Reflection About Happiness

Reflection About Happiness
When I was around nine years old I lived in California. It was nothing fancy; we lived in a standard house and I attended the elementary school I was
zoned to. I was in the choir, too. The choir was, if my memory does not fail me, a combination of fourth, fifth, and sixth graders. That year the teacher
had decided to use the song "Happiness" from the Broadway musical You're a Good Man,Charlie Brown. While it was not a very good rendition of the
piece, it stayed with me throughout the years. For a long time I believed that happiness could be found in objects, in buying plastic things that I
would throw away a year later. But the song's catchy and meaningful lyrics stayed in the back of my mind, providing me with a gentle reminder
that my happiness did not necessarily have to come from owning things. Despite popular belief, happiness is not something that is bought.
Happiness is not palpable. Up until a year ago, I believed that in order to be truly happy a person had to have massive amounts of money and
materialistic products that did nothing to make them happy. Though that may be the case for some, I found that happiness is not often found in the
amount of clothes a person has, or the price tag of their home or car. Happiness is not measured in dollars, or how many properties a person owns, or
even how much their house is worth. Happiness, to me, is a feeling that is found in people, memories and moments. When I think of the word happy I
see my grandparent's house. The
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Chloramines Lab Report
Conclusion and evaluation
Investigating the effect of pH on the concentration of chloramines and evaluating their effects in pool water was the aim of this experiment and
research. With the data collected and processed, I can now discuss the extent of influence of pH in chloramine treatment as well as the success of this
experiment. The experiment prove that pH is a very crucial agent in cleaning of a pool. A pound for pound efficiency is almost guaranteed forchlorine
administered in any form if proper pH management is considered. Looking at the dissociation of hypochlorous acid under different pH values, it can be
proven that the lower the pH the better the efficacy of chlorine. Calcium hypochlorite itself raises the pH of water from 7 to ... Show more content on
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Steininger D. Sc.1998OPR control in pools and spas.page3]. If there is 0.2mg/l of free chlorine at pH 6.5, the ORP is 800mv. At pH 7, around
760mv, pH 7.5 around 720mv, pH 8 665mv and pH 570mv of ORP. However, pH cannot be kept very low in water just because it brings about good
cleaning power of chlorine. That can be fatal for human beings or could bring about more health problems while we are trying to diminish them. A
compromise of human comfort and perfect disinfection is established and this is why most chlorine based pool disinfectants are labelled that they
should be used at (reference) pH 7.2 to 7.6. This is to avoid a too low pH for humans while achieving optimum

Water Drinking Water Act ( Sdwa ) For National Air...
Introduction In water treatment process, there are lots of processes required in order to remove sediments, bacteria, viruses and impurities. These
processes are including screening, filtration, flocculation, sedimentation, nitrification, chlorination, coagulation, and disinfection. In many municipal
wastewater treatment has some standards and regulations to follow in order to distribute clean and safe water supple to citizen in their area. US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) enforces requirements under the Clean Water Act (CWA) and SafeDrinking Water Act (SDWA) for
national water supply in the U.S. Under the Clean Water Act 's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program, EPA regulates
discharges of pollutants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent that is an unstable gas that is generated by an electrical discharge through dry air or pure oxygen. Finally UV
radiation generated by sunlight, tanning lamp, black lights, and electrical discharge through mercury vapor, penetrates the genetic material of
microorganisms and retards their ability to reproduce" (USEPA, N.D.). One of the popular disinfection methods inwater treatment is the Ultraviolet
(UV) disinfection. The ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is a physical disinfection of water. This paper would provide a broadly definition of UV
disinfection and its purpose in water treatment. Also, this paper will provide the advantages and disadvantages of using the advance technology over
the common technology in water treatment. In addition the cost of technology, projected usage in the U.S. will provided in this paper.
Discussion In municipal drinking water treatment normally used UV radiation from sunlight to disinfect microorganisms. Solar water disinfection has
been known as economically application of treating contaminated water. Ultraviolet radiation has a wavelength from 30 nm to 400 nm. However, not
all wavelengths have a capable of inactivating microorganisms. Only 250 nm to 270 nm are capable to eliminate or inactivate of growth and
reproduction in pathogenic microorganisms, and are categorized as germicidal,

Psychology Of Fear
Many individuals would agree that at least one thing terrifies them. In fact, there is a whole television series based on what strange phobias people
have. These fears or phobias can range from anything consisting of being terrified of the dark, to being petrified to simply stand next to a person.
People often wonder what causes a fear. One unique theory as to why these fears develop, is that they are the effect of a traumatic event that took
place in the person's life. In addition, another philosophy is that fear is the body's natural defense to danger. Whatever the cause may be, fear has the
gift to maintain a person's safety or the capability to render a person's life miserable. However, my apprehensions of water have the aptitude of all the
above. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without water, the world would simply cease to exist. Water is not only a resource we use to quench our thirst, but is also mandatory in growing
foods that our bodies require, bestowing a tree's life that we need in order to breath, and contributing to any living thing's quality of life. Yet, why is
something so nourishing also, the same factor that terrorizes me. Water was not always a fear that I possessed, after all I spent a majority of my
summer days at our local swimming pool. Nothing could possibly compare to being surrounded by cold water on a hot summer day except, maybe the
smell that filled the atmosphere. The air was thick with the scents of chlorine, sunscreen, and maybe even the occasional evidence of baby oil. Sounds
of laughter and amusement had been always present at the swimming pool and as a result, I could never get enough. However, in a direct moment all
these simple pleasures

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Water Treatment Of...
Notre Dame University
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil and environmental engineering
Water treatment of swimming pool
Group list:Name ID#signature Karim Taher20093567Joe El–Dahr20101583 Ali Naboulsi20101765 Mohamad Mroueh 20104009 Mohammad Harakeh
20103468 Naim Boustany20101797
Prepared to: Dr. Sophia Ghanimeh
Date: May 31, 2015
Letter of acknowledgment
On behalf of the water treatment project of the swimming pool, we would like to acknowledge and thank Dr.Elsy Ibrahim and Eng. Jules Hatem for the
significant contributions of time and commitment added value to the design process.
We appreciate the support and look forward to continue... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advantages: Improvement In the method of nutrients and substances removal. Complete removal of pathogens and microorganism. MBR operates on
complete automation during steady state conditions.
Disadvantages:
The most important disadvantages of using MBR are the cost of the system and its installation.
The available configurations of MBR system are "Submerged" and "External", in this study the existence of "Submerged" membrane is more applicable.
Design process
Water source quality:

Water quality of springs in Lebanon varies from location to another. In this report, the location has been set to be in Western Lebanese Mountains, at
500 m altitude. Based on study done by May A.Massoud (faculty of health and sciences, AUB) on Damour River, which reflects similar circumstances
of this report study ,the water quality index(WQI) has been calculated over 10 sampling sites during 5 years (2005–2009) and the results are shown in
the following table:
Table 1: Summary of WQI Results for the ten Sampling Sites over the 5–year Period 2005– 2009
Figure 3: Variation of the WQI along the Different Site over 5 years

