Handout geo and-ph-history-2018-edition

LET Social Studies – Philippine History and Geography_ ©2018 | Page 1 of 36
Geography and Philippine History and Government
Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) Handout Reviewer
Prepared and Compiled by: Mr. Rhey Mark H. Diaz, MAEd TSS (candidate)
BSEd Social Studies, Lic. No. 1334242, Exp. June 2020
Basics in Geography
• Imaginary Lines
– Latitudes
– Tropic of Capricorn
– Tropic of Cancer
– Equator
– Arctic Circle
– Antarctic Circle
– Longitudes
– Prime Meridian
– International Date Line (IDL)
– Grids
5 Themes of Geography
• Location
• Place
• Human-Environment Interaction
• Movement
• Regions
• Location
Where are we?
• Absolute Location
– A latitude and longitude (global location)
or a street address (local location).
– Paris France is 48o
North Latitude and 2o
East Longitude.
– The White House is
located at 1600
Pennsylvania Ave.
• Relative Location
– Described by landmarks, time, direction
or distance. From one place to another.
– Go 1 mile west on main
street and turn left for 1
block.
• Place
– What is it like there, what kind of place is
it?
– Human Characteristics
– What are the main languages,
customs, and beliefs.
– How many people live, work,
and visit a place.
– Physical Characteristics
– Landforms (mountains, rivers,
etc.), climate, vegetation,
wildlife, soil, etc.
Human-Environment Interaction
• How do humans and the environment affect
each other?
– We depend on it.
– People depend on the
Tennessee River for water and
transportation.
– We modify it.
– People modify our environment
by
heating and cooling buildings for comfort.
– We adapt to it.
– We adapt to the environment by
wearing
clothing suitable for summer (shorts) and
winter (coats), rain and shine.
• Movement
• How are people, goods, ideas moved from
place to place?
– Human Movement
– Trucks, Trains, Planes
– Information Movement
– Phones, computer (email), mail
– Idea Movement
– How do fads move from place to
place?
TV, Radio, Magazines
• Regions
• How are Regions similar to and different from
other places?
– Formal Regions
– Regions defined by
governmental or administrative
boundaries (States, Countries,
Cities)
– Regions defined by similar
characteristics (Corn Belt, Rocky
Mountain region, Chinatown).
– Functional Regions
– Regions defined by a function
(newspaper service area, cell
phone coverage area).
– Vernacular Regions (Not in your book)
– Regions defined by peoples
perception (middle east, the
south, etc.)
– Remembering the 5 themes
• If you can’t remembering what they are just ask
MR. HELP!!!
– M – Movement
– R – Regions
– HE – Human Environment
interaction
– L – Location
– P - Place
Philippine Geography/ Facts
• Mt. Apo, Tri-boundaries of Davao City, North
Cotabato and Davao del Sur – highest peak
• Mt. Dulang-dulang, Bukidnon – 2nd highest Peak
• Sierra Madre – longest Mountain Range, from
Cagayan to Quezon
• Philippine Deep – deepest depths
• Luzon – largest Island, Mindanao- 2nd Largest
Island- Most Populated
• Davao City – largest City, Puerto Princesa City –
2nd Largest City
Name: ______________________________________
Course: _______________Major: ________________

• Pearl of the King – largest Pearl (9 kilos)
• As of 2014, Philippine Population estimated: 105
Million people, 2nd in Southeast Asia and 12th in
the World
• Manila – (May Nilad) Insigne y Siempre Leal
Ciudad, The Distinguished and Ever Loyal City)
Capital City – June 24, 1571(ML. Legaspi) July 17,
1948 (PD 940)
• Quezon City – (Largest City in the Philippines-
according to Population) Capital City (July 17,
1948-June 14, 1976 / RA 333)
• Cebu City – oldest city (San Miguel, Ciudad de
Santisimo Nombre de Jesus, City of Most Holy
