The Theory Of Human Development Theory

The Theory Of Human Development Theory
Human development theories are theories intended to account for how and why people become, as
they are. These theories provide the framework to clarify and organize existing observations and to
try to explain and predict human behavior. It is important to recognize the complexity of human
development and the theories that explain human development. (Berger, pg. 23). The three theories
that have influenced by development are Jean Piaget's Cognitive Theory, Abraham Maslow's
Humanism and Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory.
1. The first Human development theory is that of Jean Piaget's, who believed that all human
development and behavior was the product of consistent and reliable patterns of interactions with
the environment called schemas. Piaget divided his Theory of Cognitive development into four
stages. Each stage is characterized by overall structures and sequences of development, which
consist of "schemas." Schemas are the primary component of intelligent behavior, which adapt
through a continuous process of "assimilation" and "accommodation," in an endeavor to attain
"equilibrium" which is essentially balance. Assimilation is the process of adapting new experiences
to fit into existing schemas. Accommodation is the process of changing existing schemas to fit new
experiences. The first stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is the "sensorimotor stage,"
which is from birth to 2 years old. According to Piaget Infants use his/her senses and motor
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Psychoanalytic Theory Of Human Development
Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalytic Theory is a theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious
drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior. It is thought to
influence every aspect of thinking and behavior, from the smallest details of life to the crucial
choices of a lifetime. Sigmund Freud is an Austrian physician who believed the stages of human
development were characterized by sexual pleasure centered on a particular part of the body.
Oral Stage (Birth to 1 year) In infancy, everything the child gets a hold of goes to their mouth. The
lips, tongue, and gums are the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby's body. They love to suck
on their fingers or pacifier majority of the time, even in their sleep.
Anal Stage (1–3 years)
The anal is the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby's body. During this time children are
beginning toilet training. They are now able to interpret when they need to use the restroom and able
to communicate to the parents when they need to go.
Phallic Stage (3–6 years)
During this stage, the penis is the most important body part, and pleasure is derived from genital
stimulation. This is the time when they begin to discover their genitals, girls may ask questions
while on the other hand, boys may feel a sense of pride.
Latency (6–11 years)
During this age of development sexual needs quieten down and children begin to focus on social
activities with friends.
Genital

Case Study of Developmental Theories Essays
Maslow's hierarchy of needs can be presented in a pyramid, featuring the most basic and necessary
needs for survival in the bottom levels. The hierarchy of needs says that we must fulfil our needs in
a particular order; the lowest level must be fulfilled first before being able to move up the pyramid.
Reference: http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html The first level of the hierarchy is the
physiological needs, which include, the need for food, water, shelter and warmth. Most people
should achieve this as a baby. These are the needs that are necessary for survival. Without these it is
impossible for a human to function. The second level of the hierarchy is safety needs, which include,
the need for security (financially, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The last level is self–actualisation, which is the hardest level to achieve. This level is where a person
realises their full potential and works to be the best that they can be. This can be achieved anywhere
from mid–adulthood. To achieve this level of the hierarchy a person must not only fulfil the other
levels, but they must master them. In the case study, Amy seems to be in the love and belonging
level. It's evident that Amy is in a safe, secure environment and that her physiological needs are
taken care of. Amy lives comfortably with her family, meaning she has achieved the first two levels
of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. This makes it possible for Amy to be beginning to achieve the third
level. Amy's strong and positive relationship with her older sister Claire and her strong bond with
her grandparents convey the loving relationships and the acceptance that is needed to achieve this
level. Amy gains a sense of belonging and acceptance through the group of friends outside of her
life at home as well. Piaget's theory states that there are four different stages in cognitive
development. These stages are the Sensorimotor stage, Pre–operational stage, Concrete Operational
stage and the Formal Operational stage. The first stage, Sensorimotor occurs from birth to two years.
This stage was based off of the ideas and images we have about what things are and how we use or
deal with them or schemas. Much of the focus

Lifespan Developmental Psychology: An Overview
Lifespan Developmental PsychologyPage 2
Lifespan Developmental Psychology
An Overview
Development is process which starts from the moment the child is conceived by his mother. And it
doesn't stops when the childhood ends. As a matter of fact, it continues till death. This development
gives a shape to our socio–economic, cognitive and biological needs and views. Behaviors and
actions of an individual are part of socio–emotional development that a person reflects while
performing an activity. Lifespan development theory is basically an amalgamation of various
theories designed after thorough evaluation of human behavior at various stages of one's life.
Starting from psychodynamic and attachment theories till social learning theories, they all give an
insight about the development of an individual's behavior. In order to understand the concept of
lifespan development, it is necessary to understand these theories individually.
Where developmental psychology is a system of psychological changes, it entails changes related to
emotions, human perceptions and vision over lifetime. This theory is originally related the changes
in these particular areas, starting from infancy, going through adolescence and then aging. The
theories which address this particular area provide a great detail about development of motor skills,
cognition, conceptual understanding, self–identity and physiological processes. Furthermore, while
evaluating children's behavior, it is necessary to evaluate

Compare And Contrast Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs
In this section of my paper, I will be looking at the journey of foster care through two different
developmental theories, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Erikson's Eight Psychosocial Stages in
life. Abraham Maslow created a pyramid with five levels, 1. Basic needs 2. Safety needs 3.
Belongingness/Love needs 4. Esteem needs and 5. Self–actualization needs. These five levels are
placed into three categories, 1. The Basic needs of life, 2. The Psychological needs of life and 3. The
Self–fulfillment needs of life. Maslow's theory is used to help explain what a person needs
psychologically and physically in life, to be able to live it to the fullest. Erik H. Erikson also has his
theory about what is needed psychologically from birth to old ... Show more content on
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Their basic needs have not been met due to a parent/caregiver that is not capable of giving the child
what he/she needs. Some of the children in foster care never slept in a bed before entering foster
care; they never had a full course meal or is able to bathe on a regular basis. In an article on
Maslow's hierarchy of needs it states, "When an individual does not have enough of something, he
or she has a deficit, ultimately creating what Maslow has termed deficit needs" (Poston, 2009).
These "deficit needs" will follow the child into adulthood especially if they are not met. They are
also the underlying cause of the emotional problems the children develop while in foster care. In an
article on Erikson's Schedule of Human Strengths and the Childhood Origins of the Resourceful
Self, it states, "the human strengths that develop in childhood are critically important to the
formation of a resourceful self" (Capps, 2012). We must take a deeper look at the quality of care
being given to the children who are in foster care to ensure they have a chance to grow up and
become mentally and physically healthy adults. The requirements for education/trainings on the
development of a child must be changed to ensure these foster parents/facilities have the knowledge
and skills required to handle children being taken from their homes and placed in