How The Government Can Protect Water From Pollution
How the Government Can Protect Water From Pollution
For at least two millenniums, the water quality has been getting worse and reached such a high level of pollution that the use of water for different
purposes is very limited and water can be harmful to humans. Water is the source of life of all organisms and the foundation of human civilization.
However, no matter how painful it is to talk about, people are extremely wasteful with water resources of the Earth and pollute it. Every year, up to
400 billion cubic meters of wastewater is discharged into rivers, seas and lakes of the world. As a result, that 5500 billion cubic meters of water on
the planet is now in a contaminated condition. This figure is more than 14% of the total water resources of the world. ( Pakzadeh, 2015) Water pollution
is one of the biggest problem of humanity. People pollute the water and thus reduce the clean water sources causing health problems for people,
destroying natural beauty and ultimately bringing down the economic system to make life more pathetic. The solution to the water pollution problem in
the world is especially in the development of a legislative base, which would allow the government to protect the environment from the harmful
anthropogenic effects, as well as finding ways to implement these laws in practice
At present, pollution of water resources has become an invisible enemy of human health. The studies of the World Health Organization shows that 80%
of all diseases in the

Persuasive Speech About Water Pollution
Specific Purpose: The purpose of this speech is to provide a persuasive speech on the issue of water pollution and inaccessibility to clean water in
third world countries and offer some plausible solutions. The three solutions are filtration systems, chlorination, and collection grids. I.Introduction
A.Attention Material: Imagine your outside in July, on a hot Arizona day and youre thirsty for water. You go to the kitchen and fill up a glass and
notice the glass is dirty. Someone forgot to turn on the dishwasher and there's soap residue as well as some crusting milk at the bottom. What do you
do? Pour the water out and get your self a different cup, right? What if you didn't have the luxury of being able to get a new cup, and that dirty... Show
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Credibility Statement: I've worked with relief groups to provide clean water overseas by using water filtration systems to combat inaccessibility to
clean water. Due to this and extensive research on the topic, C.Thesis/Central Idea: Accessibility to clean water is a global issue that can greatly
reduced through water filtration, chlorination, and collection grids. D.Preview Statement: I will be sharing information from my research by
elaborating on the following: 1.Water filteration systems and tools as one solution to unclean water. 2.Using chlorination as the second solution to
reducing access to unclean water. 3.Obtaining collection grids as the third solution to the problem. 4.What people can do to help. (Transition: To better
understand the solutions to this issue, let us discuss exactly what drinking unclean water looks like and what it can do.) II.Body A.Main Point: Third
world countries lack accessibility to clean water exposing them to disease and harmful toxins that result in 2.4 million deaths annually (Bartram, 2010).
1.Drinking unclean water can result in the contraction of diseases, sickness, and even death. According to Unicef.org, diarrhea, arsenicosis, cholera,
and fluorosis are three main diseases that can arise from drinking unclean

Essay about Chlorinated Drinking Water is Necessary for...
With the aggregation of millions of people in large urban centers, there is an unprecedented amount of human waste to be treated. In this treatment,
pathogenic microbes (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms) must be removed or reduced to harmless levels. It is well known that in any
community, at any time, there are always small numbers of people who are either manifestly ill, in some stage of illness but not demonstratively so, or
healthy carriers of diseases. Together, these are indications of a community's normal background of pathogenicmicroorganisms in which feces are in
the sewage. As a result, sewage is a great threat to human health, especially for those who come in contact with water drawn from sewage contaminated
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The coarse screens consist of a bank of vertical bars set approximately 1 inch apart. Behind the screens is a comminutor, which grinds the remaining
solids to a size that should prevent damage to the machinery that later are used to filter (Benarde).
The following step is secondary treatment, depending on the type of secondary treatment to be given; the sewage will pass to either a bio–filter or an
activated sludge aeration tank. Both are based on the stabilization or neutralization or organic waste by biological action. Although pathogenic
microorganisms are partially removed in the settling process and filtration and aeration mechanically remove others, it is the process of chlorination
that destroys the great majority of organisms. In addition, chlorine leaves a residual in the water system can further disinfect, as water is discharged
into the watercourse.
Water supplies were first chlorinated at the turn of the century, and over the following two decades chlorination was introduced for the disinfecting of
drinking water in industrialized countries. In the chlorination process, chlorine reacts mainly with natural water constituents to produce a complex
mixture of by–products, including a wide variety of halogenated compounds,

Scheme-9 Lab Report
Scheme – 8: The presence of catalytic amounts of 3–methyl–1–sulfonic acid imidazolium tetrachloroaluminate ([Msim]AlCl4) or silica sulfuric acid
(SSA) enables an efficient benzylation of a range of aromatic compounds by benzyl acetate under mild conditions. Simple methodology, easy workup
procedure, clean reaction and reusability of the catalyst are some advantages.24 Scheme – 9: Shimizu et al. studied benzylation of arenes catalyzed by
Ag(I) oxide, Ag(I) ion, bulk silver metal, and silica supported silver nanoparticles. Ag powder, silver oxide, Ag(I) ion and silica alone are not active
towards benzylation of anisole. However, the catalytic activity of SiO2 supported silver catalysts was increased with the silver loading up to 5 wt%
and decreased with further increase in the loading. Catalyst with 5 wt% Ag loading on SiO2 showed benzylated product yield about 82%. The catalyst
is recoverable and reusable.25 Scheme – 10: Cruz et al. evaluated the catalytic activity of different niobiumphosphates (NbP) such as commercial NbP,
recrystallized NbR and crystalline NbS for liquid phase Benzylation of anisole with benzyl chloride. The main products of the alkylation of anisole are
isomers of the benzyl... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the reaction performed in non– aromatic solvents yielded the desired benzyl chlorides in good yields, an unexpected side reaction was observed
in aromatic solvents such as toluene resulting in the 1,1– diarylalkane in 83% yield. The authors explained this observation with chlorination of
1–phenylethanol and subsequent FC alkylation of the formed benzyl chloride and toluene. However, more surprisingly the reaction yield could be
improved to 93% if only catalytic amount (10 mol%) of TeCl4 was present. Although the reaction was found by accident, this was probably the first
description of a catalytic FC alkylation utilizing a benzyl

Safe Tap Water Research Paper
Water firms are criticised for our 'safe' tap water If you watch the news at all, then you'll know that over the last few years there have been multiple
incidents when it comes the safety of our tap water. From the presence of the cryptosporidium bug to an overflow of chlorine, water here in the UK
has seen it all. Let's take a closer look back at the last 18 months alone and find out why water firms are criticised for our "safe" tap water? In August
of 2015, residents in parts of Lancashire were advised to boil their TAP WATER before drinking it, brushing their teeth with it and preparing food.
This warning was issued by United Utilities after the cryptosporidium bug was found in the treatment works near Preston. For any of those who aren't...
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Yes, you can indeed buy distilled water however this obviously comes with it's own drawbacks, namely cost and time. Buying enough distilled
water for your entire family to drink will consist of a lot of man power at your local super market. We'd also like to add that in times of trouble
when it comes to the SAFETY of your TAP WATER, said bottles of distilled water will more often than not suddenly become scarce from your
supermarket shelves. This is all before you've taken into consideration the cost. Bottled water is expensive enough, before adding on the cost of
distillation from a company looking to make a

