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Classifying Living Organisms: The Evolution of Taxonomic Kingdoms
- 1. I0018* Property of STI Taxonomy ďą Classifying Living Organisms ďą Kingdom Taxon ďą Kingdom Protista ďą Kingdom Plantae ďą Kingdom Animalia I0018 1 __________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Taxonomy ⢠Estimate of over 8.7 different million forms of life ⢠3/4 of the 8.7 million species live on land, 1/4 live in the waters ⢠1735 - Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) published a book, Systema Naturae, about the classification of living things in a hierarchical system according to their physical characteristics ⢠Taxonomy is a branch of biology that deals with the naming and identification of organisms Classifying Living Organisms 2 _________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Two Main Features of Linnaean Taxonomy Classifying Living Things ⢠Binomial Nomenclature ⢠Classification Categories 3 __________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Process of Classification of Organisms Classifying Living Things ⢠Broad to specific ⢠Based on similarities How a Human is Classified Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo 4 _________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 2. I0018* Property of STI Kingdom Taxon Taxonomy ⢠Taxonomic rank, which is either the highest rank or in the more recent three-domain system, the rank below domain ⢠Divided into smaller groups called phyla (in zoology) or divisions (in botany) ⢠United States uses a system of six kingdoms while British, Australian and Latin American textbooks may describe five kingdoms 5 __________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Two Kingdoms Kingdom Taxon ⢠Proposed by Carolus Linnaeus Life Regnum Vegetabile Regnum Animalia 6 _________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Three Kingdoms Kingdom Taxon ⢠Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek led the outmoding of the existing dichotomy of the plant and animal kingdoms ⢠1866 - Richard Owen, John Hogg, and Ernst Haeckel proposed a third kingdom â Protista, to classify unicellular organisms Life Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia 7 __________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Four Kingdoms Kingdom Taxon ⢠1938 - a fourth kingdom was proposed by Herbert F. Copeland ⢠Moved the two prokaryotic groups bacteria and âblue- green algaeâ into a separate Kingdom - Monera Life Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia 8 _________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 3. I0018* Property of STI Four Kingdoms Kingdom Taxon ⢠1960 - Distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes became apparent, led to the creation of a rank higher than a kingdom which is an empire (also called domain) ⢠Popularized by Stanier and van Niel as originally proposed by Edouard Chatton Life Empire Prokaryota Kingdom Monera Empire Eukaryota Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia 9 __________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Five Kingdoms Kingdom Taxon ⢠1969 Robert Whittaker recognized an additional kingdom for the Fungi ⢠Based mainly on differences in nutrition ⢠Plantae were mostly multicellular autotrophs ⢠Animalia multicellular heterotrophs ⢠Fungi multicellular saprotrophs ⢠Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies ⢠The five kingdom system may be combined with the two empire system Life Empire Prokaryota Kingdom Monera Empire Eukaryota Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Fungi 10 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Eight Kingdoms Kingdom Taxon ⢠1993 - Professor Thomas Cavalier-Smith proposed Eight kingdoms to include: o Eubacteria o Archaebacteria o Archezoa o Protozoa o Chromista o Plantae o Fungi o Animalia 11 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Six Kingdoms Kingdom Taxon ⢠1998 - Professor Thomas Cavalier-Smith revised his 1993 proposal to just include six kingdoms: ⢠Bacteria ⢠Protozoa ⢠Chromista ⢠Plantae ⢠Fungi ⢠Animalia Life Domain Prokaryota Kingdom Bacteria Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Protozoa Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Chromista 12 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 4. I0018* Property of STI Six Kingdoms with 3 Domains Kingdom Taxon ⢠1970s - developed by Carl Woese ⢠Widely used system for classification of organisms Life Domain Bacteria Kingdom Bacteria Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaea 13 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Kingdom Protista Taxonomy ⢠Organisms that do not belong to other kingdoms are placed in Kingdom Protista ⢠Organisms are called protists ⢠Common characteristics of protists: o Mostly unicellular (some are multicellular like algae) o Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic o Most live in water o All are eukaryotic Image source: jdocstoc.com 14 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Classification of Protists Kingdom Protista ⢠Animal-like protists o Called protozoans o Act like animals o Heterotrophs o Unicellular o Classified by how they move: ď§ Sarcodines - move with pseudofeet ď§ Ciliates - move with cilia ď§ Mastigophorans - move with flagellates ď§ Sporozoa - Parasitic and do not move on their own Image source: glogster.com 15 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Classification of Protists Kingdom Protista ⢠Fungus-like protists o Act like