Erikson and maslow
Daniela A Cruz Valle Professor Karen Casey DSSA 100X 21 November 2013 A wide variety of
theories and methods attempt to explain early childhood learning and development. Erickson and
Maslow both have theories that focus on social and personality development, as well as a person's
motivation to learn throughout their lives. Their theories are helpful in understanding Jeannette
Walls' development of self. Erickson and Maslow also help clarify why her mother, father, and
living in New York City were such influential factors in the development of Jeanette's sense of self.
Erickson theorizes that a person experiences different stages, and the "Individual confronts a major
challenge or 'crisis" (Boles, Danner, Briggs & Johnson ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A short time later, Jeannette was back cooking on the stove using a chair to reach it, when her mom
saw her she said "Good for you, you are back in the saddle." According to Erickson's second stage
of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Jeannette was learning a sense of personal control as well as a
sense of independence. According to Maslow's level one on the pyramid, Physiological needs; these
include the most basic needs that are vital to survival: such as the need of water, air, food, and sleep.
Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because
all needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met. Jeannette's second factor that
influenced her on her sense of self was her father. One night, Rex comes home late and Jeannette
gets up to see him. He has big gashes in his face and forearm. He was too drunk to take care of his
wounds, he asks Jeannette to stitch up his arm. She is terrified to draw the threaded needle through
her dad's skin, but she manages a few stitches. The next evening, when Jeannette returns from
school her father had left again. Jeannette finds it hard to continue having faith in him. According to
Erickson's fifth stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion Jeannette was learning how to develop a sense
of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to you, while failure leads to role

Mod 6 Relationship Theory Used In Couples Counselling
Compare and contrast two theories/ models of relationships and show how they might be utilised by
a therapist who is engaged in couples counselling
Name: Zoe Foster
Date: 14th January 2015
Course: SOUTH2S14
Module #: 6
Tutor Name: Anni Richardson
Expected Word Count: 2500
Actual Word Count: 2634
Introduction
In this paper I will look at what is means to be a couples' counsellor. What theories apply to this
mode of counselling and how can these can be utilised during the sessions. I will also consider some
of the aspects that need to be considered with couples counselling including tools and key focus
areas to support the effective sessions.
Equality, Perception and Exchange of Goods
'The heart of good couples counselling is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How this dynamic affects the current relationship. (SparkNotes)
Benson, McGinn and Christensen
Three UCLA psychologists published 40 years of research on couples' therapy (Psychology Today)
and identified five underlying principles that a couples therapist should consider. I feel these support
the two theories above:
Perception of relationship by each partner
Help each client to see the relationship more objectively. Perhaps to use tools such as 'decentering'
to 'hear' and understand each other's needs, stepping away from blame. Working with the couple to
understand contextual challenges, such as finances and perception as such.
How the clients interact with each other; sharing with the clients how they share information with
each other 'I notice that ...'
The key is to altering the way the relationship is understood and perceived in order that the couple

can consider each other's interactions and adaptive ways to compromise.
Modification of dysfunctional behaviour
Benson, McGinn and Christensen's evidence suggests effective couples change the way that they
behave with their partners. Meaning that further to improving couple interactions, therapists need to
ensure that their clients are not engaging in actions that can cause physical, psychological, or
economic harm. This can be as simple as one partner's behavioural response to the other partner's
upset or on the other end of the scale

The Development of Personal Autonomy Essay
Independence or personal freedom is an aspect that most individuals seek in their lives. Although
some individuals may need the help of others in order to gain these features, others are already
endowed with autonomous thoughts and reflect it in their behavior. Deci & Ryan (2009) claim that
autonomy is one of the basic and universal psychological needs that is necessary for the well–being
and flourishing of all people. The development of autonomy comes in different forms for all people.
The research discussed throughout this paper will reveal and evaluate how autonomy develops in
individuals and whether showing autonomous behavior is positive or negative.
Primary Issues
Autonomy
The notion of personal autonomy is a characteristic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Persons who are employed in medical careers, like nursing, must display autonomous behavior
because it provides motivation for them to make decisions without requiring permission from
somebody (Senturan et al., 2012). On the other hand, those who display low levels of autonomous
behavior will often become submissive towards others and may show signs of obedience when it
comes to decision making and protecting their personal independence. These people may be coerced
into performing actions or behaviors that they would not normally do such as a person who is an
accomplice to a criminal act. I display high levels of autonomous behavior due to the fact that I
usually set goals for myself that require no help from others and after these goals are complete, my
sense of well–being has increased tremendously.
Theoretical Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
The humanistic approach to psychology is an organization of different thoughts in which the
interests of humans and their values and/or beliefs are of main importance (Schultz & Schultz,
2009). The term humanistic relays the notion that all human beings have the potential for growth
and that no one is purposely bad or unworthy (Carver & Scheier, 2012). In contrast to
psychoanalytical psychologists, humanistic psychologists tend to focus on the strengths of human
behavior and not the aspects that make an individual's

An Evalution of the Attachment Theory Essay
THE ATTACHMENT THEORY
AN EVALUTION OF THE ATTACHMENT THEORY
WHEN WORKING WITH CHILDREN IN CARE
Gail Walters
Dissertation
Social Work BA (HONS)
Manchester Metropolitan University
Tutor: Pauline Black
CONTENTS
Pages
Abstract 3
Acknowledgements 4
Statement of Ownership 5
Chapter1: Introduction
1. An ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theory based strategies help carers of Looked after Children to facilitate and rebuild secure
attachments when they are supporting and working with children in care, or if they move placements
for example, into an adoptive or foster family. These strategies help the carers manage and
understand challenging behaviour that is often caused as a consequence of an insecure attachment.
Attachment can be defined as a long–lasting bond that is developed by infants towards their parents
and is described as 'a positive emotional link between two people – a link of affection'.

(Lindon,1998,35,Cited in Crawford et al, 2005). Attachment disorders can impact on a child's
developmental wellbeing throughout childhood and into adolescence. Evaluating the attachment
theory can show different ways these disorders affect the relationship of the child and carer.
British psychotherapist, John Bowlby (1907–1990) was recognized as the father of the attachment
theory and advanced a multidisciplinary stance, which included psychoanalysis with ethnology and
cognitive development. Bowlby (1969) wanted to understand more about the level of distress that
occurred in infants when they were separated from their parents and how that experience impacted
on their developmental wellbeing.
There are strong associations between early insecure attachments and later negative vulnerabilities
and problematical

The Theory Of The Mind And Behavior
It is difficult to tie together the infinite pools of facts about the history of Psychology. We can trace
it back to its roots, held deep in philosophy; even ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato
introduced the concept of Anamnesis, suggesting that we are born with imprinted knowledge.
Aristotle, a student of Plato, theorized the concept that we were born a blank canvas and the
development of our minds are sculpted by our experience, demonstrating that modern psychological
debates of nature VS nurture, and interests of the functions of the mind, have been discussed for
centuries.
Psychology as we know it today is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. All scientists
whether chemists, biologists, physicists or psychologists must employ scientific methods to study
empirical data objectively. So I 've chosen to start in the year 1879 with the official opening of the
first psychology laboratory by German physiologist Wilheim Wundt 1832–1920, although,
nowadays his methods of experimental introspection are criticized for being too subjective and
unreliable, his introduction to the idea of using laboratory apparatus and scientifically measuring
Psychology, watered the seed for the growth of Psychology as a science for future psychologists.
Such as his student Edward Titchener, who went on to found the first school of thought
Structuralism – using reductionism to analyze the reduced elements of human consciousness
When Wundt 's work spread to America and to William