Name of Jesus)
• Rio Grande de Cagayan/ Cagayan River –
largest and longest river
• Rio Grande de Mindanao – 2nd Largest and
longest river
• Famous Volcanoes/ Mountains:
– Mt. Mayon - Albay (Region 5)
– Mt. Hibok-hibok – Camiguin (Region 10)
– Mt. Canlaon between 2 Negros provinces
(Region 6 & 7)
– Mt. Taal – Batangas (Region 4a)
– Mt. Banahaw – Quezon province (Region
4a)
– Mt. Bulusan – Sorsogon (Region 5)
– Mt. Pinatubo – Zambales (Region 3)
– Mt. Musuan- Valencia City, Bukidnon
(Region 10)
– Mt. Iriga – Camarines Sur (Region 5)
– Mt. Iraya – Batanes (Region 2)
– Mt. Matutum – South Cotabato (Region
12)
– Mt. Makiling – Laguna (Region 4a)
– Mt. Arayat – Pampanga (Region 3)
 18 Regions
 Newest Region – Negros Island Region (Negros
Oriental and Occidental)
 National Capital Region (16 cities and 1
municipality)
 ARMM – Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
 CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region
 81 – Provinces as of 2017 (Dinagat Islands,
Davao Occidental (Malita) RA 10363
• World Geography
– 7 Continents
– Asia, Africa, North America, South
America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia
and Oceania
• Largest Nation/ Country: Russia
• Largest City: Tokyo, Japan
• Greatest Archipelago: 1st Indonesia 2nd
Philippines
• Largest Peninsula: Arabian Peninsula
• Largest Ocean: Pacific Ocean
• Largest Sea: Mediterranean Sea
• Largest Lake: Caspian Sea
• Deepest Depths: Mariana Trench
• Highest Point/Peak/ Mountain: Mt. Everest
(Nepal)
• Lowest Point: Dead Sea (Israel-Jordan)
• Smallest Nation/Country: Vatican City (Holy See)
• Largest Population: 1st China (1.4 Billion) 2nd
India (1.3 Billion)
• Largest Economy: 1st China 2nd United States
• Tallest Building: Burj Khalifa (Dubai, UAE)
• Longest River: Nile River
• Largest River: Amazon River
• Largest Desert: Sahara Desert
• Highest Waterfall: Angel Falls (Venezuela)
• Largest Continent: Asia, 17,212,000 square
miles
• Smallest Continent: Australia, 3,132,000 square
miles
• Highest Lake: The highest navigable lake is Lake
Titicaca in Peru, 12,500 feet above sea level
• Lowest Lake: The Dead Sea, Israel-Jordan,
surface of water 1,349 feet below sea level
• Largest Freshwater Lake: Lake Superior, U.S.-
Canada, 31,820 square miles
• Smallest Ocean: Arctic Ocean, 5,427,000 square
miles
• Largest Gulf: Gulf of Mexico, 615,000 square
miles
• Largest Bay: The Bay of Bengal, 1,300,000
square miles
• Largest Island: Greenland, 839,999 square miles
• Largest Gorge: Grand Canyon, Colorado River,
Arizona, U.S., 217 miles long, 4–18 miles wide, 1
mile deep
• Deepest Gorge: Hells Canyon, Snake River,
Idaho, 7,900 feet deep
• Longest Mountain Range: The Andes of South
America, 5,000 miles
• Shortest River: The Roe, Montana, U.S., 200 feet
long
• Longest Estuary: Ob River, Russia, 550 miles
long, up to 50 miles wide
• Largest Lagoon: Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil, 150
miles long, 4,500 square miles
• 5 Major Oceans
– Pacific (North & South Pacific)
– Atlantic (North & South Atlantic)
– Indian Ocean
– Southern Ocean
– Arctic Ocean
Land and Water Forms
• Archipelago - a group of many islands
• Canal - a man-made waterway connecting two
bodies of water and is designed to shorten travel
time or irrigate
• Basin - an area of land largely enclosed by higher
land.
• Bay - part of a body of salt water that reaches into
the land; usually smaller than a gulf
• Canyon - narrow valley with steep sides; usually
created by erosion
• Cape - a curved or hooked piece of land extending
into a body of water

• Channel - a narrow deep waterway connecting
two larger bodies of water; the deepest part of the
waterway.
