Our first year presentation on School of needs.

1. School of Needs
Goup Members:
Pia Ellis Chris Kokkola
Zrinko Vranjes Jouni Sopanen

2. Orem’s Theory of
Nursing
Dr. Dorothea E. Orem
RN BSN, Ed. MSN, Ed.
Born: 1914, Baltimore, Maryland.
Education: Diploma (early 1930's), Providence Hospital School of Nursing, Washington,
DC; BSN Ed. (1939) and MSN Ed. (1945) from the Catholic University of America,
Washington, DC.
Honorary Doctorates: Doctor of Science from Georgetown University (1976) and
Incarnate Word College in San Antonio, Texas (1980); Doctor of Humane Letters from
Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, Illinois (1988); Doctor Honoris Causae,
University of Missouri-Columbia (1998).
Dr. Orem continues to be active in theory development. She completed the 6th edition
of Nursing:Concepts of Practice, published by Mosby in January 2001

4. Person
• Able to reflect, symbolize, and use symbols
• Can function biologically, symbolically, and
socially
• Patient is a person who is deficient in universal,
developmental, or health-related self-care

5. Environment

6. Orem had a limited
view of its usefulness
as a helping
environment.

7. Health
• Health and healthy are
terms used to describe
living things, in their
structure and function as a
whole or in a sound way

8. Nursing
•It’s an art, a helping service and a technology
•Actions are deliberately selected and performed by nurses
to help individuals or groups under their care to maintain or
change conditions in themselves or their environments.
•Includes patient’s perspective of health conditions as well
as the physician’s perspective and nursing perspective.
•Universal developmental, and health deviation self-care
requisites.

9. Orem vs. Abdellah
• In the School of needs there are 3 main theorists,
we choose to compare Faye Glenn Abdellah to
Dorothea Orem.

10. Definitions or nursing:
• Abdellah: Uses a problem solving approach to deal
with problems related to needs of a patient.
• Orem: Self-care agency to meet individual’s need for
self-care action in order to sustain life and health,
recover from disease or injury, and cope with the
effect.

11. Focus of Nursing
• Abdellah: Problem solving approach to nursing
activities sustenal, remedial, restorative,
preventative, self-help, need deficit or excess.
• Orem: Deficit between self-care capabilities and
demand.

12. Goals of nursing
• Abdellah: Help individual meet health needs and
adjust to health problems.
• Orem: Eliminate deficit between self-care
capabilities and demand.

13. Nursing Problems
• Abdellah: Condition faced by patient for which a
nurse can assist, overtly or covertly.
• Orem: Deficiency in 8 universal, 2
developmental, and 6 health deviation
requisites/needs.

14. Nursing Therapeutics: Abdellah
• Preventative care (hygiene, safety, exercise, rest,
sleep, body mechanics).
• Sustenal care (psychosocial care)
• Remedial care (provision of oxygen, fluid,
nutrition, elimination)
• Restorative Care (coping with illness and life
adjustments)

15. Nursing Therapeutics: Orem
• Wholly Compensatory (Nurse performs all self-care
for patient)
• Partly Compensatory (Nurse and patient
perform patient self-care)
• Supportive-educative System (Nurse helps in
overcoming any self-care limitations)

16. Characteristics of School of Needs
• May be refered to as the need or deficit school of thought
• Not medical in orientation but based on Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs and influenced by Erickson’s stages of development.
• The focus of this school of thought then is on problems and needs of
patients as seen by the health-care providers, and on the role of
nurses to assess these needs to fulfill the need requisites.