain more nutrients as required by the humans. GM
crops and animals can be induced traits which ensure they result
the specific types of nutrients required. Tastes can also be
altered with in order to come up with tastes needed by the
humans. Health risks are also major social factors associated
with GMOs. Up to date, there are various unknown health issues
associated with GMOs. Some have however been identified with
other mitigation issues coming into board (Marmiroli, 2008).

The above graph shows an example of improved rice through
genetic engineering that supplies vitamins to the consumers
despite the fact that rice is known to only provide carbohydrates
in the body.
Political Comment by Maxon3: Political
Look at government policy, government intervention,
government involvement (support or lack of support, funding),
both nationally and internationally. Consider Congress, the
President, the Supreme Court (decisions), the rate of change,
liberalism, conservatism, legislation, litigation, etc. What
political factors are at work in the progression or regression of
the technology (e.g. lobbyists, special interest groups, partisan
views, vocal advocates or spokespersons)? For example: The
Americans with Disabilities Act was designed to prevent
discrimination and encourage accessibility to public facilities; it
impacted architects, companies, organizations and persons with
disabilities through the installation of ramps (wider doors,
lower knobs/handles, larger restroom stalls), the use of assistive
devices in schools and in the workplace, hiring practices and
lawsuits against employers, etc.
Governments have a role to play concerning GMOs. One major
factor in which most governments have been associated with is
the issue of labelling. Various debates have risen up with
reference to whether GMOs should be labelled or not. Due to
the different health impacts in which people have known
concerning GMOs, some individuals are currently trying their
best to avoid GM products. On the other hand, manufacturers
and proponents of GMO are much concerned with profits made.
Due to this, they end up opposing the idea of labelling GMOs
within markets and other selling points with an aim of
maintaining their customer bases. This has also made
governments to be in great dilemmas concerning this issue.
Some governments have however supported the idea of GMOs
and mainly in the developing nations whereby there is a lot of

food insecurity. Other nations whereby health is a major
priority GMOs have been put aside which various health and
environmental organizations gathering their claims against these
organisms.
The above graph shows the gap that is expected between supply
and demand of food as years go by. It is very evident that
GMOs can be a solution to the anticipated food insecurity in the
coming years and thus governments address the negative
impacts of GMOs to ensure it only benefits them.
Economic Comment by Maxon3: Economic
Consider production, consumption, costs, variables of supply-
demand, corporations, private enterprise, impact on the nation’s
economy (employment, displacement, outsourcing). Are certain
industries impacted more than others? Look up financial
projections—expectations for growth, startup companies, the
stock exchange, etc.—anything related to business and the U.S.
and global economy. Who are the chief players in the business
environment, and what is their role? How much has been
invested in research and development? How will the price
fluctuate? What economic trends are to be observed? Who will
make money from the technology? Who is funding the research
and development? Who controls the purse strings, and why?
Look at foundations and charitable organizations, the outcomes
and the nature of consumers. Be sure to use charts and tables
and quantitative data in this section. Tables, figures, and data
and statistics must be current, valid and used appropriately.
GMOs have had both positive and negative implications on the
economy. To begin with positive effects, it is important to note
that GMOs are generally cost effective. From the fact that they
are able to survive in very harsh conditions, this automatically
translates to fewer resources required for farming. For instance,
GM crops can survive under less amounts of water and also
demand less use of fertilizers. In this way, they prove to be very
economic and cost effective to the farmers. The use of organic

crops may prove to be costly, as they are easily affected by
climatic factors and also susceptible to infestation by pests and
diseases. For farmers therefore, GM products are a way of
saving money from resources as they obtain more profits. It is
important to note that GMOs are yet to result into hazardous
economic impacts. First of all, a lot of funds are currently being
used in research in order to come up with solutions to the
problems in which GMOs have shown in countries where they
are widely used. In some nations such as India, it has been
reported that GMOs have resulted into the emergence of other
weeds and pests that have become resistance to some of the
pesticides designed to kill such pests. As a result of this, they
have led into farmers experiencing various losses. A lot of
funds are therefore being used by various governments to come
up with solutions for these problems and thus being a very
negative economic impact associated with GMOs. With various
customers also shifting from the consumption of genetic
modified products it is projected that the market share may
reduce in the coming years and thus result into losses to the
farmers and the general economy of the nation.
Cultural Comment by Maxon3: Cultural
This is a really important section. Consider the elements that
comprise the culture and subcultures. Compare the United
States use of the technology with that of other nations around
the world. What is about Americans that brings about
innovation, or has America declined in terms of technical
innovation, scientific research and development? Look at
advertising for the technology, the use of celebrities or stars or
heroes, the applications (e.g. sports and nanotechnology) and
the values represented by the culture. What has priority and
why? An example: IBM was spelled out in xenon atoms. Why
were these letters chosen instead of something else?
What new words have been added to our vocabulary from this
technology? “Horseless carriage” was used long before the term
“automobile.” “Wireless” preceded Wi-Fi, and webcasting
preceded podcasting. “Broadcast” was a term adapted from