The Radical Chlorination Of Chlorobutane
Introduction The radical chlorination of chlorobutane is performed using AIBN and sulfuryl chloride. The purpose in doing this is so that the 4
different products yielded could be observed and analyzed. The four products produced are, 1,1–dichlorobutane, 1,2–dichlorobutane,
1,3–dichlorobutane, and 1,4–dichlorobutane. For each product the chlorine adds in a different location relative to the original chlorine. This is due to a
number of reasons, including the degree of carbon substitution and proximity to the chloro substituent.. The goal with this in the experiment was to
find out why each product is given in different yields. Experimentally, to determine the effect of the chloro substituent on the reactivity per hydrogen, a
gas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Relative reactivity was also done by taking the reactivity per H of each divided by the reactivity per H of the 1,4 product. All this data points to the
fact that the 1,3 product is by far the favored product. As for the reactivity of the carbons, it is observed that in general the further away the chlorine
substituent is from the original, the better the yield. In this case however, the one furthest away is not the most yielded. This is because the 1,3
dichlorobutane is at the furthest secondary carbon from the chlorine. The 1,2 and 1,4 products share similar yields likely because the 1,4 is the
furthest, but also not secondary, and the 1,2 is secondary but closer to the chlorine, making it have a larger partial positive charge. The 1,1 is formed
so little because it is putting a chlorine geminal to the chloro substituent, making it have the highest partial positive charge. Also for the 1,3 product,
the radical formed is the most favored radical of the 4 products formed.
Discussion
As for the reaction itself, the formation of the radical follows the 3 step process of Initiation, Propagation, and Termination. The short run down of this
is that the initiation step makes the radical via hydrogen abstraction, the propagation step forms products, and the termination ends the reaction and
gives stable products. The rate determining step in this reaction is in the hydrogen abstraction. During hydrogen

The Effects Of Swimming Pools On Outdoor Sports
Introduction.
A swimming pool is an artificially enclosed body of water that is used for either leisure pursuits or to be enjoyed and utilised in aquatic sports.
Pools range from all shapes and sizes and also varied use, for example, they could be private, public and competitive. Swimming pools are also built
either above or below ground varying in the material they are built with, whether it is concrete, metal, fibreglass and or plastic.
The key to operating a pool is keeping it clean and chemically safe for use. To ensure this you must invest and commonly use measures of keeping
your pool chemically stable. Chlorine is the most primary sanitiser to control algae, bacteria and pathogens. However, there are other alternative
methods and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some pools also include heaters in order to keep the pool water at a certain temperature, which could have and affect on its pH levels and chemical
reaction within the water.
We 've already seen that the water in a swimming pool needs to circulate through a filtering system, to remove dirt and debris. During normal
operation, water flows to the filtering system through two or more main drains at the bottom of the pool and multiple skimmer drains around the top of
the pool. 1 Normal Drainage Structure of a Pool
The main drains are usually located on the lowest point in the pool, so the entire pool surface slants toward them. Most of the dirt and debris that
sinks exits the pool through these drains. To keep people from getting their hair or limbs caught in the plumbing, the drains are almost always
covered with grates or anti vortex cover (a cover that diverts the flow of water to prevent a dangerous vortex from forming). The duties an operator of
an aquatic facility has in relation to chemical parameters and frequency of testing were defined as being:
To control the pH levels within a swimming and spa pool when chlorine is used
To ensure the levels of free, combined and total chlorine are maintained to adequate levels
To ensure that the testing for free, total and combined chlorine are undertaken to the required levels.
To ensure a safe pool, tests must be conducted to understand

The Effect Of Disinfection Byproducts ( Dbps ) Formation
Chapter Two
Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
This chapter is a review of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formation, identification of various types of DBPs, regulations of DBPs by US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the degradation of DBPs in natural surface water, particularly by natural solar sunlight and other
engineered photodegradation processes such as UV light and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs).
2.2 Overview
Water disinfection process was a major public health triumph of the 20th century. Before widespread disinfection of waste and drinking water in the
United States of America (USA) and Europe, millions of people died from infectious waterborne diseases, such as cholera and typhoid, along with high
risk on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.3 Water Disinfection / Disinfectants
Waste/Drinking water disinfection serves two main purposes. The primary purpose of disinfection is to kill or inactivate pathogens. The secondary
purpose is to provide a disinfectant residual in the finished water and prevent microbial regrowth in water distribution system. Accordingly, in water
treatment practice, the term disinfection is used to refer to two activities: (i) primary disinfection for inactivation; and (ii) secondary disinfection for
residual maintaining.
Five disinfection agents are available in drinking water treatment today (i) free chlorine, (ii) combined chlorine (chloramine), (iii) ozone, (iv) chlorine
dioxide, and (v) UV light. The first four disinfectants are chemical oxidants whereas UV light involves the use of electromagnetic radiation. Of the five,
by far the most commonly used disinfectants, in both plants and distribution systems, are chlorine and chloramines. Chlorine dioxide, ozone and UV
are also used on a limited basis to meet disinfection goals. Chlorine or chloramines are the most common disinfectants used to achieve secondary
disinfection.
The effectiveness of disinfection depends on the contact time (the amount of time a disinfectant is in contact with the water) and the residual
disinfectant concentration.
The

Taking a Look at Hepatitis
The site of the primary infection is in the alimentary tract, a short prodromal or pre–icteric phase, varying from two to seven days, usually precedes the
onset of jaundice. The most prominent symptoms in this phase are fever, headache, muscular and abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting and
sometimes arthralgia. Hepatomegaly and leukopenia are often present during this period. In typical cases the urine becomes dark, and the stools pale
before appearance of yellow discoloration of the mucous membranes and appearance of jaundice about ten days after onset of the general symptoms.
Fever and most of the general symptoms usually subside within a few days of jaundice, but in severe cases both general and abdominal symptoms may
become further aggravated at this phase. Jaundice is often accompanied by itching and sometimes by urticarial or papular rashes. Liver is usually
enlarged and liver function tests are abnormal with highly elevated levels of serum alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and serum aspartate
aminotransaminase (AST).
Prevention methods include frequent hand washing before eating and preparing meals. International travelers to developing countries should use
bottled water or boiled water for drinking and brushing teeth, and avoid ice cubes. It is better to eat well–cooked heated food and to peel raw fruits and
vegetables. Surveillance and control procedures should include: providing safe drinking water and proper disposal of sanitary waste, monitoring water
beds

