This document discusses the origins of domestic dogs and their relationship to wolves. It provides evidence that dogs share many physical similarities with wolves, including skeletal structure, teeth, toes, gestation period, and habits. Regional domestic dog breeds also resemble the physical traits of local wolf populations. While the ability to bark distinguishes domestic dogs from wolves, the document notes that some dogs living in the wild forget how to bark, and wolf pups raised by dogs can learn to bark. Overall, the evidence suggests that domestic dogs descended from multiple species of wolves and other canine ancestors like jackals that inhabited various regions around the world.

1. EASY TRAINING TECHNIQUES FOR DOGS!
https://www.digistore24.com/redir/397637/kollyns/
There isno incongruityinthe ideathatinthe veryearliestperiodof man’shabitationof thisworldhe
made a friendandcompanionof some sort of aboriginal representative of ourmoderndog,andthat in
returnfor itsaid inprotectinghimfromwilderanimals,andinguardinghissheepandgoats,he gave it a
share of hisfood,a cornerin hisdwelling,andgrew totrust itand care for it.Probably the animal was
originallylittleelse thananunusuallygentlejackal,oranailingwolf drivenbyitscompanionsfromthe
wildmaraudingpackto seekshelterinaliensurroundings.One canwell conceive the possibilityof the
partnershipbeginninginthe circumstance of some helplesswhelpsbeingbroughthome bythe early
hunterstobe tendedandrearedbythe womenandchildren.Dogsintroducedintothe home as
playthingsforthe childrenwouldgrowtoregardthemselves,andbe regarded,asmembersof the family
In nearlyall partsof the worldtracesof an indigenousdogfamilyare found,the onlyexceptionsbeing
the West IndianIslands,Madagascar,the easternislandsof the MalayanArchipelago,New Zealand,and
the PolynesianIslands,where there is nosignthatanydog, wolf,orfox has existedasatrue aboriginal
animal.Inthe ancientOriental lands,andgenerallyamongthe earlyMongolians,the dogremained
savage and neglectedforcenturies,prowlinginpacks,gauntand wolf-like,asitprowlstodaythrough
the streetsandunderthe wallsof everyEasterncity.No attemptwasmade to allure itintohuman
companionshiportoimprove itintodocility.Itisnotuntil we come to examine the recordsof the higher
civilisationsof AssyriaandEgyptthat we discoveranydistinctvarietiesof canine form.
The dog was notgreatlyappreciatedinPalestine,andinboththe Oldand New Testamentsitis
commonlyspokenof withscornandcontemptas an “uncleanbeast.”Eventhe familiarreference tothe
Sheepdoginthe Bookof Job“But nowtheythat are youngerthanI have me inderision,whose fathersI
wouldhave disdainedtosetwiththe dogsof myflock”is notwithouta suggestionof contempt,anditis
significantthatthe onlybiblicalallusiontothe dogas a recognisedcompanionof manoccursin the
apocryphal Bookof Tobit(v.16), “So theywentforthboth,and the youngman’sdog withthem.”
The great multitude of differentbreedsof the dogand the vast differencesintheirsize,points,and
general appearance are factswhichmake itdifficulttobelieve thattheycouldhave hadacommon
ancestry.One thinksof the difference betweenthe Mastiff andthe Japanese Spaniel,the Deerhound
and the fashionable Pomeranian,the St.Bernardandthe Miniature Blackand Tan Terrier,andis
perplexedincontemplatingthe possibilityof theirhavingdescendedfromacommonprogenitor.Yetthe
disparityisnogreaterthan that betweenthe Shire horseandthe Shetlandpony,the Shorthornandthe
Kerrycattle,or the Patagonianandthe Pygmy;andall dog breedersknow how easyitisto produce a
varietyintype andsize by studiedselection.

2. In orderproperlytounderstandthisquestionitisnecessaryfirsttoconsiderthe identityof structure in
the wolf andthe dog.Thisidentityof structure maybestbe studiedina comparisonof the osseous
system,orskeletons,of the twoanimals,whichsocloselyresemble eachotherthattheirtransposition
wouldnoteasilybe detected.
The spine of the dog consistsof seven vertebrae inthe neck,thirteeninthe back,seveninthe loins,
three sacral vertebrae,andtwentytotwenty-twointhe tail.Inboththe dogand the wolf there are
thirteenpairsof ribs,nine true andfourfalse.Each hasforty-twoteeth.Theybothhave five frontand
fourhindtoes,while outwardlythe commonwolf hassomuchthe appearance of a large,bare-boned
dog,that a populardescriptionof the one wouldserve forthe other.
Nor are theirhabitsdifferent.The wolf’snatural voiceisaloudhowl,butwhenconfinedwithdogshe
will learntobark.Althoughhe iscarnivorous,he will alsoeatvegetables,andwhensicklyhe will nibble
grass. Inthe chase,a pack of wolveswill divideintoparties,one followingthe trail of the quarry,the
otherendeavouringtointerceptitsretreat,exercisingaconsiderableamountof strategy,atraitwhichis
exhibitedbymanyof our sportingdogsandterrierswhenhuntinginteams.
A furtherimportantpointof resemblance betweenthe Canislupusandthe Canis familiarisliesinthe
fact that the periodof gestationinbothspeciesissixty-three days.There are fromthree tonine cubsin
a wolf’slitter,andthese are blindfortwenty-onedays.Theyare suckledfortwomonths,butat the end
of thattime theyare able toeat half-digestedfleshdisgorgedforthembytheirdamor eventheirsire.
The native dogsof all regionsapproximatecloselyinsize,coloration,form, andhabittothe native wolf
of those regions.Of thismostimportantcircumstance there are fartoomany instancestoallow of its
beinglookeduponasa mere coincidence.SirJohnRichardson,writingin1829, observedthat“the
resemblance betweenthe NorthAmericanwolvesandthe domesticdogof the Indiansissogreat that
the size and strengthof the wolf seemstobe the onlydifference.
It has beensuggestedthatthe one incontrovertibleargumentagainstthe lupine relationshipof the dog
isthe fact thatall domesticdogsbark,while all wildCanidae expresstheirfeelingsonlybyhowls. Butthe
difficultyhereisnotsogreat as itseems,since we know thatjackals,wilddogs,andwolf pupsrearedby
bitchesreadilyacquire the habit.Onthe otherhand,domesticdogsallowedtorunwildforgethowto
bark, while there are some whichhave notyetlearnedsotoexpressthemselves.

3. The presence orabsence of the habitof barkingcannot,then,be regardedas an argumentindeciding
the questionconcerningthe originof the dog.Thisstumblingblockconsequentlydisappears,leavingus
inthe positionof agreeingwithDarwin,whose final hypothesiswasthat“itishighlyprobable thatthe
domesticdogsof the worldhave descendedfromtwogoodspeciesof wolf (C.lupusandC.latrans),and
fromtwo or three otherdoubtful speciesof wolvesnamely,the European,Indian,andNorthAfrican
forms;fromat leastone or twoSouthAmericancanine species;fromseveral racesorspeciesof jackal;
and perhapsfromone or more extinctspecies”;andthatthe bloodof these,insome casesmingled
together, flowsinthe veinsof ourdomesticbreeds.