agriculture long before it was used for radio and television.
How do musicians and artists react to the technology or use the
technology or incorporate the technology in their artistic
productions? For example, fiber optic lighting has been used on
the stage and in parades (Disney) for costuming. The drama
term “In the limelight,” for example, was derived from a
lens/lighting system used in lighthouses. Look at literature—
perhaps science fiction or fantasy stories—that predate the
technology (Jules Verne, for example, wrote about submarines
before they were actually invented and used—though Leonardo
da Vinci had sketched the idea centuries before Verne). Are
there any songs, short stories, poems, plays, TV shows, or films
that directly make reference to the technology? Are there any
“related” literary works that apply? Is the artifact in a museum
or will it be? Why? How does the technology relate to concepts
of beauty and novelty and human creativity? How can people
express their humanity through this technology? An example:
scientists experimenting with nano made a “nano guitar” that
actually played a tune, though it was subthreshold human
hearing.
The use of GMOs have had significant implications to the
cultures of people around the world. There is a diversity of
culture in the entire world; these cultures are associated with
various beliefs and values. GMOs have negatively impacted on
of these cultural values and beliefs. For instance, India one of
the developing nations in the world has had incidences of
farmers committing suicide as a result of crop failures.
Committing suicide is actually a taboo to many nations. Failure
of crops has led into farmers remaining depressed concerning
their economic status and ways of survival in case of the
peasant farmers. Due to this, some of them therefore end up into
breaking cultural values by committing suicide. Within United
States of America, anti-science protesters have made people to
completely believe that GMOs are poisonous and thus should
not be consumed. Generally, the American culture is based upon

science with many people believing the wonders that science
has done to our universe. With people therefore having
increasing doubts concerning GMOs, it leads to the rising tide
of beliefs which are anti-science in nature and thus against the
American Culture. With various conflicts also arising due to
the use of GMOs, social unrest has become the end result which
is against the European culture.
Environmental Impacts Comment by Maxon3: Environmental
Impact
Consider such things as dangers to humans, the depletion of
resources, air and water pollution, discovery before inventions,
impact on wildlife and humans (health and safety), long-term
and short-term effects, waste disposal, aesthetic considerations
(how the technology changes the landscape). Look also at the
positive effects (savings of raw materials or fossil fuels, low
environmental impact, enhancement to the environment). For
example, some thought the Alaskan Pipeline would impact the
caribou population and its ability to migrate; the scientists
discovered that the population actually increased and was
healthier because they had “shade” from the above-the-ground
pipe, fewer biting flies, and less physically stressed females.
Other negative examples: the spotted owl and deforestation in
Washington State; the snail darter and the dam, endangered
species and loss of habitats, extinction, over-mining,
overproduction, pollution of ground water, landfills, toxic
wastes, stripping the soil of nutrients, over fishing, over
hunting, over harvesting.
GMOs have majorly been associated with very negative
environmental implications. To begin with is toxicity within the
environment. GM plants are usually pre-injected with chemicals
that are meant to protect them against pests and diseases. In this
way therefore, they are able to inject toxic compounds into the
environment. With this in mind, other non-target organisms also
become subjects to the toxic compounds and thus reduce
biodiversity within the environment. Some of the non-target

organisms that may be affected include bees and butterflies
which are very important for pollination purposes. Large
ecological shifts have also been witnessed in some regions as a
result of using GMOs. This is due to the fact that some GM
products have resulted into the emergence of weeds and pests
that are resistant to pesticides. The environment is therefore
under jeopardy as a result of the use of GM products. To protect
the environment which is a very critical factor of production it
is necessary to focus on research that would ensure such
impacts are mitigated (Holst-Jensen, 2009).
Conclusion
In conclusion, it is important to note that GMOs have
significant effects on the environment. Despite the fact that it is
a good option for food security in the world, its short term and
long term effects cannot be underestimated. It is therefore upon
governments and institutions dealing with GM products to
continue carrying out research in order to come up with answers
for the problems currently being experienced by farmers.
References
Marmiroli, N., (2008). Methods for detection of GMOs in food
and feed. Analytical and bio analytical chemistry, 392(3), 369-
384.