Explain the Principal Psychological Perspectives Applied...
Unit 29 Assignment 1:
* P1 Explain the principal psychological perspectives applied to the understanding of the
development of individuals * M1 Discuss the principal psychological perspectives applied to the
understanding of the development of individuals * D1 Evaluate the principal psychological
perspectives applied to the understanding of the development of individuals
There are numerous debates in regards to developmental psychology. One of the main debates to
begin with is nature vs nurture; some individuals believe that we are products of our environment
while others regards us while others believe that we are products of our genetics. John Locke
believes that when we are born we are a "tabula rasa" a blank slate ... Show more content on
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This theory focuses solely on children's cognitive development so that is both a strength and a
weakness as it gets an in–depth understanding of children's cognitive processes however it cannot be
generalised to adults. Another strength of this theory is the fact that it can be applied practically
within the real world, especially in regards to education as it means children can be taught based
upon their developmental stage. It is extremely useful in that sense as it is nomothetic so it can be
applied to larger population. The theory contains both continuous and discontinuous, it is
discontinuous as it contains distinct hierarchal stages. It is good in one sense as it allows
professionals to see if a child is meeting the stages and if they do not action can be taken. At the
same time it can be disadvantageous as professionals, such as teachers may not push a child to reach
their full cognitive capabilities as they have met the criteria for their age. At the time this was quite
revolutionary as children were once considered "little adults" that only has a slightly less mental and
developmental capacity. Therefore they may not have learnt as effective as they could, as they may
have been taught above or below their capacity. However with that said it has been suggested that
his stages of

Client Introduction : Rosa Gonzalez
Client Introduction Rosa Gonzalez is a 28 year old, Latino woman, who was raised in Tempe,
Arizona. She came from a low socio–economic status family. Rosa's records indicate that her mother
was in prison while she was pregnant with her, and her father was out of the picture. She was placed
in several foster care homes until the age of four when her father came back into her life. It was
around the same time that her mother was released from prison, and began a relationship with her
dad. She grew up with one sister and two brothers. She depicted having been psychologically,
emotionally, and physically abused by her father until the age of 16. She conveyed that her mother
was neglectful, even though she knew about the abuse (R. Gonzalez, personal communication, July
23, 2014). She disclosed that one of the hardest times in her life was when she was in high school.
She had no friends, no self–esteem, no mother or father who loved her, and no reason to live. Soon
after, she became homeless and became involved in minor/major criminal activities. Some of these
minor/major criminal activities included; drug dealing, prostitution, and shop lifting. She indicated
that she has been diagnosed with Bipolar II Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Depression,
and anxiety. She eluded to currently being in an abusive relationship (R. Gonzalez, personal
communication, July 23, 2014). The purpose for this research paper is to integrate, connect, and
exhibit how Contemporary Attachment

Theory Analysis
Theory Analysis
Sigmund Freud – Psychosexual Theory
· Basic Philosophy – The basic philosophy is that the sex instinct is the most factor influencing
personality; sexual instinct is present at birth, but it occurs in stages. The sex instinct provides the
driving force for thought and activity. If conflicts from these stages are not resolved fixations may
occur. If overindulgence at a stage may result in a person remaining at that stage. Certain personality
traits develop from difficulty in one stage or another, for instance the anal stage can give the
obsession for a person to be excessively neat and clean.
· Key concepts
Oral Stage – (birth to 12 or 18 mo.) mouth used for sexual pleasure
Anal Stage – (1to 3 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despair – (late adulthood) individuals review their lives, and if they they are satisfied and feel a
sense of accomplishment.
· Strengths and Usefulness This theory gives life stages definition and helps locate where problems
may arise and help them be resolved. Theory is structured around relationship with environment . ·
Weaknesses Once a person passes a stage they can regress backwards. A person can be in more than
one stage at any time in their life. Trust vs. Mistrust is something that occurs when any substantial
relationship is formed.
· Applications Can be used to help a person identify a problem so it can be resolved such as shame
or guilt. Used mainly in therapy or counseling.
Jean Piaget – Cognitive Development
· Basic Philosophy – Cognitive ability develops in four stages, each of them representing a
qualitatively different form of reasoning and understanding. Stages are universal and sequencial,
children may advance at a different pace. Children are solitary explorers, internally motivated to
formulate and test their ideas in the world.
· Key Concepts

Sensorimotor – (0–2

The I Have A Big Problem Essay
On a picnic table on campus grounds with a balloon tied to it sits a girl 21, all alone with her head
buried in sighs and the sleeves of a gray hoodie. This college student in conflict, with a tendency to
talk to herself. In a loud voice, she exclaimed "Ugh! I have a problem and it is so confusing" to no
one in particular. Then came the words "Hey, you alright?" SK looks up staring blankly at the
balloon, then around for the source of the voice. Then it came again "Hey! I am right here the
balloon." "Huh?..." "Well, what 's the problem is everything alright?" "Nope, I have a big problem."
"Why do you think that is?" "I try my best to be perfect, I guess." "No! You leave me no choice. You
will be visited by three ghosts the first at 9 AM!" Next thing SK does is get up then go to an empty
classroom to study. Sitting in her favorite seat, SK looks around the room in anticipation. When all
seems to settle she hears a "POOF" see a tiny human–shaped creature with curly hair and big eyes
appear. "Oh! Who are you?" SK said with a look of amazement. "Me? I am the ghost of the past.
Friends call me Gyp." What do you want? SK said putting up a defensive stance. "To help you with
your problem silly. By the way, what is your problem?" "Well, I can 't decide if I care to continue
college or jump into the workforce?" "Have you heard of Erikson or Maslow?" "Yeah?..." "Good let
's go." "Go where?" "Silly you mean WHEN. Your past of course! To help you understand yourself
better and

Social Psychology Reflection
Looking back at these six weeks of Psychology, I have learned plenty of things from this course. I
have learned a lot of information on topics, and theories that will be applied to my life and to other
people in the future. The concepts we learned in this class shouldn't be ignored for any reason, the
information from these concepts can be utilized a great deal in our lives. Throughout the course, the
lectures that caught most of my attention were, Social Psychology, Multiple Intelligences, Maslow's
Hierarchy of Needs, psychological disorders, Cognitive therapy, and Erik Erikson's theory of
psychosocial development. These topics might not be related, but they hold valuable information in
each way.
The first topic is Social Psychology. For, social psychology people tend to judge and influence
people in society, we all tend to react different in situations then others, each person will think and
behave different from his pears. In my life, I let my friends influence me to be just like them. I had a
hard time getting along with people that knew good English and always talked about sports. The
friends I have right now are the same nationality as me, I feel like I belong with them because they
speak the same language as me, and also do activities that are related to my culture, so I follow them
in everything they do. My group also told me to stay away from people that don't have the same
background and interests as us. Now, I'm starting to realize that I will not always be with