fungi o Heterotrophs with cell walls o Multicellular o Reproduce by forming spores o Change form during life- cycle o Live in damp locations Image source: glogster.com 16 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 5. I0018* Property of STI Classification of Protists Kingdom Protista ⢠Plant-like protists o Act like plants o Can live in soil, bark of trees, fresh water, and salt water o Produce a lot of oxygen o Form the base of food chain Image source: sixthgradeteamwiki.wikispace.com 17 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Importance of Studying Protists Kingdom Protista ⢠About 40% of primary oxygen production here on Earth is done by Algae ⢠Protists also serve as a main base of the microbial food chain ⢠Protists recycle nutrients back to the environment for use by other organisms by consuming bacteria and decomposing dead plants and animals 18 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Importance of Studying Protists Kingdom Protista ⢠Protists serve as an important food for many small aquatic animals ⢠Some protists are responsible for deadly diseases like malaria, toxoplasmosis and amoeba ⢠Some scientists believe that protists hold the key to unraveling the secrets of evolutionary history 19 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Kingdom Plantae Taxonomy ⢠The taxonomic division that comprises of all living or extinct plants ⢠There are almost 300,000 different species of plants on Earth ⢠Plants provide almost all the oxygen on Earth which is vital for most organisms ⢠Plants are able to make oxygen through the process known as photosynthesis ⢠Plants can make their own food that is why they are first in the steps to many food chains in the world Image source: shedexpedition.com 20 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 6. I0018* Property of STI Taxonomy Kingdom Plantae ⢠Plants can be found on land, oceans, and fresh water ⢠Plants have been on Earth for millions of years and even before the existence of animals ⢠Three main features of plants that distinguish them from animals: o Plants have chlorophyll o Plantsâ have cell walls which are made up of cellulose o Plants are fixed in one place Image source: justforus-health.blogspot.com 21 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Kingdom Plantae Classification of Plants Kingdom Plantae Non- vascular Liverworts Mosses Vascular Seedless Ferns Seed- bearing Gymnosperms Angiosperms Monocots Dicots 22 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Kingdom Plantae Classification of Plants ⢠Instead of phylum after kingdom, âdivisionâ is used for Kingdom Plantae ⢠Kingdom Plantae is split into two groups to make it easier to study some of the major groups: o Vascular o Non-vascular Image source: accessexcellence.org 23 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Classification of Plants Non-Vascular Plants ⢠Called bryophytes ⢠Do not contain vascular tissues so they grow close to the ground to obtain nutrition ⢠Smaller in size as compared to vascular plants ⢠Mosses and liverworts are under non-vascular plants Image source: sites.google.com 24 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 7. I0018* Property of STI Classification of Plants ⢠Called tracheophytes ⢠Contain vascular tissue and a complex system that helps them conduct water and minerals throughout the plant ⢠Evolve into a large size as compared to non-vascular plants Vascular Plants Image source: en.wikipedia.org 25 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Classification of Plants ⢠Seedless o Reproduce through spores o Ferns ⢠Seed bearing o Majority species in the Kingdom Plantae o Have seeds that contain embryo, nutrient supply and a protective coat o Divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms Vascular Plants Image source: Google Image Source 26 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Vascular Plants Seed-bearing Plants ⢠Gymnosperms o Non-flowering plants o Seeds that do not develop within an enclosed structure ⢠Angiosperms o Flowering plants o Seeds in an enclosed ovary o Divided into monocots and dicots Image source: Google Image Source 27 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Seed-bearing Plants Angiosperms 28 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 8. I0018* Property of STI Kingdom Plantae Physical Characteristics of Plants ⢠Life Cycle ⢠Use and Location ⢠Form ⢠Foliage Retention ⢠Plant Parts o Leaf o Flower o Bud and Stem o Shape o Color o Stem modifications o Roots o Fruits 29 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Physical Characteristics of Plants Life Cycle ⢠Annuals o Complete lifecycle in one year ⢠Biennials o Complete lifecycle in two years ⢠Perennials o Live more than two years 30 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Physical Characteristics of Plants Plants Growth Form ⢠Columnar ⢠Spreading ⢠Weeping ⢠Round ⢠Oval ⢠Pyramidal Image source: Google Image Source 31 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Physical Characteristics of Plants Foliage Retention Deciduous Evergreen Image source: Google Image Source 32 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 9. I0018* Property of STI Plant Parts Leaf Arrangement Simple Arrangement Compound Arrangement Image source: Google Image Source 33 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Plant Parts Leaf Shapes Image source: www.ext.colo.edu 34 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Plant Parts Leaf Vein Pattern Image source: www.bio.miami.edu 35 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Plant Parts Leaf Margins Image source: www.forestry.about.com 36 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 10. I0018* Property of STI Plant Parts Leaf Surface ⢠Glabrous ⢠Pubescent ⢠Villous ⢠Tomentose ⢠Scabrous ⢠Glaucous ⢠Rugose ⢠Glandular Image source: Google image search 37 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Plant Parts Flower ⢠Color ⢠Shape ⢠Size Image source: Google image search 38 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Plant Parts Bud and Stem ⢠Shape ⢠Color ⢠Stem modifications: o Thorns o Spines o Prickles Image source: Google image search 39 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Plant Parts Roots Image source: Google image search Tap Fibrous Bulb 40 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 11. I0018* Property of STI Plant Parts Fruits ⢠Cones ⢠Nuts ⢠Pomes ⢠Drupes ⢠Brambles ⢠Capsules ⢠Samara Image source: Google image search 41 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Physical Characteristics of Plants Use and Location ⢠Not absolute but helpful ⢠Indoor or outdoor ⢠Altitude ⢠Wet or dry ⢠Hardiness zone ⢠Sun, partial shade, or shade 42 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia ⢠All animals are members of the Kingdom Animalia ⢠Characteristics of Animals: o Multicellular and heterotrophs o Most ingest food and digest it in an internal cavity o Animal cells lack the rigid cell walls o Made up of cells organized into tissues, each tissue specialized to some degree to perform specific functions o In most, tissues are organized into even more specialized organs Image source: www.bioweb.uwlax.edu 43 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia ⢠Characteristics of Animals: o Most animals are capable of complex and relatively rapid movement compared to plants and other organisms o Most reproduce sexually, by means of differentiated eggs and sperm o Somewhere around 9 or 10 million species of animals inhabit the earth o Animals range in size from no more than a few cells to organisms weighing many tons, such as blue whales and giant squid o Most animals inhabit the seas, with fewer in fresh water and even fewer on land 44 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 12. I0018* Property of STI Kingdom Animalia Properties of Animals ⢠Complex eukaryotic cells ⢠Tissue specializations ⢠Aerobic respiration ⢠Sexual reproduction ⢠Mobility ⢠Land and sea habitats Image source: Google image search 45 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Classification of Animals 10 Major Phyla of Animal Kingdom ⢠Porifera ⢠Cnidaria ⢠Platyhelminthes ⢠Nematodes ⢠Rotifers ⢠Mollusca ⢠Annelida ⢠Arthropoda ⢠Echinodermata ⢠Chordata 46 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Porifera ⢠Means pore bearer ⢠Characterized by perforated interior walls ⢠Group of salt-water sponges Image source: bioelevenncuevas.wordpress.com 47 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Cnidaria ⢠Means stinging nettle ⢠Characterized by stinging cells; development of tissue formation between the main body of the organism and tentacles ⢠Composed of jellyfish, and other lower aquatic animals Image source: en.wikipedia.org 48 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 13. I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Platyhelminthes ⢠From âplatyâ meaning flat, and âhelminthes â meaning worms ⢠Characterized by flatness of the body, bilateral symmetry, and most are parasitic in nature ⢠Consists of flatworms which inhabit both marine and freshwater habitats Image source: glogster.com 49 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Nematodes ⢠Means thread-like ⢠Characterized by round cross section and keratin- based cuticle ⢠Consists mainly of parasitic worms, roundworm is a common example Image source: blog.biocision.com 50 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Rotifer ⢠Means wheel-bearer ⢠Consists of highly-mobile freshwater invertebrate animals Image source: innovations-report.com 51 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Mollusca ⢠Means soft ⢠Characterized by having muscular foot and mantle, and round shells ⢠Consists of snails, clams, squid, and octopus Image source: en.wikipedia.org 52 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 14. I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Annelida ⢠Means little rings ⢠Characterized by multiple circular segments ⢠Consists of segmented worms, leeches, etc. Image source: sharonapbio-taxonomy.wikispaces.com 53 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Arthropoda ⢠Means jointed foot ⢠Characterized by chitin exoskeleton ⢠Very large group consists of insects such as ants, flies, spiders, scorpions, crabs, etc. Image source: vuvu90.webs.com 54 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Echinodermata ⢠Means spiny skin ⢠Characterized by five- fold symmetry in living forms and mesodermal calcified spines ⢠Group of marine starfish, sea urchin, etc. Image source: seawater.no 55 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ I0018* Property of STI Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia Chordata ⢠Means cord ⢠Characterized by having developed brain and spinal cord ⢠Use extremities to aid movement ⢠Consists of `vertebratesâ Image source: thaigoodview.com 56 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 15. I0018* Property of STI Taxonomy 57 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________