Holst-Jensen, A. (2009). Testing for genetically modified
organisms (GMOs): Past, present and future
perspectives. Biotechnology advances, 27(6), 1071-1082.
Week 4: Analysis of Impact draft. Roughly 4-5 pages long. (90
possible points)
This section should include:
1. All of the required sections listed above
1. At least two statistical graphs/visual aids that supports more
than one section of the analysis
Content
Points
Earned
All required topics are included in the analysis
Two statistical graphs/visual aids are used
format) is included
clear
10
Total

90
90-thank you for all of the effort you put into this paper, it is
appreciated!
Running head: GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS 1
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS 4
Dustin Hunt
DeVry Universtiy

Genetically Modified Organisms Comment by Maxon3: Good
choice.
Genetically Modified Technology (GMO) is a technology which
involves scientific alteration of an organism’s gene to produce
the desired trait(Young, 2004). Some of the common desired
trait which GMO is aiming to achieve in an organism are
disease resistance, insect resistance, high yields, and faster
maturity. GMO technology is mostly applied in agricultural
sector(Young, 2004). The rise in food demand due to increase in
population requires faster production of more quality and
quantity products. Scientists uses GMO technology to increase
plant and crop production to solve the problem food scarcity in
the world. Some of the plants which have been modified by
GMO are corn, Soybean, and plum. Comment by Maxon3: use
Comment by Maxon3: problem of food
Another practical application of GMO is the manufacturing of
medicines. In this case, plants and animals are developed to
produce products for medicinal purpose(Norwood et al. 2015).
For example, insulin, medicinal chemical, is produced by
extracting an insulin enzyme from a pig and introducing it to a
bacteria which then produces insulin after maturing(Norwood et
al. 2015).
GMO is not a very recent technology but it has of late drawn the
world’s attention due to increase controversies surrounding it
concerning ethical factors(Roschauer et al., 2010). The
controversies majorly revolve around genetic pollution and its
effect to human and other animals’ lives. The technology uses
chemicals and other scientific methods that alters the normal
structure of an organism’s(Roschauer et al., 2010). The
chemicals used in these organism may prove to be unhealthy to
human being and other animals which consumes these products.
Another controversy is the difficulty in controlling the spread
of GMO characteristics from spreading to other unintended
organism(Roschauer et al., 2010). This happens through such

cases as cross breading. Comment by Maxon3: No clear thesis
statement. You need one powerful statement that tells me what
you are trying to prove/demonstrate in your paper. See the
announcements on how to write a good thesis statement. Are
you for or against GMO’s?
Reference:
Young, T. R., & IUCN Policy and Global Change Group.
(2004). Genetically modified organisms and biosafety: A
background paper for decision-makers and others to assist in
consideration of GMO issues. Gland: IUCN.
Norwood, F. B., Oltenacu, P. A., Calvo-Lorenzo, M. S., &
Lancaster, S. (2015). Agricultural and food controversies: What
everyone needs to know.
Roschauer, O., & Professor Julian Kinderlerer and Dr Djims
Milius. (2010). Addressing Legal Liability Issues in Cases of
Harm due to Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms
(GMOs): Does current liability law find a suitable balance
between the injuring and injured party?. University of Cape
Town Libraries.
Week 1: Topic and Thesis Proposal (30 possible points)
1. Each proposal should include the following:
0. The name, and a brief description, of the emergent
technology selected.
0. A thesis statement. Please note that a thesis sentence presents
the central idea of the paper. It must always be a complete,
grammatical sentence, specific and brief, and express the point
of view you are taking towards the subject. This thesis
statement will be included in the introduction of your final
report.
Content
Points Possible
Points Earned

Comments
Includes the topic of research
5
5
Provides an appropriate description of the emergent technology
10
10
Includes a clearly stated thesis statement
10
7
Editing; spelling, grammar, punctuation, sentence meaning is
clear
5
5
Total
30
27
Running head: GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS 1
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS 6

Dustin Hunt
DeVry University
Introduction
Genetically modified organisms consists of organisms that have
been developed through the enhancement of technology, all with
an aim of enabling them to be a better organism, that will yield
better outputs and at the same time, manage to overcome easily
the challenges that normal organisms face. This is enabled by
the use technology, which enables the alteration of tissues and
genes of the organisms, which enabling those organisms to
produce the trait that is desired. Genetically modified organisms
were created by a scientist for many reasons. To begin with, one
of the many reasons why scientist created genetically modified
organisms was research. These organisms are currently used for
research and provision of medicine among other products. They
were also used to increase food, by making food producing
plants to yield a higher and mush healthy looking output
(Bodiguel, & Cardwell, 2010). Comment by Maxon3: you need
to better define GMO. they are altered at the genetic level.