Autonomy: A Personality Trait
Autonomy The notion of personal autonomy is a characteristic that many individuals seek to find
throughout their life. The term autonomy originates from the Greek words auto (self) and nomos
(law) and means self–management (Senturan, Kose, Sabuncu, & Ozhan, 2012). Individuals who
experience the characteristic of autonomy during their lives will often have an intense desire for
their personal freedom and will set moderate goals for themselves that will enhance their well–being
and independence. Radel, Sarrazin, Pelletier, and Milyavskaya (2011) describe autonomy as being a
basic psychological need that has the potential to represent an individual's propensity towards a slate
of self–governance as defined by their behavioral aims. An ... Show more content on
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In order to gain safety and security, persons high in autonomy will rely on themselves to secure
employment for them to have shelter and other safety and comfort needs. In relation to the
belongingness and love needs, a person who displays autonomous behavior will seek out groups that
meet their needs in order to fill connected to others. On the other hand, a person who has low levels
of autonomy may allow others to group them in ways that are untrue to that person's being.
Moreover, those with a balance of autonomy will seek out intimate relationships in order for them
give and receive love. The autonomous person may join chat rooms, go to speed dating events, or
just generally allow others to know that they are available to start a relationship with others. The
person who has low levels of autonomy may not have enough independence or confidence to start
relationships with others and they may be coerced into unhealthy relationships with others. In the
esteem area of Maslow's hierarchy, the difference between individuals high in autonomy and low in
autonomy is very much recognizable. Carver & Scheier (2012) claim that esteem needs involve the
sense of power, appreciation from others, and mastery of goals or tasks. Humans who reach this
level will want to gain respect from their peers, whether in the form of power, social status, or
influence. In this area, people who experience high levels of autonomy will build

Psychology Workbook Essay
I. INTRODUCTION Objective I.1 Define psychology: the science of behavior and mental
processes. |Margin Learning Question(s) (if applicable) |Page(s) | |None | | Key Terms Psychology:
the science of behavior and mental processes. Exercises 1. Put a check mark by each statement that
is true regarding psychology. __X_ Psychologists study human behavior. __X___ Psychologists
study animal behavior. ____X_ Psychologists study emotions and mental processes. _____
Psychology and "common sense" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| | Key Terms . Behaviorism– a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired
through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists
believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our behaviors. Observeable behavior
Psychoanalysis–emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Freud believed that
the human mind was composed of three elements: the id, the ego, and the superego. Humanistic
psychology – humanistic psychology began as a reaction to psychoanalysis and behaviorism, which
dominated psychology at the time. Psychoanalysis was focused on understanding the unconscious
motivations that drive behavior while behaviorism studied the conditioning processes that produce
behavior. Humanist thinkers felt that both psychoanalysis and behaviorism were too pessimistic,
either focusing on the most tragic of emotions or failing to take into account the role of personal
choice. Humanistic psychology was instead focused on each individual's potential and stressed the
importance of growth and self–actualization. The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology is
that people are innately good and that mental and social problems result from deviations from this
natural tendency. Cognitive psychology– the branch of psychology that studies mental processes
including how people

Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy In Children
Most therapists agree that the same standards of psychotherapy apply to children, but what differs is
the methods we practically apply when dealing with children. (Reisman and Ribordy, 1993)
The early pioneers, 1880 to 1940
The early pioneers were Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein and Donald Winnicott, Carl
Jung, Margaret Lowenfield, Alfred Adler. Sigmund Freud developed concepts such as the conscious,
unconscious, subconscious and super conscious mind. We will look at Freud and in particular Anna
Freud, Melanie Klein and Donald Winnicott's contribution to child psychology.
Freud spoke about the id, ego, and superego developing concepts such as transference and free
association. Anna Freud (3 December 1895 – 9 October 1982) was the ... Show more content on
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Mistrust
This stage occurs from birth to 2 years of age. When infants feel loved they are more willing to trust
their environment. Neglect produces children that are unsure about everything.
Stage 2: Autonomy/Independence vs. Shame and Doubt
This stage occurs around 2–3 years of age. It focuses on a child's need to be independent. If parents
do not give them independence, children will experience doubt and shame.
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
This stage occurs between the ages of 3–5 or 6 years––the preschool age. Children start to get a
general sense of right and wrong. They start to understand their actions affect others.
Stage 4: Industry (competence) vs. Inferiority
This stage occurs between the ages of 5 and 12 years (or puberty). Children are beginning to feel a
sense of accomplishment and success. Nurturing and encouragement enables a child to believe that
they can achieve and be successful. If a child is discouraged, they develop low self worth. Bullies
are formed at this stage.
Stage 5: Identity vs. Identity Confusion
This stage occurs between the ages of 12 and 18. Teenagers often have problems with self identity.
In this stage groups are

Nature Vs Nurture : Nature Versus Nurture
Abstract If someone inquires about nature versus nurture, this paper will give not one specific
answer but a combination of both answers. Human personality is a combination of environment and
a biological characteristic that controls precisely where the individual will end up in the
developmental spectrum. The experiences that individuals will develop from throughout stages of
development, their childhood and into their adulthood, play a great part in their conscious and
unconscious motives. The experiences also play a significant part to how the individual develops a
self–concept or how they view them self. Not only does development takes place during the
childhood and adolescence stages, but for most people they will continue to develop and mature
throughout their entire life. Individuals will at times find themselves evolving and at times have
unpredictable or uncertain motivations. People may also will find themselves dealing with an
identity crisis throughout the stages of development, which can have long term impacts upon the
personality of the individual whether it is positive or negative. Theory of Personality The human
personality is a unique and complex thing. The study of personality has been ongoing and has
broken grounds in many ways throughout history and continues to shape and mold what new
research is finding today. These theories of personality will be demonstrating that many of the
previous world renowned psychologists were right in many aspects.