• Coast - land along the sea or ocean
• Delta - land built up by deposits of sand and silt at
the mouth of some rivers
• Desert - dry, barren region usually sandy and
without trees, little rainfall or practical use of land
unless irrigated
• Forest - a large tract of land covered with trees
and underbrush; extensive wooded area
• Glacier - a large body of slow moving ice which
alters the land around it through displacement
• Gulf - part of a sea or ocean that reaches into
land; usually larger than a bay
• Harbor - a sheltered area of water where ships
may anchor safely
• Highland - an area of hills, plateaus, and
mountains
• Hill - a raised part of the earth’s surface with
sloping sides; old mountain which because of
erosion has become rounder and shorter
• Iceberg - a large mass of floating ice that has
broken off from a glacier, most of this is
underwater
• Inlet - a small part of a body of water that reaches
into a coast
• Island - an area of land completely surrounded by
water
• Isthmus - narrow strip of land with water on both
sides connecting two larger pieces of land
• Lake - a large body of water surrounded by land
• Mountain - high, rocky land, usually with steep
sides and a pointed or rounded top, higher than a
hill
• Mountain range - a long chain of mountains; a
row of connected mountains
• Oasis - a fertile place in the desert where there is
water and some vegetation
• Ocean - largest body of salt water; these cover 3/4
of the earth’s surface.
• Peninsula - piece of land that extends into a body
of water and is surrounded on three sides by water
• Plain - a broad, flat or gently rolling area; usually
low in elevation
• Plateau - flat highland area with one steep face;
elevated plain
• Port - man-made place along the coastline where
ships can load and unload cargo; not a natural
harbor
• Prarie - a large plains region with tall grass
• Reef - a ridge of rock or sand at or near the
surface of the water river
a large stream of water flowing through the land
into a lake, ocean, or other body of water
• Sea - a large body of water, usually salt water,
partly or completely surrounded by land
• Strait - a narrow waterway connecting two larger
bodies of water
• Swamp - an area of land that is always soaked
with water; low, wet land that supports grass and
trees
• Valley - low land between hills or mountains
• Volcano - a cone shaped mountain formed out of
rock or ash thrown up from inside the earth,
frequently with an opening or depression at the top
• Waterfall - place where running water makes a
sheer drop, usually over a cliff
Nick Names of the countries
• The Great White North - Canada
• Hellas - Greece
• Holy Land - Israel
• Land of the rising sun - Japan
• The Emerald Isle - Ireland
• India’s teardrop - Sri Lanka
• Land of the Indus Valley Civilization - Pakistan
• Land of the Huns - Hungary
• Rainbow nation - South Africa
• Holland - Netherlands
• The Cradle of Civilization - Egypt
• The Jewel in the Crown - India
• The Red Dragon - China
• Lusitania - Portugal
• Kiwiland - New Zealand
• Anatolia - Turkey
• The Boot - Italy
• Emerald of the equator - Indonesia
• The White Rus - Belarus
• Uncle Sam - USA
• Abyssinia - Ethiopia
• Land of Chocolate and Cuckoo Clocks -
Switzerland
• Pearl of the Orient Seas - Philippines
• Mesopotamia - Iraq
• The Gift of the Nile - Egypt
• Land of the upright men - Burkina Faso
• Bread basket of Europe - Ukraine
• Pearl of the India Ocean - Sri Lanka
• Home of the Brave - USA
• The Sleeping Giant - China
• The Lucky Country - Australia
• The Armpit of Africa - Cameroon
• Land of Mary Waters - Guyana
• The Lungs of the world - Indonesia
• Land of saint and scholars - Ireland
• The country on the sunny side of the Alps -
Slovenia
• Land of poets - Chile
• The Land of smiles - Thailand
• An island surrounded by land - Paraguay
• The Subcontinent - India
• Land of the blue sky - Mongolia
• The Deed Heart of Africa - Chad
• The Emerald Isle - Ireland