Chlorine In Wounds: A Case Study
As the leader of this clan, I chose to bring chlorine because I believe the chemical properties will be important as a wound disinfectant and to help
purify water. The first important chemical property of chlorine is it's solution when mixed with water to help kill bacteria in a wound. According to a
website called https://www.leaf.tv/articles/the–effects–of–pool–chlorine–on–healing–wounds/ "When chlorine in the water penetrates the skin, it will
help kill the bacteria in the wound." This property is very important on the island for any medical issues that might occur while on the island. Even
though, we hope for no medical issues to arise there is always the possibility and we want to ensure that, that has the littlest possible chance of
happening,

Analysis Of Riverbank Filteration In India
Sandhu et al.,(2011)worked on potential of riverbank filteration in India and found that the abstracted water from all the RBF wells in Haridwar only
requires disinfection by chlorination, and provides safe drinking water even when facing high variations in water demand (such as during the Kumbh
and Ardh Kumbh Melas) and during monsoons.
Tyagi et al.,(2013) Studied River Water Quality Using River Bank Filtration in Uttarakhand, India and found that This technique was found to be
effective for removal of turbidity and bacterial contamination present in surface water of four rivers of Uttarakhand, namely Alaknanda, Mandakini,
East Nayar, and Pinder.Study revealed that the improved water quality of rivers produced through RBF in a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Ray et al.,2015). This is a cost effective technique which must be taken into account in indian scenario specially in Uttarakhand whose economy lies
on the goodwill of its Rivers and susutainable exploitation of them. In uttarakhand there are certain RBF sites are existing but either they are not
sufficient to meet the effective clean water supply or not consciuosly exploited.(Sandhu et al,2011)and special attention should be given on settlements
of RBF wells at the rural areas of Uttarakhand with proper monitoring and quality checks to meet water scarcity and providing proper water supply to
the areas devoid of proper drinking water.
Reference:
Deborah Chapman(1996) In:water quality assessments– a guide to use of Biota ,Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring–Second
Edition.copyright 1992,1996 UNESCO/WHO/UNEP .ISBN0419215905(HB)04192216006(PB).
Basant Rai(2013) . Pollution and Conservation of Ganga River in Modern India.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume
3, Issue 4, April 2013 1 ISSN 2250–3153 https://www.Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Prashant Singh et al(2013).Evaluation of water quantity and
quality status of Drinking Water Sector Of Uttarakhand,India.Journal of Analytical Chemistry Letters.Volume22012,issue3.
Gary L.Smith(2009).River Bank

Best Water Hydration
What's The Best Water for Hydration (different types of water)
Staying hydrated, is so important, that many professionals recommend that you start, and end, your day with water, to balance out the amount you lose
while sleeping. You lose water when you breathe, sweat, and urinate, and you lose much more when you are active. Many people underestimate the
amount of fluids that they lose from perspiration; for example, if you exercise for an hour, you can lose up to a quart of fluids from sweating.
Dehydration occurs, when there is more fluid moving out of cells, than being taken in. Not only will you experience a dry mouth, and increased thirst,
your symptoms may include dizziness, confusion, weakness, fainting, or heart palpitations. Dehydration ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) strictly regulates the levels of health–risking contaminants that are allowed in drinking water, to try
and ensure that tap water, used for drinking, meets certain standards. Chlorine is used by most water treatment facilities in the United States, to clean
the water drinking supplies. The EPA has determined that chlorine levels of four parts per million, or less, are safe for human consumption. While, the
chlorination of drinking water has been credited with increasing life expectancy, and being one of our nation's major public health achievements, there
have been studies, that link chlorination to higher occurrences of some types of cancer, and other health problems, including eczema, heart disease,
asthma, and higher miscarriage rates. When chlorine interacts with various organic compounds in the fresh water, trihalomethanes (THMs) are
produced, which are environmental pollutants, and carcinogenic. When THMS are ingested, they foster the growth of free radicals, which are known
to harm or destroy vital body

Abstract. The Free Radical Chlorination Of 1-Chlorobutane
Abstract
The free radical chlorination of 1–chlorobutane resulted in a mixture of at least 4 different possible products from the reaction. Gas
chromatography–mass spectrometry helped in figuring out which of the products are most abundant in the sample product created as well as in
discovering the ratio of relative reactivities of the hydrogens. This experiment showed that the ratio of relative reactivities was found to be 1.0 : 3.5 :
6.2 : 2.4, which indicates that the secondary hydrogens are more reactive than the primary hydrogens and that reactivity further increases the further
away the hydrogen is from the chlorine on the 1–chlorobutane. The results agree with the conjecture that the primary hydrogens are less reactive than ...
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Radicals are further formed in the propagation step, and are combined during the termination step. Since any of the radicals can combine in the
termination step, a radical–initiated reaction can produce a mixture of products.3 The purpose of this experiment is to obtain a mixture of isomeric
dichlorobutane in order to discover the relative reactivities of 1–chlorobutane through radical initiated chlorination. Instead of heat or light, the initiator
used in the experiment is 2,2'–azobis–(2–methylpropionitrile).4 Identification of the products obtained in the experiment was done through the analysis
of data from mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, and physical properties (e.g. boiling point and molecular weight).
Experimental
In a 25–mL round–bottom flask, 1–chlorobutane (5 mL, 4.32 g, 0.046 mol), sulfuryl chloride (1.6 mL, 2.7 g, 0.02 mol),
2,2'–azobis–(2–methylpropionitrile) (0.03 g), and a boiling chip were added. After a condenser and gas trap were attached to the flask, the mixture
was heated to a gentle reflux in a steam bath for 20 min. The flask was then allowed to cool down quickly in an ice bath for a short time before a
second portion of the 2,2'–azobis–(2–methylpropionitrile) (0.03 g) was added to the flask. The mixture was refluxed for another 10 min. before the
flask was cooled in a beaker of water. The reaction mixture was then poured into a small separatory funnel already filled with water (10 mL),

Monochloroethane Essay
Chloroethane or monochloroethane, commonly known by its old name ethyl chloride, is a chemical compound with chemical formula C2H5Cl, once
widely used in producing tetraethyllead, a gasoline additive. It is a colorless, flammable gas or refrigerated liquid with a faintly sweet odor. Ethyl
chloride is a chemical compound with chemical formula C2H5Cl, once widely used in producing tetra–ethyl lead, a gasoline additive. It is a colourless,
flammable gas or refrigerated liquid with a faintly sweet odour. Ethyl chloride is produced by the reaction of ethylene and hydrogen chloride over an
aluminium chloride catalyst at temperatures ranging from 130–250В°C. Under these conditions, ethyl chloride is produced according to the chemical
equation: C2H4