Psychodynamic Perspectives
The six perspectives include: psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, contextual, and
evolutionary. Psychodynamic is where behavior throughout life is motivated by inner, unconscious
forces that are stemming from childhood over which we have little to no control of. Erik Erikson
and Sigmund Freud fall into this perspective. The behavioral perspective involves John Watson, B.F.
Skinner, and Albert Bandura where it is development that can be understood through studying
observable behavior and environmental stimuli. The humanistic perspective is where behavior is
chosen through free will and is motivated by our natural capacity to strive to reach our full
potentials and this perspective is from Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. The cognitive ... Show
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Freud's perspective though focuses on the inner person and believes that unconscious forces act to
determine personality behavior. Freud explains that everyone's personality has three aspects to it
which are; id, ego and superego. Freud aso had stages of psychosexual development, unlike
Erikson's psychosocial development. Freud's psychosexual development consisted of five parts;
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. As for Erikson's psychosocial theory it is mainly based on
social and environmental factors and expands into adulthood, but Freud's psychosexual theory is
based on the importance of basic needs and biological forces and his theory end at an early period of
life compared to Erikson's. A similarity Erikson and Freud share together is that they both are
theorists that have separated development into stages and they do use the similar age

Developmental Theories of the Movie Precious Essays
Developmental Theories in The Notebook Brianna Gallegos University of New Mexico N224
Developmental Theories in The Notebook The Notebook demonstrates the growth and development
theories including biosocial, psychosocial, and cognitive. The Notebook is a movie about a young
couple who falls in love. The woman, Allie, is from a wealthy family who is discouraged when she
has fallen in love with a young man, Noah, who only makes .40 cents an hour (Cassavetes, 2004).
The story is told through a "notebook" that Noah is reading to Allie, whom has Alzheimer's disease.
Allie has no clue that Noah is her husband due to her disease. Noah has hope that Allie will
eventually recognize the story he is telling her and realize it is her husband ... Show more content on
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According to Erikson, this is when the elderly start to be proud of their accomplishments, but are
also faced with disparity of the goals they never reached (Berger, 2011). Noah is proud to be telling
Allie about their past and wants her to remember it because he is taking so much pride in it. Even
though Noah wants Allie to remember their past, he is dealing with the disparity that his wife may
not ever remember him. An example from the movie is when Allie remembers who Noah is for just
a few moments, and he is so glad and has thought she is back forever, but Allie immediately goes
back into not knowing who Noah is (Cassavetes, 2004). Noah is immediately sad and despised that
his wife will never be the same. The brain slowly starts to diminish in the elderly. According the
Maslow, this stage in life is a life review (Berger, 2011). Allie and Noah's life is in a review
throughout the entire movie. Allie is trying to remember what her life was like. Unfortunately, Allie
comprehends the story Noah is telling her, but doesn't realize it is herself. She states in the movie,
"this is a great story, the girl seems so amazing" (Cassavetes, 2004). Her lack of ability to remember
is due a threat to her development. Allie has Alzheimer's disease, which is a disease that one cannot
remember due to the proliferation of plaques and tangles in the cerebral cortex (Berger, 2011). This
disease is common in the elderly. Alzheimer's has taken over Allies life, as she

Jean Piaget Stages Of Cognitive Development Essay
The stage of infancy lasts from birth until approximately two years of age (Sigelman & Rider,
2010). The physical development from infant to child occurs in a cephalocaudal direction: the head
and upper body develop prior to the lower body (Sigelman & Rider, 2010). Because of the rapid
development at this stage children need to get good solid nutrition and need to be watched closely as
they are often unable to coordinate their body or understand the dangers of certain situations (e.g.,
such as when my one–year old cousin put his finger in an electrical outlet). During this period a
great deal of developing and learning occurs. Learning is facilitated through environmental cues,
such as the behavior and actions of parents. Very basic skills become mastered throughout this
period such as nursing, crying, motor coordination, and the ability to represent images with simple
language (Sigelman & Rider, 2010). There have been many theorists that have described these
changes. Jean Piaget was concerned with the cognitive development of the child. He studied the
development of the child's ability to think, represent events mentally, and manipulate symbols.
Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood: the sensorimotor,
preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages (Eysenck & Keane, 2010).
Abraham Maslow has been noted as the seminal proponent of humanistic psychology. Maslow is
most famous for his outlining of a hierarchy

The Theory Of Human Development
The life span theories is about four different theories; the psychoanalytic, behaviourism, cognitive
and humanistic. Erikson has some similarities with Freud however it is extremely different in other
ways. Rather than Erikson focusing on sexual interest as a driving force in development, he believed
that social interaction and experience played a decisive role. Erikson has an eight stage theory of
human development which describes the process from birth to death and the crisis of each stage
brings. His life span stages follow as infancy which crisis is autonomy vs shame and doubt and trust
vs mistrust. This is when the world seems a safe place or it can be a place that can have unstable
events. During this stage of infancy it is unsure about the world that the live in. to overcome these
feelings of uncertainty the infant looks towards their primary caregiver for stability care. If this care
is constant the sense of trust will be developed which will carry on in other relationships. If there is
success in this stage it will lead to the virtue of hope, furthermore the person will have hope if a new
crisis and therefore a failing attain virtue of hope will lead to fear when a crisis occurs. Also if there
is mistrust at the infancy stage this will carry on into other relationships. The next stage is the late
childhood is when they face industry vs inferiority; this is children from aged 5–12 and they are
learning to read and write and make things on their own. Therefore

Abraham Maslow, Abraham Erikson, And Sigmund Freud's Theory
When you think about Abraham Maslow, Erik Erikson, and Sigmund Freud's theories, they all have
to do with psychology. They all have to do with the mind. Abraham Maslow's theory, Theory of
Hierarchy Needs, is a description of the needs that motivate human behavior. Erik Erikson's theory,
Theory Eight Stages of Development, has eight stages that include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs.
shame/doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs.
isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair. Sigmund Freud's theory, Theory ID,
EGO, SUPEREGO, emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and a primary assumption
that the unconscious mind governs behavior to a greater degree than people suspect. Abraham
Maslow's theory, Theory of Hierarchy Needs, is a motivational theory in psychology that has a tier
model of the five things a human needs. Maslow stated that people are motivated to achieve certain
needs and that some needs take precedence over others. The five stages, from bottom to top, include
Physiological needs( food, water, warmth, and rest), the second stage: Safety Needs ( security and
safety), third stage: Belongingness and love needs ( intimate relationships and friends), the fourth
stage: Esteem Needs (prestige and feeling of accomplishment), and finally the last stage: Self–
actualization ( achieving one's full potential, including creative potential). The five stage model can
be divided into

Grand Theory Paper: Harry Harlow
Harry Israel–he would not have his well–known surname until later on–was born on of all days–
considering his personality–on Halloween evening, October 31st, 1905, at his home in Fairfield,
Iowa. He was of course fascinated with science and experimenting even at a young age–he owned a
child's porcelain potty when he was a child and he would experiment with dropping a large stone to
see what would happen. Harry would recount in his later years that he hit "rock bottom"–he was a
man who knew no bounds in effortless puns and unorthodox humor, especially given his
astounding–unorthodox theories that went totally against the then current dogma of the theory
known as behaviorism (Blum 9).
Harry Harlow's parents, Alonzo Harlow Israel and Mable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
food, or oral stimulation, was the primary driving force of the infant rhesus monkeys need for their
mother, and thus the mother's affection was the source for their secondary drive). Harlow also
decided to disprove the theory of behaviorist theories such as classical conditioning. He sought to
disregard the theories bought forth by such people as B.F. Skinner and John Watson–he thought of
them as too cold and mechanical to be thought of as an explanation for our growth and development.
Therefore, as Harlow puts it, "these theories limit our understanding of the cognitive capabilities of
our species" (qtd. in Suomi, Horst, and Veer 358).
The birth of Attachment theory began when Harlow realized that by studying the rhesus monkey
you learn more about human behavior than by studying rats–Harlow believed that you could not test
humans well because of the fact that it leads to ethical and scientific dilemmas. Therefore, with
these notions in mind, he set out to find his hypothesis and disprove the dominating theories of his
time–no easy task. Harlow poised his hypothesis on the fact that when you remove all social contact
from the rhesus monkey they then start to develop psychopathology–as Harlow would say, "that this
just goes to show that one can not have a psychosis unless there is a psychiatrist around to diagnose
it" (Suomi, Horst, and Veer 359). Thus, his meaning was that social