• Albion - United Kingdom
• Land of Milk and Money - Switzerland
• The Kingdom in the sky - Lesotho
• Land of the thunder dragon - Bhutan
• Lechia - Poland
Philippine Cities Nicknames
• Makati - The Wall Street of the Philippines
• Marikina - The Shoe Capital of the Philippines
• Navotas - The Fishing Capital of the Philippines
• Pasay - The Travel Capital of the Philippines

• Dagupan - The Bangus Capital of the Philippines
• Vigan - The Heritage City of the Philippines
• Baguio - The Summer Capital of the Philippines
• La Trinidad - Strawberry Capital of the Philippines
• Tuguegarao - The Premier Ibanag City
• Bongabon, Nueva Ecija - Onion Capital of the
Philippines
• Muñoz, Nueva Ecija - The Science City of the
Philippines
• San Fernando, Pampanga - The Christmas City
of the Philippines
• Antipolo, Rizal - The Pilgrimage City of the
Philippines
• Lipa, Batangas - The Rome of the Philippines
• Los Baños, Laguna- Special Science and Nature
City of the Philippines
• San Pablo, Laguna - The City of Seven Lakes
• San Pedro, Laguna - Sampaguita Capital of the
Philippines
• Puerto Princesa - The Eco-Tourism Capital of the
Philippines
• Bacolod, Negros Occidental - The City of Smiles
• Roxas, Capiz - Seafood Capital of the Philippines
• Cebu - The Queen City of the South
• Calbayog - City of Waterfalls
• Dipolog - The Orchid City of the Philippines
• Zamboanga - Asia's Latin City
• Cagayan de Oro - The City of Golden Friendship
• Davao - The Crown Jewel of Mindanao
• Tagum - Music Capital of the South
• General Santos City - The Tuna Capital of the
Philippines
• Butuan - Home of the Balangays
• Marawi - The Only Islamic City in the Philippines
• Amadeo, Cavite - Coffee Capital of the
Philippines
• Batangas City - Industrial Port City of Calabarzon
• Calamba City - Cradle of the National Hero
• Puerto Gallera - The World's Most Beautiful Bay
• Legazpi - The Queen City of Bicol
• Pagadian - The Little Hong Kong of the South
Philippine National Symbols
• Tree – Narra
• Leaf – Anahaw
• Fruit – Mango
• Bird – Philippine Eagle
• Animal – Water Buffalo/ Carabao
• Fish – Milk Fish/ Bangus
• Flower – Waling-Waling/Sampaguita
• Dish – Lechon/ Adobo
• House – Nipa Hut/ Bahay Kubo
• Costume – Male: Barong Tagalog
– Female: Baro’t Saya
• Laro – Sipa/Takraw/Arnis
• Hero – Jose P. Rizal
• Vehicle – Kalesa/ Jeepney
• Gem – South Sea Pearls/ Pearls
• Anthem – Lupang Hinirang
• Language – Filipino
• Motto – Makadiyos, Makatao, Makalikasan,
Makabayan
Philippine Names
• Claudius Ptolemy – Maniolas
• Chinese – Mai-i (Mindoro) – Land of Gold
– Mintolang (Mindanao)
– Malilu (Manila)
– Luzon (Lusong)
• Ruy Lopez de Villalobos – Las Islas Felipinas
• Ferdinand Magellan – Archipelago of St. Lazarus
• American Colonization – Philippine Islands
• Islas de Poniente (Islands of the West) –
Europeans
• Pearl of the Orient Seas – Fr. Juan J. Delgado
(1751) Dr. Jose P. Rizal (1892)
Origin of the Philippines
• Biblical
• Legends (Philippines came from a giant who was
carrying a huge rock
• Science (Claim that it was part of the remnant of
Pre-historic Continent called “Mu” or “ Lemuria”)
Volcanic Eruptions
– Continental Shelf Theory
– Volcanic Theory
Location, Area and Natural Resources
• Southeast Asia
• 4°23’ N & 21°25’N Latitudes and 116°E & 127°E
• Northernmost Island: Y’ami – 240 km from
Taiwan
• Southernmost Island: Saluag Isle – 24 km. from
Sabah, Malaysia
• Total Land Area: 300,780 sq.km. or 0.2% of the
world's land mass
• Bigger than United Kingdom and almost as
large as Italy and slightly smaller than Japan
• 7,107 islands
• 3 Island Groups: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
11 main Islands
– Luzon
– Mindanao
– Samar
– Negros
– Palawan
– Panay
– Mindoro
– Leyte
– Cebu
– Bohol
– Masbate
• PD 1596 – declaring the Kalayaan Islands a part of
the Philippines – as Municipality under Palawan
• Philippine Seas – increased due to UNCLOS of
December 10, 1982:
– Recognition of Archipelagic Doctrine