Taking a Look at Water Chlorination
4.0 Water Chlorination
4.1 What is water chlorination?
Water chlorination is another process that is commonly used in the water treatment industry. Chlorination can be defined as the addition of chlorine or
hypochlorite to a water supply for disinfection purposes. Pathogens present in drinking water can cause serious diseases upon consumption and
therefore need to be treated (Safe Drinking Water Foundation, 2009).Chlorination is one of the various methods that is used to deactivate these
pathogens and can be found in operation at many municipal works across the country, including Killylane water treatment works. It is often found as
one of the final stages in a multiple stage treatment process, usually following a filtration process.
Pathogens come in a variety of forms, such as viruses, bacteria or protozoa, and can have devastating, even fatal consequences if not treated in a water
supply. Before the mainstream introduction of disinfection into the water treatment process, waterborne pathogens regularly caused epidemics, and
diseases like typhoid, cholera and dysentery were rife (Scientific American, 1998). As has been mentioned in the previous chapter, the rapid gravity
filtration process is relatively ineffective at removing these pathogens from the water and therefore disinfection is required as a follow up treatment.
Adding chlorine to water can inhibit a large range of microbial waterborne pathogens, either killing them or decreasing their activity to a

Water Is The Most Valued And Vulnerable Natural Resource...
Water is the most valued and vulnerable natural resource that no living organism can survive without it. Maintaining the water's quality is a very
important task where all individuals involved must perform with at the highest standard of honesty, integrity, and responsibility. This is because of the
fact that they have a direct impact to the society's health. Usually, chlorination, adding doses of chlorine, is a common disinfection practice to kill any
harmful microorganism in the water. However, with wrong calculations or improper managements in terms of using chlorination method can result in
some serious problems. The case of Walkerton is an example of how reducing government budget, failing to maintain chlorine residual levels at the
requirement, and continuing unprofessional practices for years–like altering reports–result in ethical violation that led to a horrible tragedy that
shouldn't happened. For more than 20 years, it had been the practice of public utilities commission (PUC) operators to monitoring the chlorine residual
level and submitting daily logs to the Ministry of Environment (MOE). However, "the MOE is the ministry primarily responsible for promulgating and
enforcing regulations and policy that apply to municipal water systems" (Salvadori). But within in MOE, it is very difficult to recall data and
information as they fall behind the advance of technology which resulted from reductions in budget in 1996. Government budget reductions resulted in

1. What Is A Volatile Organic Compound?
Organic substance are made of carbon, plants and animals are example of the natural organic. All living organisms, from largest tree to smallest insect
are organic .Once decaying process occurred over these living organisms they turned to organic substance. All human wastes, animal wastes (from
barnyards, pastures, rangelands, feedlots), areas of land application of sewage sludge, the waste of pulp and paper industry that discharge organic laden
effluent, and food processing wastes consist of organic materials.
2. What is a Volatile Organic Compound?
VOC are a class of chemicals that are carbon containing and evaporate (vaporize) easily into air at normal air temperatures, therefore they are organic
materials. When present in water at low concentrations, some VOCs produce a sweet, pleasant odor. Chlorinated solvents such as commercial,
industrial, residential products, solvents, cleaners, degreasers, paints, inks and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What are Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)?
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); is the measure of the amount of oxygen consumed by aquatic life. Furthermore, is the measure that is used to
determine the level of organic pollution in a water body or is the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria in the decomposition (oxidation) of organic
material. As the high levels of the (BOD), the higher levels of the water pollution and less (DO) levels.
The chemical oxygen demand (COD); is the measure of the all chemicals that found in the water body that can be oxidized or is the measure of the
oxygen equivalent of the organic substance found in the water body that is disposed to oxidation. The COD can be related empirically to BOD,
organic carbon, or organic matter. In COD test a chemical used instead of the bacteria to oxidase the organic substance and is used more for industrial
wastewater as the BOD is used for municipal wastewater. BOD and COD are two of three methods used to determine carbon present in the water

Potable Drinking Water Act ( Sdwa ) For National Air...
Introduction In the water treatment process, there are lots of processes required in order to remove sediments, bacteria, viruses and impurities. These
processes are including screening, filtration, flocculation, sedimentation, nitrification, chlorination, coagulation, and disinfection. In many municipal
wastewater treatment has some standards and regulations to follow in order to distribute clean and safe water supple to citizen in their area. US
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) enforces requirements under the Clean Water Act (CWA) and SafeDrinking Water Act (SDWA) for
national water supply in the U.S. Under the Clean Water Act 's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program, EPA regulates
discharges of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Water disinfection means eliminating or inactivate of growth and reproduction in pathogenic microorganisms by creating cell wall corrosion in the
cells of microorganisms, or changes in cell permeability. From thewater treatment process, disinfection is a sufficient and the crucial process in order to
inactivate bacteria, viruses and pathogenic organisms that can waterborne diseases to downstream users and the environment (USEPA, 1999). There
are three most common methods of disinfection in the U.S., which are Chlorination, Ozonation, and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. "Chlorine, the most
widely used disinfectant for municipal wastewater, destroys target organisms by oxidation of cellular material. Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent that
is an unstable gas that is generated by an electrical discharge through dry air or pure oxygen. Finally UV radiation generated by sunlight, tanning lamp,
black lights, and electrical discharge through mercury vapor, penetrates the genetic material of microorganisms and retards their ability to reproduce"
(USEPA, N.D.). One of the popular disinfection methods in water treatment is the Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. The ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is a
physical disinfection of water. This paper would provide a broadly definition of UV disinfection and its purpose in water treatment. Also, this paper will
provide the advantages and disadvantages of using the advance technology over the common technology in water treatment.

The Importance Of Chlorinating Water For The Purpose...
Introduction:
The process of chlorinating water for the purpose purifying it, has only been around for just over a hundred years. Although the process has been
seen to have a great effect, in reducing the amount of disease caught from drinking water (such as typhoid and cholera), it's been a heated debate
for years. The first case of water being disinfected on a mass scale, was done by a man named John L. Leal. Leal was a physician by profession, but
was thought by many to be a bit of a mad man at the time, because of his idea that chlorine had the properties to disinfect water for drinking. It was
thought at the time, that if chlorine is poisonous when in a gaseous state, then what's to say that it's not poisonous when it's added to water
(creating calcium hydrochloride), which it was (reference 1).Leal spent years of his life observing the effects were when very small amounts of
chloride of lime was added to bacteria filled water. He observed in more cases than not that the chlorine of lime in the water, ended up killing
almost all of the bacteria while leaving it at a similar PH level of water. During the year of 1908, soon after Leal was given a job at the Jersey City
Water Supply, and with the help of his friend George Warren Fuller (an engineer). In complete secrecy they installed a 'chloride of lime feed facility'
at the Boon Reservoir, which was the main reservoir for Jersey City (reference 1). Three months after he committed this daring act, he was called to
court