run on sentence. Comment by Maxon3: awkward phrasing.
Comment by Maxon3: this needs to go in your first
sentence to clarify what a GMO is.
Historical timeline that diagrams at least three predecessors to
the emergent technology
The concept through which people acquired the idea of making
genetically modified organisms began existing along time ago,
at around 12 000 BCE, when human beings began selective
breeding, where they used to breed only the animals that had the
desirable traits which they wanted, and thus managing to
control the next generation. The animals that lacked these traits
were not bred and thus they ceased to exist after a while. It is
from this concept therefore that the idea of developing
genetically modified organisms emerged. This is, therefore, the
first predecessor concept from which genetically modified
organism technology concept was obtained. The next
predecessor is the creation of the first recombinant DNA
molecule, which took place in the year 1972, by an artist known
as Paul Berg. The third predecessor is the creation of the first
genetically modified organism in the year 1973, by both Stanley
Cohen and Herbert Boyer. These three predecessors are the
reasons why genetically modified organisms exist today since it
is from them that current scientists obtained knowledge that
they use today (Ahmed, 2004). Comment by Maxon3: run on
sentence. work on making your thoughts more concise.
An assessment on how these three technologies influenced the
development of the current technology. Comment by Maxon3:
is this a subheading? if so, it is too long.
Without these three predecessors, it would have been difficult
to obtain the current genetic modifying technology. For the case
of the first predecessor to begin with, as most scientists
perceive it, breeding animals with certain traits implies the
manage combination of genes that produce positive or desirable
traits in an organism and thus the offspring of the breed are
likely to contain those exact desired traits. When the general
technology evolved and scientists had laboratories that they

could run tests, it is the basis of this knowledge that they
decided to combine the genes of two distinct organisms to
create organisms that contain desirable traits from the two
source of the genes.
The next predecessor also contributed greatly towards the
attainment of the current technology that people use to modify
organisms genetically. This is the first successful combination
of organisms DNA, which is the basic knowledge and concepts
that scientists use to form genetically modified organisms.
Without DNA combination, it is extremely difficult for any
organisms to become genetically modified. Scientist therefore
acquired knowledge concerning DNA combination for this
technological successful event by Paul Berg. The last
predecessor is the making of the first genetically modified
organism. This organism managed to resist a condition that
other unmodified organisms would not have been able to. This
concept is the main one that scientists use currently on plants to
make them mange to resist diseases and manage to produce high
output (Nelson, 2001).
Conclusion
The issue of genetically modified organisms has been of great
help to scientific research. Through it, medicine and other
products have been produced. Without these three first
predecessors of the technology used in genetically modified
organisms however, this technology would not be in existence
today. Comment by Maxon3: need to work on your
conclusion.

References
Ahmed, F. (2004). Testing of genetically modified organisms in
foods. New York: Food Products Press.
Bodiguel, L. & Cardwell, M. (2010). The regulation of
genetically modified organisms : comparative approaches. New
York, N.Y: Oxford University Press. Comment by Maxon3:
capitalize first word after colon
Nelson, G. (2001). Genetically modified organisms in
agriculture : economics and politics. San Diego, Calif:
Academic Press.
Week 3: Historical timeline and predecessor assessment draft.
Roughly 2 pages long (90 possible points)
1. Section should include
0. A visual historical timeline that diagrams at least 3
predecessors to the emergent technology
0. An assessment on how these three technologies influenced
the development of the current technology
0. Please note that this assignment, although it includes a
horizontal visual timeline, also requires a well-written

assessment that details at least three technologies that came
before the chosen technology and thus influenced its
development.
Content
Points
Points Awarded/Comments
Provides a horizontal visual historic timeline detailing at least 3
predecessors to the emergent technology
15 (3 points per predecessor)
0-not completed
Includes a detailed analysis of the role that the predecessors
played in the emergence of the current technology
45 (15 points X 3 predecessors assessed)
40
6
format) is included
9
clear
10
7
Total
90
62
Did the student utilize the Smarthinking report?
Yes/No
No-please see their comments; I will not repeat them. Use the
tools you have been given to be successful. avoid contractions
in academic writing.

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