– A 12-mile belt of territorial waters
– 200-miles EEZ
Climate
• Tropical and Monsoonal in Character
• 2 distinct seasons: the dry season (from December
to May) and wet season (from June to November)

• Plant Life: Aurora, marigold, bandera española,
cadena de amor, dama de noche, gumamela,
kamuning, kalachuchi, jasmin and ilang-ilang
Animal Life:
– Water Buffalo
– Eastern Sarus Crane or Tipol in Luzon
and Labong in Visayas – biggest bird
– Philippine Monkey Eating Eagle
(Philippine Eagle)
– Kalaw – clock in the mountain
– Katala – can talk like human
– Palawan Peacock
– Tamaraw in Mindoro
– Tarsier in Bohol
– Mouse deer in Balabac Is. in Palawan
Fish and Marine Resources:
– Rhincodon typus (Whale Shark) Largest
Fish
– Pandaka Pygmaea (Tabios) Smallest
Fish
Minerals
– Iron-bearing areas: Surigao del Norte
and Surigao del Sur/ Angat, Bulacan,
Larap, Camarines Norte, Marinduque and
Samar
– Chromite Deposits: Masinloc, Zambales
– Nickel: Surigao del Norte
– Coal: Cebu, Polillo Is, Masbate and
Mindanao
– Asbestos: Ilocos Norte and Zambales
– Asphalt: Leyte
– Lead and Zinc: Masbate
– Cement: Cebu, La Union and Rizal
– Sulphur: Biliran, Camiguin and Mt. Apo
– Tin and Quicksilver: Palawan
Energy
– Maria Cristina Falls (Hydro-electric)
– Dams
– Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant
Scenic Beauties and Natural Wonders
– Subterranean River National Park, Puerto
Princesa City, Palawan
– Mt. Apo, Davao
– Chocolate Hills in Bohol
– Mt. Haguimitan in Davao Oriental
– Hundred Islands in Pangasinan
– Mt. Mayon in Albay
– Banaue Rice Terraces in Benguet
– Boracay Island, Panay Is.
– Pagsanjan Falls, Laguna
– Taal Volcano, Batangas
Man-made Wonders
– Paoay Church, Ilocos Norte
– Aguinaldo Shrine, Cavite
– Rizal Shrine, Laguna
– Vigan Colonial Houses, Ilocos Sur
– Malacañan Palace, Manila
– Barasoain Church, Bulacan
– Corregidor Is., Cavite
– Death March Marker, Tarlac
– Fort Santiago, Manila
– Magellan Marker, Lapu-lapu, Cebu
– Rizal Monument, Manila
– Lapu-Lapu Monument, Mactan, Cebu
– Magellan’s Cross, Cebu
Social Environment
• Population (2014) – 105 Million (12th in the World
and 2nd in Southeast Asia)
• Social Classes: Rich, Middle Class and Lower
Class (present time)
Filipino Characters:
– Fatalism (Bahala na)
– Sensitive about their honor and reputation
(self-pride)
– Smooth relations with their relatives,
friends and colleagues (pakikisama)
– Lack of Discipline
– Hiya (Shame)
– Lack perseverance (Ningas cogon)
– Mañana Habit
– Hospitable
– Liberty-loving people
– Gratitude (Utang na loob)
– Cooperative (Bayanihan)
– Hard Work
– Durability and Resiliency
– Kanya-kanya
Regional Traits
– Ilocanos: are the most adventurous,
hardworking, and frugal
– Tagalog: feel superior to other Filipinos
because they live in a region blessed with
rich farm lands and navigable rivers and
panoramic beauties and their participation
in history
– Bicolanos: are religious, mild-tempered
and musical people
– Bisayans: particularly those from Ilo-ilo
are extravagant, carefree and jolly
– Muslim Filipinos: are fierce and valiant
warriors on both land and sea
• Filipino Women: occupy a high place in Philippine
Society
Early Ancestors
• Biblical Story – Creation by God (Japheth-Javan-
Elisha, Tharsis, the Kittim and the Rodanim- Early
Filipinos
• Scientific:
– Human Theory of Migration and Evolution
– Migration Theory (Dawn Men or Cave Men,
Negritos, Indonesians, Malays) Henry Otley
Bayer
– Core Population Theory - Felipe Landa
Jocano
– germinal period (250,000 to 10,000 BCE)
– formative period (10,000 to500 BCE
– incipient period (500 BCE to 900 CE)

– emergent period (900 to 1400 CE)
– Robert Fox discovered – Skull Cap of Tabon
Cave Man (22,000 BC)
• Legends and Fairy Tales (Malakas and
Maganda)
The Kingdom of Tondo
• Since at least the year 900, the thalassocracy
centered in Manila Bay flourished via an active
trade with Chinese, Japanese, Malays, and
various other peoples in East Asia.