Standardized Testing And Validity
1. Reliability and validity are two different concepts. Reliability refers to the extent assessments are
consistent. For example, if a student took an exam multiple times and received a low score each
time, even though he performed very well on the exam, the exam is reliable. It produced the same
low score each time, thus showing consistency. However, just because an exam is reliable, this does
not mean that an exam is valid. Validity refers to the accuracy of the assessment. In this example, the
student performed very well on the exam, yet he received a low score. In reality, if a student
performs well, he should receive a high score. These two procedural tools are used and considered
when creating standardized testing. Tests like the MCAS ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A healthy individual should pass through each stage. Each stage builds upon the success of that
stage, but if a stage is not successfully completed the challenge or crisis may appear later in life. The
first stage is trust vs. mistrust. Infants develop their sense of trust from their caregiver. The second
stage is autonomy vs. doubt. Toddlers begin to learn to do basic skills by themselves, a child may
doubt his abilities if s/he can not accomplish tasks alone. The next stage is initiative vs. guilt.
Children become more engaged socially and must learn to balance responsibility and impulses. The
next stage is industry vs. inferiority. A child will either learn to be productive and develop a sense of
competence of s/he will develop a sense of inferiority. The last stage is identity vs. role confusion.
Adolescents develop into adults and develop a sense of identity. The adolescent will either establish
a positive sense of who they are or they will

Sigmund Freud And Erikson's Theory : Three Types Of Human...
arousal occurs and on the parasympathetic side, inhibition or a calming effect occurs. Piaget posited
there are three types of intellectual structures: Behavioral (sensorimotor) schemata–organized
patterns of behavior that represent and respond to objects and experiences. Symbolic schemata–
internal mental symbols, including images or verbal codes, used to represent aspects of experience.
Operational schemata–internal mental activity performed on objects of thought. As Piaget described
them schemata are significantly important building blocks of development and are modified by on–
going experiences. They are continuously being modified or changed and can be a generalized idea
based on prior knowledge or experience. Erikson A student of Anna Freud (daughter to Sigmund
Freud), Erik Erikson saw human development as continuing throughout the life span. This is in
contrast to Freudian theory, that posits that development is mostly completed by adolescence.
Erikson built onto the Freudian model of and extended it throughout the entire life span, into older
adulthood. Erikson appears to attempt a linkage between individual development and the broader
context of society. His early stages are linked to those of Sigmund Freud, but they are formulated on
very different lines of thinking. Erikson focuses more on ego qualities that emerge from each stage
and less on sexual modes and their consequences (as Freud's theory does). The eight life–stages of
Erikson's theory of

Theory Analysis Example
Theory Analysis
Sigmund Freud – Psychosexual Theory
· Basic Philosophy – The basic philosophy is that the sex instinct is the most factor influencing
personality; sexual instinct is present at birth, but it occurs in stages. The sex instinct provides the
driving force for thought and activity. If conflicts from these stages are not resolved fixations may
occur. If overindulgence at a stage may result in a person remaining at that stage. Certain personality
traits develop from difficulty in one stage or another, for instance the anal stage can give the
obsession for a person to be excessively neat and clean.
· Key concepts
Oral Stage – (birth to 12 or 18 mo.) mouth used for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inferiority – (6–puberty) feel pride and making things and doing things.
Identity vs. role confusion – (adolescence) establish identity and consider a future occupational
identity.
Intimacy vs. Isolation – (young adulthood) develop the ability to share with, care for, and commit
themselves to another person.
Generativity vs. Stagnation – (middle adulthood) find someway of contributing to the developement
of the next generation
Ego integrity vs. Despair – (late adulthood) individuals review their lives, and if they they are
satisfied and feel a sense of accomplishment.
· Strengths and Usefulness This theory gives life stages definition and helps locate where problems
may arise and help them be resolved. Theory is structured around relationship with environment .
· Weaknesses Once a person passes a stage they can regress backwards. A person can be in more
than one stage at any time in their life. Trust vs. Mistrust is something that occurs when any
substantial relationship is formed.
· Applications Can be used to help a person identify a problem so it can be resolved such as shame

or guilt. Used mainly in therapy or counseling.
Jean Piaget – Cognitive Development
· Basic Philosophy – Cognitive ability develops in four stages, each of them representing a
qualitatively different form of reasoning and

Four Stages Of Jean Piaget
Piaget When Jean Piaget's ideas became widely popularized in the 1960s, the designation of
development as a major sub–field of psychology soon followed. His cognitive development theory
has four major stages, as follows: 1. Sensorimotor stage (birth through age two). The child
experiences the world through movement and her five senses. A child is extremely egocentric in this
stage and cannot perceive the world from others' viewpoints. During the sensorimotor stage children
come to develop object permanence. 2. Preoperational stage (ages two to seven). Beginning with the
child's learning to speak, this stage sees an increase in children's playing and pretending, primarily
through symbolic play and manipulating symbols. Children in this stage continue to have difficulty
seeing things from different points of view. The two substages of the preoperational stage are the
symbolic function substage and the intuitive thought substage. 3. Concrete operational stage (ages
seven to eleven). In this stage children are beginning to think logically and are no longer egocentric.
They greatly improve their classification skills and become more aware of logic and conservation. 4.
Formal operational stage (ages eleven to sixteen). This stage sees the development of abstract
reasoning. Children in this stage develop abstract thought and can conserve and think logically with
more facility. Children in the formal operational stage show more skills for problem solving. Piaget
described different types of intellectual structures, or schemata, in his work: Behavioral
(sensorimotor) schemata–organized patterns of behavior that represent and respond to objects and
experiences. Symbolic schemata–internal mental symbols, including images or verbal codes, used to
represent aspects of experience. Operational schemata–internal mental activity performed on objects
of thought. As Piaget described them schemata are significantly important building blocks of
development and are modified by on–going experiences. They are continuously being modified or
changed and can be a generalized idea based on prior knowledge or experience. Erikson A student of
Anna Freud (daughter to Sigmund Freud), Erik Erikson saw human development as continuing