Descriptive Essay About My Grandmother's House
Bright summer days usually consist of family time, going to the beach, and making lifelong memories to be forever cherished. The smell of grilled
food fills the air and it is almost as if it reaches the taste buds of the hungry consumer; meanwhile, ice cold beverages are being chugged down to
refresh their bodies during the sweltering heat of the afternoon. The laughter of the barefooted children, both young and old, contagiously spreads to
anyone who views and hears them. Families share their love and happiness through wide–toothed grins and playful conversation. Most importantly,
these places are full of happiness and effortless fun in the bright rays of sunshine. For me, these unforgettable memories were made at my grandma's
house, or rather my happy place, during the three beautiful, fun–filled months of summer. As I cross the bumpy train tracks in Elk River, Minnesota, I
start to feel happiness arise from within me. After approximately 10 long minutes, I approach 205th Lane and a tingling sensation comes over me
when the black, unlocked gate comes into view. Grandma's house. I get out of my car and push the screeching gate open and a winding driveway
is now visual. Driving down the rocky, black driveway the car winds through the budding apple trees, lilies, bleeding hearts, and the large pink and
white almost fluffy appearing flowers. Making my way up to my grandma's house was like being a small child in a large candy store, there was so
much excitement and exploration ahead. Finally, after turning around a large oak tree filled with dark green leaves next to the assorted rock garden
that holds a miniature pond containing bright orange goldfish, my happy place comes into view. Grandma Jackie's wood sided, three story house
with acres of land to run and everyone's favorite, a large inground pool with white metal siding surrounded by a dark wooden deck. My happiness
would begin in full force as the sunshine reflecting off the swimming pool catches my eye while I walked up the cracked filled cement sidewalk.
Excitedly running past the pale green gate, my only barrier from the pool, I feel the burning sensation of the cement upon my sensitive toes as my
flip–flops came off in the process. For my quick

Relative Reactivities of Different Types of Hydrogen Atoms...
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relative reactivities of different types of hydrogen atoms toward bromine atoms. Although the
tested compounds were all arenes, their reactivities differ as they contain different types of hydrogens. The hydrogens could be of three different
types and could also differ in being bonded to carbons that are attached to a different number of other carbons. The three different types of
hydrogens that could be found were aromatic, aliphatic, and benzylic. The first category is aromatic hydrogens, which are attached to sp2 carbons or
are those directly bonded to an aromatic ring. Aromatic hydrogens are the least reactive of the hydrogens in this experiment. The second type of
hydrogen being investigated is aliphatic hydrogens, which are found bonded to an SP3 hybridized carbon which are bonded to another SP3
hybridized carbon. Aliphatic hydrogens can also be broken down into further categories according to their number of substituents into primary (less
reactive), secondary (more reactive), and tertiary (most reactive). The third type of hydrogens are benzylic hydrogens, which are bonded to a SP3
hybridized carbon that is bonded to a benzene ring. Benzylic hydrogens are also broken into primary and secondary categories according to their
substituents, and are all more reactive than aliphatic and aromatic hydrogens.
What essentially happens in these reactions is that first, light breaks the bond between two bromine atoms, from a

Can The Effective Treatment Of Wastewater In Developing
Can the effective treatment of wastewater in developing countries have an impact on the development of antibiotic resistance?
Introduction:
The emergence of resistance in bacteria is primarily related to human and agricultural use of natural and synthetic antibiotics. Most antibiotics aren't full
metabolised and together with resistant bacteria are excreted where they can reach sewage systems and wastewater treatment plants. (Luczkiewicz et
al., 2011). Standard wastewater treatment conventions have not been shown to be fully effective in reducing the number of resistant bacteria.
Unfortunately, some have been shown to positively select for resistant isolates. (Luczkiewicz et al., 2011). Current treatments in developed countries
are quite ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, recent research into the use of constructed wetlands has provided developing countries with a more suitable alternative to treating
wastewater. Additionally, these wetlands may provide a solution to the spread of antibiotic resistant isolates by removing antibiotics from the
wastewater. (Standard For Sewage Treatment Plants In Developing Countries., Humans and the natural environment–slides).
Wastewater is a potential source of antimicrobial resistant pathogens:
As mentioned previously the treatment of wastewater in developing countries is not very common due to the expense, resources, and time required to
treat wastewater effectively. (figure 1) (kaur 2012) And for some areas these wastewater treatment plants are just not viable, and much of the waste is
discarded into waters where not only pathogenic bacteria can disseminate but also resistant bacteria and genes. However, in areas that are fortunate
enough to have sanitation facilities and conventional treatments such as activated sludge method, drying beds technology and ozonation or chlorination
as a disinfection method, they have not been shown to be completely effective in the removal of antibiotics and resistant varieties and even promote
resistance in some cases. Evidence for this is

Chlorine Experiment
STAGE 2 Chemistry
Student Response: Issues Investigation
Work count–1162
INTRODUCTION
Chlorine is the single largest contributor to safe drinking water, in the history of public health. (J.Salzman, 2012). In 1902 the first chlorine disinfection
system was installed in Belgium. By the 1920's nearly the whole world started using the process (HealthLinkBC, 2014). Due to this disinfection
process many disease–causing microorganisms were abolished.
"The filtration of drinking water plus the use of chlorine is probably the most significant public health advancement of the millennium" (Water Quality
and Health, 2002)
Consumer awareness of drinking water has increased, leading to a genuine interest in the long term and short–term effects. In ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The research from this report shows that the advantages of chlorination as a disinfection outweighs its disadvantages. Chlorination still remains the best
disinfection process for our drinking water even though it has some long–term health concerns. Due to a lack of evidence it can be concluded to be the
best disinfection process for our drinking water supply. No other alternative can match up to it, but as the technology is getting more advanced, in the
future there may be a completely new system to disinfect our drinking water without producing

My First Day As A Server At Cafe Mac
Shoveling before Winter
I swiped my card at the information desk and walked in optimistic and excited for my first day as a server at CafГ© Mac. Little did I know how much
of my design–OCD my job would trigger. After an infinite three hours of standing, greeting and serving people I was asked to shovel heaps of ice,
and winter hadn 't even started yet! The last hour of my shift at the cafГ© involved me shoveling ice out of refrigerator deli cases, reeling the ice to the
back of the kitchen, using all my might to dump heavy baskets of ice into the sink and then the best part: running hot water over the ice for over
fifteen minutes to melt the ice. This was the first time I had seen water being used to melt ice. Coming from a country with a huge water scarcity
problem, I could not accept that I had to waste such large quantities of water on my job. So I did the next best thing I could think of, I talked to my
adviser and checked if there was any way we could carry out this process while wasting lesser amounts of water and I was shut down with the reply
"please do the work you have been assigned". Another struggle I faced was that when I put the ice into the sink, I noticed that most of the food that
fell on the ice, clogged the sink. This was too cumbersome a job that wasted too much water and something had to be done about it.
As I have highlighted above, the object I think that has both ethical has well as design related problems would be that of the salad bar deli cases