• Tondo thrived as the capital and the seat of power
of this ancient kingdom
• Led by kings under the title "Lakan" and ruled a
large part of what is now known as Luzon from or
possibly before 900 AD to 1571.
• It grew to become one of the most prominent and
wealthy kingdom states in pre-colonial Philippines
• Due to heavy trade and connections with several
neighboring nations such as China and Japan.
The Rajahnate of Butuan
• 1011AD Rajah Sri Bata Shaja, the monarch of the
Indianized Rajahnate of Butuan, a maritime-state
famous for its goldwork sent a trade envoy under
ambassador Likan-shieh to the Chinese Imperial
Court demanding equal diplomatic status with
other states.
• The request being approved, it opened up direct
commercial links with the Rajahnate of Butuan and
the Chinese Empire thereby diminishing the
monopoly on Chinese trade previously enjoyed by
their rivals the Dynasty of Tondo and the Champa
civilization
• Evidence of the existence of this rajahnate is given
by the Butuan Silver Paleograph.
The Rajahnate of Cebu
• The Rajahnate of Cebu was a classical Philippine
state which used to exist on Cebu Island prior to
the arrival of the Spanish.
• It was founded by Sri Lumay otherwise known
as Rajamuda Lumaya, a minor prince of the
Chola dynasty which happened to occupy
Sumatra.
• He was sent by the maharajah to establish a base
for expeditionary forces to subdue the local
kingdoms but he rebelled and established his own
independent Rajahnate instead.
• This rajahnate warred against the 'magalos'
(Slave traders) of Maguindanao and had an
alliance with the Butuan Rajahnate before it was
weakened by the insurrection of Datu (Lord)
Lapulapu.
The Confederation of Madja-as
• During the 11th century several exiled datus of the
collapsing empire of Srivijaya led by Datu Puti led
a mass migration to the central islands of the
Philippines, fleeing from Rajah Makatunao of the
island of Borneo.
• Upon reaching the island of Panay and purchasing
the island from Negrito chieftain Marikudo, they
established a confederation of polities and named
it the Confederation of Madja-as centered in
Aklan and they settled the surrounding islands of
the Visayas.
• This confederation reached its peak under Datu
Padojinog. During his reign the confederations'
hegemony extended over most of the islands of
Visayas.
• Its people consistently made piratical attacks
against Chinese imperial shipping.
The Country of Mai
• Around 1225, the Country of Mai, a Signified pre-
Hispanic Philippine island-state centered in
Mindoro, flourished as an entrepot, attracting
traders & shipping from the Kingdom of
Ryukyu to the Yamato Empire of Japan.
The Sultanate of Lanao
• Founded in16th century through the influence of
Shariff Kabungsuan, who was enthroned as first
Sultan of Maguindanao in 1520.
• The Maranaos of Lanao were acquainted with the
sultanate system when Islam was introduced
to the area by Muslim missionaries and traders
from the Middle East, Indian and Malay regions
who propagated Islam to Sulu and Maguindanao.
• Unlike in Sulu and Maguindanao, the Sultanate
system in Lanao was uniquely decentralized.
• The area was divided into Four Principalities of
Lanao or the Pat a Pangampong a Ranao which
are composed of a number of royal houses
(Sapolo ago Nem a Panoroganan or The Sixteen
(16) Royal Houses) with specific territorial
jurisdictions within mainland Mindanao.
• This decentralized structure of royal power in
Lanao was adopted by the founders, and
maintained up to the present day, in recognition of
the shared power and prestige of the ruling clans
in the area, emphasizing the values of unity of the
nation (kaiisaisa o bangsa), patronage (kaseselai)
and fraternity (kapapagaria)
The Sultanate of Sulu
• In 1380, Karim ul' Makdum and Shari'ful
Hashem Syed Abu Bakr, an Arab trader born in
Johore, arrived in Sulu from Malacca and
established the Sultanate of Sulu.
• This sultanate eventually gained great wealth
due to its manufacture of fine pearls.
The Sultanate of Maguindanao
• At the end of the 15th century, Shariff
Mohammed Kabungsuwan of Johor introduced
Islam in the island of Mindanao
• Subsequently married Paramisuli, an Iranun
Princess from Mindanao, and established the
Sultanate of Maguindanao.
• By the 16th century, Islam had spread to other
parts of the Visayas and Luzon.