Steroids Case Studies Essay
Introduction. Imelda is a 17 year old girl who is suffering from asthma since childhood. Her father,
Pat who breeds dogs and is a smoker, which can usually trigger her asthma. Her diagnosis is severe
since she has been hospitalised many times and has been prescribed long term oral steroids which
causes weight gain. Imelda has a prevented inhaler which she is supposed to take twice a day and a
blue inhaler which she should take when she is symptomatic for relief. Imelda is a Leaving
Certificate student and is preparing herself for her exams. She has gained weight in the last year due
to the long term oral steroids, but lost it in the recent weeks. Imelda has been suffering from
exacerbations of her asthma recently and has become very anxious ... Show more content on
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Defence mechanisms are mental processes which are automatically triggered when anxiety occurs.
They are unconscious strategies which are used by individuals to protect themselves from stress or
guilt. (O'Brien, 2008) The defence mechanism, which is evident in this case study is denial. Ac–
cording to Freud, denial is refusing to accept reality. It involves a denial from an occurring event or
a previous event which caused pain but refuses to acknowledge it. This is the most primitive defence
and plays an im–portant role in the grieving process. From my reading of the case study, it is evident
that Imelda is in denial as Imelda refuses to take her oral steroids because it makes her gain weight.
She also hasn't refilled her prescription within the last month as her concerned mother had checked
with the phar–macy. Sigmund Freud had also proposed five psychosexual stages. He had sug–gested
that we pass in childhood and felt that children needed to explore dif–ferent parts of their body. The
five psychosexual stages were 1. Oral Stage ( 0–1 years) 2. Anal Stage (1–3 years ) 3. Phallic Stage (
6–12 years) and lastly 4. Genital stage (12–18

Lifespan Development And Psychological Theories
Contents Page
1) Lifespan development and psychological theories
2)
1.1 The stages of a lifespan is infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and older adult. Infancy is
before childhood when they are babies, describes the growth and development of the child from
about the fourth week through the second year of life. (reference FROM
http://www.education.com/reference/article/infant–development–stage–period/) . Childhood is the
time before you turn 13, childhood is the stage between infancy and puberty. Adolescence is
between the age of 13 – 18 this is the transition before people develop into an adult. Adulthood is
where a person is fully developed physically, mentally, intellectually etc. The adulthood stage is at
the age ranges of 18 – 40. An older adult is the final stage in a person's life, this is where a person is
at an advanced age where their health might start to deteriorate the age ranges of an older adult is
65+.
Examples of these stages is Sara who is an infant (6 months), Alex who is in his childhood (7),
Leyla who is an adolescence (16) Tahir who is in adulthood (24) and Jack who is an older
adult/elderly (80) Explain the development of two individuals each at a different stage of the
lifespan and using a different psychological theory (ERIK ERIKSON) for each individual, explain
their development in more detail
1.2 Jane is in adult hood (25 years old) Using Abraham Maslow's humanistic psychological
approach where Maslow has created a path of

Comparison of Erikson and Maslow
Comparison of Erikson and Maslow Tianna Hillis PSY 405 January 30, 2012 Jill Bean Comparison
of Erikson and Maslow Personality affects many aspects of life. It influences behavior and social
relations. Erik Erikson is a theorist known for his stages of personality development. He explains
that certain stages of development affect personality in separate ways. Abraham Maslow is a theorist
known for his hierarchy of needs. He explains that fulfilling needs influences personality. This paper
will discuss personality characteristics of both theories and how personality affects situational
behavior and interpersonal relations. Erikson's theory of personality is based on his eight stages of
development. In each of these eight stages of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Depending on which characteristic is learned from each stage, behavior will be different. If a young
child fails to perform to his or her parents standards during the autonomy developmental stage, the
child may continue to perform poorly. This trait can show through all the time or only in situations
where the child feels pressure to perform (Feist & Feist, 2009). If an adolescent fails to
establish his or her identity, he or she may miss out of discovering other aspects of life. Based on
Erikson's stages of development, traits arise from experiences. The experiences cause different
behaviors based on the situation and personality (Feist & Feist, 2009). In Maslow's theory,
personality is based on which level of needs has been achieved. In this line of thinking, if a situation
arises in which bags of groceries are left alone, a person who has satisfied the physiological needs
will leave the food alone. A person who has yet to satisfy his or her physiological needs may take
the food (Feist & Feist, 2009). The difference in personality based on the hierarchy of needs is
what makes the behavior different. The same difference in behavior is similar to two individuals in
an interview who are at different levels on the hierarchy. A person who has not yet fulfilled the self–
esteem level will be less comfortable and an interview and act accordingly (Feist & Feist,
2009). Interpersonal relationships are affected by

Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act Essay
The Healthy Hunger–Free Kids Act of 2010 (HHFK)
This a federal statute signed into law by President Barak Obama on December 13, 2010. The law
funds child nutrition programs and free lunch programs in schools. It also increases access to
healthy food for students and promotes overall student wellness. HHFKA also sets new nutrition
standards of school breakfast and lunch, a focus of First lady Michelle Obama. (The Healthy Hunger
Free Kids Act, 2010). The major goals of the law are to end childhood hunger, improve childhood
nutrition, and combat America's epidemic of obesity within school age children. HHFKA of 2010
will help end childhood hunger by expanding after school meals for at–risk children.
Background to HHFKA The law will improve childhood nutrition and reduce obesity by:
establishing national nutrition standards for all foods sold in school during the school day, including
a la carte lines and vending machines and strengthening local school wellness policies and school
food safety programs. (United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food and Nutrition
Service, School ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One very important example of trust between and adult and child is the providing of food that keeps
the child healthy. This is somewhat similar to Maslow's theory because if this basic need of trust is
not fulfilled the child will not be able to develop to her potential as she gets older Erickson's first
developmental goal is trust versus mistrust and this theorist believes that if basic things like food are
provided, the child will more than likely trust those around and feel safe in the world. (Crying
Babies: Trust vs Mistrust and Erickson, April

Identity In The Girl Who Fell From The Sky
Abstract This research discusses the many different ways of how society can influence identity. In
the book the girl who fell from the sky by Heidi Durrow, it talks about a girl named Rachel Morse.
Rachel Morse tries to put her tragic past behind her by keeping away her feelings. She goes to live
with her grandmother. Rachel pretends to be a new girl after her mother killed herself and her
siblings. As life starts to get hard for her, she remembers her father's promise that he would come
back and get her. The years passed and her father did not come which made Rachel gets more and
more annihilate by the way she is judged based on the color of her skin. After Rachel started school
in Portland, she became aware of being bi–racial. She believed ... Show more content on
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Everybody have many things that shape their identities, such as family, friends, religion, culture and
race. For example, in the book the girl who fell from the sky by Durrow, Rachel is bi–racial, so she
was influenced by her mother who was Danish and her father who was African–American. Rachel
started to become aware of her identity when she moved with her grandmother, then when she first
started going to school. Understanding her identity impacted her personality as she said, "I learn that
black people don't have blue eyes. I learn that I am black. I have blue eyes" (Durrow

