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Spiritual Leadership Theory
1. • Spiritual Leadership Theory – Developed by Lewis W. Fry
• Developed as an intrinsic motivation model
• Incorporates two key follower needs
• The theory is inclusive of religious, and ethics & values-based approaches to
leadership
2. • Qualities of Spiritual Leadership
• Spiritual Survival
• Motivating to Change
• Extrinsic versus Intrinsic motivation
5. • Implications for leaders
• Organization Transformation
• Implications for workplace spirituality.
• Conclusion
6. References
Allen, P. L. (2012). A Correlational Analysis of the Spiritual Leadership Survey Versus Authentic Leadership Questionnaire in Non-
Denominational Mega-Church Organizations (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pheonix, 2012). Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest.
Boorom, R. (2009). Spiritual leadership: A study of the relationship between spiritual leadership theory and transformational
leadership (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Regent University.
Employee455. (2020, May 06). Facebook Employee Benefits and Perks – Complete Guide. Retrieved from
https://employeebenefit.info/facebook-employee-benefits/
Facebook. (n.d.). Retrieved February 24, 2021, from
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.1655178611435493.1073741828.1633466236940064
Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 693-727.
doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.09.001
Fry, L. W., Vitucci, S., & Cedillo, M. (2005). Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory, measurement, and establishing a
baseline. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 835-862. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.07.012
Wingard, J. (2019, December 20). Not The Best Place To Work: Leadership Missteps That Dropped Facebook And Google Out Of
The Top 10. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonwingard/2019/12/20/not-the-best-place-to-work-leadership-
missteps-that-dropped-facebook-and-google-out-of-the-top-10/?sh=38e9994c451b
7. SLT SURVEY QUESTIONS
Please take the time to fill out this survey. It is not necessary for you to write or sign your name on the form. Although this survey is anonymous and names will not be recorded, we ask that you answer all the questions
as accurately as you can. Thank you.
Please answer the following questions concerning the people you mostly work with using these responses: 1 = Strongly Disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Neither Agree nor Disagree 4=Agree 5= Strongly Agree
1. The leaders in my organization “walk the walk” as well as “talk the talk.”
2. The work I do makes a difference in people’s lives.
3. I feel my organization appreciates me and my work.
4. I feel like “part of the family” in this organization.
5. I tend not to notice feelings of tension or discomfort until they really grab my attention
6. The conditions of my life are excellent.
7. I really feel as if my organization’s problems are my own.
8. I have faith in my organization and I am willing to “do whatever it takes” to ensure that it accomplishes its
mission.
9. I feel my organization demonstrates respect for me, and my work.
10. The leaders in my organization are honest and without false pride.
11. I would be very happy to spend the rest of my career with this organization.
12. My organization is trustworthy and loyal to its employees.
13. I do jobs or tasks automatically, without being aware of what I’m doing.
14. The work I do is meaningful to me.
15. I persevere and exert extra effort to help my organization succeed because I have faith in what it stands
for.
16. I demonstrate my faith in my organization and its mission by doing everything I can do help us succeed.
17. The work I do is very important to me.
18. I understand and am committed to my organization’s vision.
19. In my department, everyone gives his/her best efforts.
20. In my department, work quality is a high priority for all workers.
21. I feel I am valued as a person in my job.
22. The leaders in my organization have the courage to stand up for their people
23. My job activities are personally meaningful to me.
24. I am satisfied with my life.
25. I find myself listening to someone with one ear, doing something else at the same time
26. My organization has a vision statement that brings out the best in me.
27. In most ways my life is ideal.
28. My organization’s vision is clear and compelling to me.
29. My work group is very productive.
30. My organization’s vision inspires my best performance.
31. My organization is kind and considerate toward its workers, and when they are suffering, wants to do
something about it.
32. I feel highly regarded by my leaders.
33. My work group is very efficient in getting maximum output from the resources (money, people, equipment,
etc.) we have available.
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34. I find it difficult to stay focused on what’s happening in the present.
35. If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing.
36. I set challenging goals for my work because I have faith in my organization and want us
to succeed.