Malayan Heritage (Pre-Colonial)
• Food and Drinks:

– Rice, Carabao Meat, Pork, Chickens, sea
turtles, fish, bananas and other fruits
– They cooked their food in earthen pots on
in bamboo tubes
– They ate with their fingers, using banana
leaves as plates and coconut shell as
drinking cups
– They made fide through rubbing two
pieces of dry wood
• Tuba- wine from coconut
• Lambanog- wine of Tagalogs
• Basi- wine of Ilocacos, made from sugarcane/
tubo
• Tapuy- wine of Igorots, made from rice/bigas
• Pangasi- wine of Visayans. Made from rice/bigas.
– Mode of Dressing:
– Men:
– Kangan- collarless, short-
sleeved jacket
– Bahag- strip of cloth
– Putong – a piece of cloth wound
around the head
– Kolambigas- gold armlets
– Women:
– Baro- wide sleeved jacket
– Patadyong- skirt
• Tattoos – to enhance their bodily beauty and to
show their war record
• House:
– Batalan – where jars of water were kept
for household purposes
– Bahay Kubo
• Amusements: carabao races, wrestling, fencing,
boat races, and stone-throwing contest, banquets
to celebrate good harvests
• Music:
– Musical Instruments:
– Kudyapi (Tagalog guitar),
– Kalaleng, Tinggian (nose flute),
– the Kulintang (Moro Xylophone),
– Tultogan (Visayan Bamboo drum),
– the Silbay (Ilocano reed flute) and
– Suracan (Subanum cymbal)
– Folk Dances:
– Kumintang (Love Dance),
– Dandansoy (Bisayan Tuba Dance),
– Kinnotan (Ilocano Ant Dance) ,
– Paujalay (Moro wedding Dance),
– Tadok (Tinggian love dance)
– Songs:
– Tagumpay (Victory Song),
– Dallu (Negrito Religious Song),
– Ayog-ku (Igorot serenade song),
– Bactal (Tagbanua death song),
– Dallot (Ilocano Ballad Song),
– Kuilay-kuilay (Tingian wine song),
– Tudob (Agusan harvest Song)
– Marriage Customs:
– To marry within their rank
– Before the marriage – groom gave dowry
to the family of bride (Bigay-kaya)
– Early Filipinos Practice Divorce
– Panghimuyat – a certain amount of
money given to the bride to be parents as
payment for the mother’s rearing the girl
– Bigay-suso – a form of payment given to
girls wet nurse for feeding the bride
during her infancy wit milk of her own
breast
– Himaraw – another sum of money given
to girl’s parents as reimbursement for the
amount spent in feeding the girl during
her infancy
• Government:
– Barangay (Balangay) composed of 100
families
– Ruler of Barangay was called Datu/ hari
or Raja (Executive, Legislative and
Judicial Powers vested)
– Usually obtained his position by
inheritance
• Laws:
– Oral Laws were the customs (Ugali)
– Umalahokan – announcer of the
government to the people
– Burial and Mourning Customs
– Morotal – Woman
– Maglahi – Man
– Laraw – Chieftain
Religion:
- Bathala- the supreme God of Ancient Filipinos
- Idiyanale- God of Agriculture
- Apolaki/Madarangan- God of War
- Sidapa- God of the Dead
- Siginarugan/ Agni- God of Fire
- Lalahon- Goddess of Harvest
- Ridul- God of Thunder
- Dal’lang- Goddess of Beauty
- Anito- the spirits of their descendants
- Mag-anito- the sacrificial
- Katalonan o Babaylan- the leader of sacrificial
ceremony
- Balangaw/Barangao – god of rainbow
- Diyan Masalanta – God of love
- Sisiburanin – goddess of underworld
• Superstitions:
– Asuang, Mangkukulam, Tianak,
Tikbalang, Anting-anting, Gayuma
• Languages:
– Malayo-Polynesian Languages
• Writing:
– Use a sharp pointed iron instrument
called Sipol as pen
– They wrote on banana leaves, tree-barks
and bamboo tubes
• Literature:
– Sabi – Maxims
– Bugtong – Riddles
– Talindaw – Boat Song
– Tagumpay – Victory Song
– Uyayi – Hele

– Ihiman – Wedding song
– Kumintang – War song
– Pangalay – Sayaw ng dalawang ikinasal
– Kinnotan – Ant dance
– Dadansoy – Courtship (Visayas)
Epics:
– Hudhud & Alim – Ifugao
– Biag ni Lam-ag – Ilocano
– Handiong – Bicolano
– Bantugan, Indrapatra & Sulayman ,