Maslow 's Impact On Social Influences On The Chosen...
Introduction– In this report I'm going to describe four needs of the chosen individual and explain
why they are required to be addressed. I'm then going to go on to describe features from two
psychological theories and use them to explain aspects of the development and behaviour of the
chosen individual. Next I'm going to describe three sociological concepts and use them to explain
the impact of social influences on the chosen individual. Then I'm going to describe features of the
positive care environment in three care services and explain how they could meet the needs of the
chosen individual. Finally I'm going to describe features of two psychological theories and use them
to explain how a care worker could demonstrate positive care practice with the chosen individual.
What is a need? A need is something that is essential, an obligation or requirement rather than just
desirable. According to Maslow a need is five different requirements which he refers to as a
hierarchy of needs and these would be self–actualisation, esteem, love/belonging, safety and
physiological. Needs that require to be addressed– Four needs of my chosen individual Paul that
require to be addressed is his social, physical, emotional and cognitive needs. Social needs is about
feeling appreciated, acceptance, a self of belonging and companionship. Therefore Paul's social
needs are not being met as he tragically lost his wife and kids. He lost the people he loved that were
closest to him that he would

Essay about Personality Theories Matrix
Personality Theories Matrix
THEORY Psychoanalytic Neo–Freudian Trait Biological Humanistic Behavioral/
Social
Cognitive
Personality "Self: id, ego, superego, thanatos; defense mechanisms."
Personlaity structureis made up of 3 major systems: the id, the ego and the superego. Each has its
own function properties, components, operating principles, and mechanisms, the systems interact so
closely with one another that it is difficult to disentangle their effects and state their relative
contribution to man's behavior.
Id is the part of the personality system with which a person is born, it is inherited and that is present
at birth. It is comprised of urges and desires plus the effects and fixations ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Personal shadow can contain both positive and negative aspects. Shadow often appears in dreams.
Tends to be the vehicle through which archetypal images of evil emerge out of the collective
unconscious.
Persona is the face we put on in society. 2 basic responses introvert and extraversion. Introversion
flows inward with reality being the reaction to an event, object or person. Introverts need solitude to
develop and maintain their rich inner worlds. They value friendships and relationships with others.
Extraverts reality on the other hand consists of objective facts or incidents.. Connects with reality
mainly through external objects.
" Eight psychosocial stages of development."
Stage 1– Trust vs. Mistrust hope
Stage 2– Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt will power, determination
Stage 3– Initiative vs. Guilt purpose
Stage 4– Industry vs. Inferiority competence
Stage 5– Ego–Identity vs. Role Confusion fidelity
Stage 6– Intimacy vs. Isolation love
Stage 7– Generativity vs. Stagnaiton/Self–Absorption care
Stage 8– Ego Integrity vs. Despair wisdom
"Feminine psychology; neurosis: moving toward, moving away, leaving against people."

Personifications; developmental epics
Powerlessness and anxiety; authoritarianism, powerlessness destructiveness; automation
conformity." "Personality traits: classification in measurement; nonmothetic approach versus the
idiographic approach, cardinal versus central traits, functional autonomy versus

Frank Parody: Misogynistic Man
Character Summary: Frank TJ Mackey is a misogynistic motivational speaker for men who are
having trouble picking up women. In the beginning of the movie, he is hosting a seminar at a hotel.
During the seminar's lunch break, Frank is interviewed by a female reporter. While with the
interviewer, Frank behaves bizarrely; he changes in front of the reporter and barks like a dog.
During the interview, Frank makes up multiple lies about his personal life, but the reporter does not
believe any of it. She has done her research and knows that Frank's father, Earl, is dying of cancer,
and she also knows that Frank had to take care of his dying mom when Earl left. Frank becomes
angry at the reporter and yells in her face before she pushes him away. He ... Show more content on
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According to Spielman (2017), "Creative intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a
solution to a problem or situation." Frank has created his own program to help men pick up women.
He has his seminars that men can attend and his DVDs that men can watch. His seminars and DVDs
are marked by Frank's flamboyancy, unique quotes, and different approaches to what women want
and how to get women. Because Frank appears to very capable of picking up women, one could
argue that he possesses interpersonal intelligence. According to Spielman (2017), interpersonal
intelligence is the "ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others."
Frank is very knowledgeable when it comes to the mind of a woman, but he probably is not really
sensitive to their needs since he objectifies women. While Frank may not necessarily know all about
others as he may think, he knows a lot about himself. As stated in Spielman (2017), intrapersonal
intelligence is the "ability to access personal feelings and motivations and use them to direct
behavior and reach personal goals." Frank understands his own personal needs and desires, which is
why we pursues women in the way that he does. He also exhibits intrapersonal intelligence when he
reunites with his father, Earl. He is furious at Earl for abandoning the family and yells know
multiple

The Role Of Home Care Nursing Essay
This "Well Elder" project began in October with the goal of becoming familiar with a well elder
living in the community, in their own home. The purpose was to apply a few of the clinical concepts
learned throughout the course such as: clinical judgement, patient education, coping, functional
ability and mobility, nutrition, communication, and safety. The experience that the student should
achieve is that of a nurse in the role of home care nursing. In this paper, I will be discussing the
psychosocial needs, physiological needs, and nursing concepts such as patient education and clinical
judgment of my Well Elder, whom I will refer to as Lola. On the first day that I met Lola, I was
greeted by a strong looking lady who seemed to be in her early fifties; I was astonished to know that
she was seventy–one years old. Lola had been living in the Philippines for most of her life, she
moved to America in 2008, as a widow, where she established her life with her daughter and son–
in–law in a two floor single family home in Joliet, Illinois. Lola has been fortunate to have had very
few health problems over the years. She is independent, eats well, and keeps herself occupied by
working as a home health caregiver. Psychosocial Needs Assessing Lola revealed a few family
health problems including diabetes and heart failure. Although these conditions do not pertain to
Lola currently, it became a necessity to teach Lola the dietary precautions that must be taken to
prevent the occurrence

Maria Montesoron's Eight Stages Of Work
Maria Montessori was born on August 31, 1870, in Italy. Montessori was born to educated parents
and in her youth, she steadily went against gender roles that existed during her time. Montessori
graduated with honors from the University of Rome's medical school in 1896, which made her the
first female doctor in Italy. She opened her first Montessori school called the Casa dei Bambini,
which means the Children's House in 1907. Montessori opened her school for unfortunate children
in Rome. The Montessori Method includes grouping different age groups with peer learning,
nonstop blocks of work time and guided choice of work activity and Montessori learning materials.
Today there are more than 4,000 Montessori schools in America.
Erik Erikson was born in 1902 in Germany. Erikson married an American woman and moved to
America where he began to work with Sigmund Freud. Erikson is responsible for giving us the
psychosocial development known as the Eight Stages of Man, the Eight Stages of Man which are:
Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role
Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation and Integrity vs. Despair. There is
also a ninth stage, that was added by Erikson's wife. She developed the ninth stage in their later
years of life.
John Piaget is known as one of the first cognitive theorists. Piaget was born in 1896 in Switzerland.
Piaget developed the stages of development, the stages of development are

The Theory Of Human Development Theory

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