Effects of Chlorinated Drinking Water
Chlorine is added to drinking water, as a disinfectant, to get rid of harmful bacteria, which are usually present in areas from where the water is
obtained. The controversy of this issue is that chlorination can work as an advantage or as a disadvantage to those consuming it. Chlorine is currently
the most effective water treatment when compared with other alternatives. However, it also reacts with natural organic compounds present in the water
to produce harmful chemicals that on a long–term basis are very dangerous. The most well known adverse effects of contaminated water is shown in
the Walkerton crisis in May 2000, where an outbreak of E.Coli contamination occurred in the water system of Walkerton, Ontario. Seven people died,
and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is very effective against microbes and only forms by products, which can be removed with further treatment. Another method of disinfectant is by
Ultraviolet light treatment. This method is effective against even more microbes than chlorine is but it is also costly. However, these methods can only
be used as primary disinfectants, chlorine is required as a secondary disinfectant in order to disinfect water as much as possible. Also, these methods
are temporary – the water does not remain disinfected until it reaches point of being consumed. In conclusion, chlorination is the most effective
method of disinfecting water from drinking purposes. It's the only method that keeps the water clean from the point of treatment to the point of
consuming it. It is also the only disinfectant that is capable of minimizing all possible health risks caused by contaminated water. The adverse effects
of chlorine such as its harmful by–products can be eliminated or reduced with the use of carbon

Swimming Events Within The World
Introduction: Today, swimming is very much an enjoyable activity as a form of recreation, exercise, or physical therapy, as well as a disciplined
competitive sport. Early Swimming: In the olden days, swimming was basically an exercise, seen as a life skill, and therefore, people would
commence controlled coaching. However, swimming races took place in Japan as early because the 1st century BC, and swimming was a mandatory
part of the college curriculum in Imperial Japan (Britannica, 2005).Also, there were organized swimming events within the 19th century before Japan
was opened to the Western world. The history of swimming dates back to ancient Egypt and Greece and even to Chinese eras. Rather than swimming
as the current sport, swimming was used as a means to catch fish and shellfish, using diving. The paintings and sculptures from 9 thousand years ago
in the ancient Hellenic Republic (Greece), show evidence that swimming was really used. The first time swimming within the history of in Japan was
documented, is the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki and also the Japanese deity Mikoto for the purification ceremony. Swimming as a martial art within the
Edo era, developed as a technique to swim to suit every region of Japan. The Japan stroke has also been established ("Swimming Equipment, History
and Rules | Olympic Swimming", 2016). Health Problems That Have Arisen Due To Swimming BACK PAIN The Italian scientific spine institute
ISICO presented a study at the International Society for

How Does Chlorine Kills Pathogens
Chlorine kills pathogens such as bacteria and viruses by breaking the chemical bonds in their molecules. When chlorine is added to water, chloric acids
forms: Cl2+H2O = HOCl + H+ + Cl–. Depending on the pH value, chloric acid partly expires to hypochlorite ions: HOCl = OCl– + H+. Hypochlorous
acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite ions (OCl–) will form free chlorine when bound together, and they are primary disinfectants throughout the process.
However, the chlorine dosage has to be high enough to reach the breakpoint for a significant amount of chlorine to remain in the water. When passing
the breakpoint, the addition of chlorine to the water will only produce free chlorine remains which is essential for disinfection.
Also, according to the theoretical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While disinfectant residual is important because (similar to the previous point) the more residual present, the better secondary disinfection would be
which ensure that the water is protected longer as it travels from the plant to the consumers. Finally pH is important in influencing the degree of
disinfection provided by chlorination because pH determine the primary form of chlorine that exists in the water. Without considering ammonia, at a
pH lower than 7.5, most the chlorines are HOCl; which is 80 – 90x more effective as a disinfectant than its counterpart OCl–, which is the form of
chlorine that exists mostly when pH is greater than 7.5. In terms of chloramine, when the pH is smaller than 4.5 it is mostly trichloramine (NCl3).
When the pH is between 4.5 and 8.5 it is mostly monochloramine and dichloramine (NH2Cl and NHCl2) and when the pH is greater than 8.5, then it
is mostly monochloramine present (NH2Cl). Out of all three chloramines, monochloramine is the most favoured since it is very effective in
secondary disinfection due to its stability, control over biofilms and lack of offensive odour and taste. Therefore, pH plays a critical role in whether
the chlorine exists as HOCl or monochloramine, which are the most effective and favourable version of chlorine for

We Need a New Method of Purifying Drinking Water Essay
Chlorine has been purifying our drinking water for the last century. Chlorine has many uses; it is used as an amazing water disinfectant to rid water of
harmful organisms, it sanitizes many surfaces, and it is used in the production of many products. Virtually all water borne diseases have been wiped
out as a result of purification of drinking water – usually with chlorine. Life expectancy has increased fifty percent in the last century because people
are able to drink clean, healthy water. Two hundred million people in America and Canada drink, shower and swim in chlorinated water everyday, and
ninety–eight percent of drinking water treatment facilities use chlorination (Christman, 1998). Chlorine has benefited society in an ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, those who take the economic approach believe that chlorine might have some effect, yet the expenditure of money and time to develop
alternatives for all of chlorine's uses make it hard to eliminate it from our society.
Studies have shown that it is not the chlorine that causes damage to our health, but rather chlorine's byproducts. Dioxins, which are an unwanted
byproduct of industrial production that uses chlorine, are the most harmful human carcinogens studied (Thornton, 1997). When chlorine is added to
our water supply, it immediately kills many to all of the organisms living in the water. However, it also reacts with any organic material in the water
such as leaves, twigs, or dirt chemically producing byproducts called trihalomethanes, or THMs. THMs consist of four chemicals: chloroform,
bromoform, bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane. Dibromochloromethane is already classified as a possible known human carcinogen
and has been proven to cause cancer in laboratory animals (Times Union, 1996).
The US Council of Environmental Quality states that, "[t]he cancer risk among people drinking chlorinated water is 93% higher than among those
whose water does not contain chlorine" (Showering in Tap Water, 2001). Organizations such as Greenpeace and the Sierra Club, as well as many
doctors and scientists, are publicly

The Water Crisis
Access to clean water is essential to overall human health and economic growth. Recent technologies have made water access more universal, however
there is still a large percentage of the world population that lives without clean water. Nanotechnology is a promising field that may offer sustainable
solutions to the water crisis and allow the world to move toward universal access to clean water.
Due to increasing demand for water, the world has been faced with a water crisis. The rising human population and unsustainable environmental
practices has made clean freshwater a rare commodity. Developing countries are impacted the most by the water crisis. In the 20th century the global
population increased threefold and triggered a simultaneous sixfold increase in water use (Bogardi, 2012). Water usage has likely increased due to
extended droughts, population growth, more strict health regulations, and competing demands from a variety of users (Savage, 2005). Developed
countries like the United States have been able to keep up with the increasing water demands by creating larger infrastructures and using legal means to
regulate water consumption. However, many developing countries lack the capital needed to create the infrastructures needed to provide clean water.
Additionally, developing countries often lack an impartial and efficient legal system that can enforce water rights and water regulations. The water
crisis has caused nearly one billion people to live without access