37. I talk up this organization to my friends as a great place to work for.
38. I could be experiencing some emotion and not be conscious of it until sometime later
39. I feel a strong sense of belonging to my organization.
40. So far I have gotten the important things I want in life.
41. I find myself doing things without paying attention.
42. I forget a person’s name almost as soon as I’ve been told it for the first time.
Please identify 1 or more issues that you feel need more attention
1. _______________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________
Other Comments:
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Editor's Notes
Louis Fry, professor of Management at Texas A&M, has developed a causal theory of spiritual leadership embedded on an intrinsic motivational model (Fry, 2003). He called this causal theory Spiritual Leadership Theory (SLT). The SLT Questionnaire was developed to measure three dimensions of spiritual leadership, two dimensions of spiritual survival, and organizational commitment and productivity (Fry, Vitucci, & Cedillo, 2005). The Questionnaire contains 43 items that taps into the fundamental needs of both leader and follower for spiritual survival (Fry, Vitucci, & Cedillo, 2005). The two key follower needs are calling and membership where calling is the thing a person does to give life meaning while membership is the quality that allows the follower to feel understood and appreciated (Fry, Vitucci, & Cedillo, 2005). Spiritual Leadership Theory is not necessarily religious, but it is inclusive of the ethics and values of religious morality (Fry, 2003) making this assessment acceptable to use in corporations and large organizations like the U.S. Army where the personnel makeup is pluralistic.
The qualities of spiritual leadership are vision, altruistic love, and hope/faith. Leaders develop a compelling vision that provides motivation for followers giving meaning and purpose to their work which in turn garner’s follower commitment (Boorom, 2009). altruistic love is the quality in which a leader expresses unconditional, unselfish, loyal, and benevolent care, concern, and appreciation for others (Boorom, 2009). Desire and fulfillment is fostered by hope/faith (Boorom, 2009). The qualities create a sense of spiritual survival. Spiritual survival is a sense of transcendence, calling, and a need for social connection or membership (Fry, 2003). Spiritual survival is the ongoing struggle of spiritual highs and lows and the spiritual leadership model fosters spiritual practices to maintain spiritual survival. These spiritual practices are spending time in nature, prayer, meditation, reading, journaling, exercise, and connectedness between other people, nature, and the universe (Fry, 2003). The SLT is grounded in motivation theory and Fry examined motivation to change and motivation-based path–goal theory in developing his theory and discovered the people have an intrinsic drive and motivation to find meaning in what they do. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation play a large role in encouraging engagement in task behavior in order to create a culture of common goals and membership
As I mentioned, Spiritual Leadership Theory is a causal leadership theory for organizational transformation. This chart is spiritual leadership working operationally. The leader incorporates their values, attitudes and behaviors into their vision for the organization, how they treat and care for other around them, and by instilling meaning into the effort of the mission. This in turn feeds follower needs for spiritual survival through membership and calling. If all is working right, then the organization outcomes are realized through productivity. This is the strength of spiritual leadership. The table illustrated the leadership qualities. As an example, Facebook as an organization that uses some of these same qualities. The vision of Facebook is to “give people the power to build community and bring the world closer together.” This is a high-minded mission and plenty of people have bought into it. The employees at Facebook are described as almost cult like and Facebook as been ranked by Glassdoor as the number one best places to work three times in the last decade due in large part by their distinct culture, shared ethics and values, and leader trust (Wingard, 2019). This is on the decline, but it is juts outside the top ten places to work currently. Finally, Facebook employs around 35,000 employees and they offer employment benefits like baby cash for new parents to cover the cost of day care, free meals for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, free gym memberships, and work from home options. These sorts of perks build hope and faith in the company. This is how spiritual leadership is developed and maintained.
Dr. Fry developed the SLT questionnaire to measure the qualities of spiritual leadership in an organization. The questionnaire contains 42 items with a likert range of 1 to 5, 1 meaning that the participant strongly disagrees and 5 meaning the participant strongly agrees. There are 3 additional free text items where a respondent can indicate 1 or more areas of attention. Fry claims that research on several fronts is necessary to establish the validity of the SLT, however results from spiritual leadership and army transformation study plus other studies by fry provide strong initial support for the reliability and validity of the SLT measures (Fry, Vitucci, & Cedillo, 2005). Face validity has been pretested and validated (Fry, Vitucci, & Cedillo, 2005). Structural Equation Modeling was used in testing the validity of the SLT to provide inferential data analysis and hypothesis testing and found that all correlations were significant at p<.001. At least 1200 employees participating in studies including schools, military units, city employees, police, and for-profit organizations confirm the reliability and validity of the spiritual leadership model (Allen, 2012).
Based on the results from the Army testing, leader emphasis on spiritual needs in the workplace produces beneficial personal and organizational outcomes. A major proposition is that spiritual leadership is necessary for the transformation to and continued success of a learning organization and Fry argues that most leadership theories neglected the spiritual component which ignores the universal human need for spiritual survival through calling and membership (Fry, 2003). These elements are crucial for organizational growth, commitment, and productivity. In conclusion the SLT fills a void in leadership theory which is an integrated approach that combines the body, mind, heart, and spirit to human workplace existence (Fry, 2003). A sample of the SLT questionnaire is located at the back of these slides.