The Water Treatment Process
Surface waters necessitate water treatment before consumption to eliminate the risk present to the consumer. Poor quality water which consists of
suspended and dissolved particles pose health risks. The most harmful contamination is the microbiological contamination which leads to infectious
diseases (Water treatment, 1994).Since the early 1800's water purification systems have been used to eliminate the health risk posed by the recycled
water. During the final process of treatment alternate disinfectants are used, however UV radiation and chlorination are predominantly employed
techniques. UV radiation emitted by the sun was discovered to have germicidal effects on pathogens and micro–organisms present water. From this
discovery came the introduction of UV radiation lamps, which emit similar UV rays to the sun to disinfect the water. Chlorination systems had come
into use a few years later during the 1900's as scientists had discovered the disinfection properties of chlorine. Both methods have benefits and
weaknesses, however chlorination is more suitable due to its low cost of production and decreased risk of bacterial products in metropolitan areas.
The treatment process involves the removal of contaminants through a number of stages which include: pre–water treatment, coagulation and
flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. This is called the multiple barrier principle (Water Treatment, 1994).
The water treatment begins with the process of screening,

Swimming Reflection
I was in 5th grade and school was going just fine. I had decent grades, some good friends, absolutely no athletic ability. Just your typical 10–year–old
nerd. Soon, in Physical Education, we were going to start our swimming unit. The more athletic kids loved this; needless to say, I didn't, and for one
reason and one reason only; I never learned how to swim.
When the day of the first swimming unit started, I felt scared, or perhaps that's my present emotions getting in the way of my past emotions. We
entered the locker room and equipped ourselves with our swimming apparel and exited to the room with the pool. I could smell the chlorine in the air.
Everyone in my class was seated on a large steel bench and divided into groups; Beginner, Intermediate, and Advanced.
Surprisingly enough, I was placed into the Intermediate group with two of my aforementioned friends. I felt a weird sense of pride as I walked past
the others waiting to be assigned to a group with my new colleagues. Once everyone was assigned to a group, my group's instructor yelled out,
"Alright, get in the water and hold onto the side!" We did as we told, but what I didn't know was that the height of the water in that area of the pool
was greater than mine.
Next, he barked, " Alright, we're gonna swim to the deep end and back!"
At this point, the thoughts in my head probably resembled something like, "What!" or "How do you expect me to do that!" I figured it would be best
not to argue and I instead shot off the

Chlorine Is The Single Largest Contributor For Safe...
INTRODUCTION
Chlorine is the single largest contributor to safe drinking water, in the history of public health. In 1902 the first chlorine disinfection system was
installed in Belgium. By the 1920's nearly the whole world started using the process. Due to this disinfection process many disease–causing
microorganisms were abolished. According to Life Magazine (1997)
"The filtration of drinking water plus the use of chlorine is probably the most significant public health advancement of the millennium"
As consumers have started to have greater knowledge, they want to know what they're drinking and how this will affect them in short–term and
long–term. The main concern related to chlorination is the by–products produced. The by–products are said to be cancer causing.
CHEMICAL BACKGROUND
Chlorination is used in most Australian capital cities and small water supplies as it is inexpensive, easy to use and protects water within the pipe
system. Treating drinking water involves two processes; the physical removal and the chemical disinfection. The traditional seven step water processes
used around the globe is Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, fluoridation and the storage & distribution. (Refer to figure 1)
The main focus for this report is the disinfection section. During the disinfection process different chlorine products are added to the filtered water to
remove harmful microorganisms. When the disinfectant is added "free

How to Open and Close an Outdoor Pool Essay
How to Open and Close an Outdoor Pool If you have never opened or closed your outdoor pool before, and you are in any doubt as to your ability to do
so, you would be better off calling your local pool center to do the job for you. However, if you are somewhat familiar with pool care and are
willing to undertake the work yourself, the following guidelines should be provide adequate information to help you along the way. First, we will
begin with opening your outdoor pool. Begin by removing any surface water and debris from the winter cover before taking it off. Clean and dry the
cover before storing it. Using a leaf net, remove as much rubbish and debris from the pool as... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Top off the water level so that it can be drawn in through the skimmers. Next, turn on the pump and check that the filter, skimmers, and drains are all
working. Do not be too concerned if the water from the circulation is discolored initially. Run the filter for several hours and vacuum out any
remaining debris as necessary. Backwash the filter and top up with fresh water.
Next, you are ready to add the chemicals. Check the ph level and get it as near as possible to 7.4. Super chlorinate with unstabilised chlorine to kill any
algae that may be present. If you are going to use unstabilised chlorine such as calcium hypochlorite, add stabilizer or cyanuric acid to prevent loss of
chlorine to sunlight. Last but not least, add a long–life algaecide to keep the green away. Now that the warm weather has passed, it is time to winterize
your pool. First, thoroughly backwash the filter and clean the strainer. Check the ph level and get it as close to 7.4 as possible. Super chlorinate with
unstabilised chlorine to kill any algae that may be present. Add a proprietary winterizing fluid such as Winterclear, Winterclean, or Wintertop in
accordance with the manufacturers instructions. These are designed to inhibit algae growth and minimize the risk of mineral staining. Turn on the
circulation long enough to mix the solution throughout the pool.
Now lower the water level so that it is below the skimmers. This allows pressure to be

Why Do Chlorine Remains In A Pool
Introduction:
I chose this project because I am a competitive swimmer and I have been swimming for the past ten and a half years. I wanted to find out how much
chlorine remains in a pool each day after chlorination. I am interested to see how much residual chlorine is left and the range in which there appears
skin irritation and red eyes because I have experienced the red eyes and itchy skin due to over chlorination.
Chlorine is used in pools in either a gaseous or as sodium or calcium hypochlorite. The chlorine is added to water to help prevent people from getting
sick from disease–producing microorganisms. The chlorine that is added and reacts with the organic material and metals in the water is the chlorine
demand for the water as it will not be available for any disinfection that keeps people from getting sick while in the pool. The residual test is ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The free iodine is than titrated with the sodium thiosulphate solution.
I2 + 2 S2O32– 2 I– + S4O62–
For every two moles of thiosulphate, one mole of iodine is needed so the amount of iodine mole needed is half the amount of thiosulphate moles that
are needed. Starch is used as the indicator for the end point because the iodine and water is such a faint yellow color that the starch will combine with
any of the iodine that is still present and turn it a blue color and the end point for the titration is than easier to notice.
I found the amount of amount of residual chlorine using the equation:
Residual chlorine = volume of Na2S2O3 x Concentration of Na2S2O3 x mass of 1 mol Cl– x 1000 Volume of sample pool water
Adverse effects can occur if there is too much residual chlorine in water. The use of chlorine can possibly cause carcinogenic compounds such as
chloroform. There is still an ongoing debate if chlorine is the best way to disinfect a

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