Bidasari, Parang Sabil – Muslims
• Education:
– Bothoan – the name of the school in
Panay Island
– Taught in Sanskrit Language, reading,
writing, arithmetic, use of weapons and
bolos (art of acquiring amulets and
talismans)
– Banakal- stalk of the tree to be use in
writing
– Agurang- the elders of the society who
will teach the young
• Sciences:
– Used mathematical operations in their
business transactions
• Weights and Measures
• Calendars
– 12 months a year with 30 days each
month
• Coinage
• Domestic and Foreign Trade
– China, Japan, Siam, Malacca, India,
Sumatra, Java and Borneo
• Agriculture and Industries
– Kaingin Method
– Wooden Plows
– Recognized the system of public and
private ownership of lands
Indian, Chinese and Arabian Heritage (Pre-Colonial)
• Early Relations with India as early as 900 AD
• Hindus gave us such industries as:
– Mining quicklime in Masbate
– Waving cotton cloth
– making lotus designs
– making guitars
– making sampaguita flower leis
– raising fruits (Mango, Langka and sirisa)
and
– vegetables (ampalaya, patola, and
malunggay)
In writing- our ancient alphabet came from their Sanskrit
writing
• In Language: The Tagalog language has 375
Sanskrit words, some examples are:
• Ama
• Asawa
• Halaga
• Maharlika
• Nanay
• Mutya
• Paa
• Raha
• sandata
Sarong (Skirt) and the putong of the ancient Filipinos
were Indian origin.
• Superstitious beliefs
• Customs
– Hanging a garland around the neck of
visitor
– Giving dowry by the groom to the bride’s
parents
– Showering the groom and bride with rice
after the wedding ceremony
– Offering buyo to a visitor as a sign of
hospitality
– Pilgrimage by a childless couple to a holy
shrine
Early Relations with China as early as 982 AD – Filipinos
from Mindoro sailed to Canton, China in an Arab Ship
– They did business around Lingayen Gulf,
Manila Bay, Mindoro and Sulu
• We learned from Chinese how to make:
– Gunpowder
– To mine a gold
– To work with metal
– and to make kites
• In costumes:
– Gave us early Filipino jackets and loose
trousers, slippers, wooden shoes (bakya)
fans and umbrellas.
– The use of white clothes for mourning the
dead
• Social Customs:
– Respect for elders
– Arranged Marriages
– And Worship of dead ancestors
– The use of firecrackers at New Year
– Tong (fees)
– Gambling (Jueteng, cards and mah-jong)
• In Language: about 1500 words in Tagalog
vocabulary came from Chinese examples:
– Ate, Bakya, Bantay, Buwisit, Gunting,
Kuya, Pinto, susi
Early Relations with Arabia (1380)
• 1380- first Arab visitor Mukdum came to Sulu from
Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
• He spread Islam, the Muslin Religion and built the
first Mosque at Simunul, Sulu
• 1450- Abu Bakr went to Jolo and married the
princess of Jolo and founded the Sultanate of
Sulu
• 1475- Shariff Kabunsuan landed in Cotabato and
conquered that Valley and built the Sultanate of
Maguindanao
• Sultanate Government
– Headed by a Sultan (King)
– Raja (heir)
– Dayang (Princess)
– Kali (Judge)
– Composed of 10-12 barangay/nayon

• Panglima- assistant of the Sultan
• Lakamana- personal sacrificial of Sultan
• Bintala- administrator of all Pandita (priest of
each purok).
• Nakib- the commander of the armed forces
• Makabili- services in the market
• Maharajah- Purok leader
• Quran – holy book of Islam
5 Pillars of Islam
• Shahada- Allah is the only God and Mohammad is
the Phrophet
• Salat- prayer for 5 times a day
• Zakat- alms giving
• Saum- fasting
• Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca, once in a life
• Mecca- were Mohammad came from
• Muslim Culture Influences
• ARABESQUE Architecture in all mosque
• SARIMANOK designs of Maranaos
• OKIL of Tausugs
• Dance: SINGKIL
Pre-Colonial Society
• Social Stratification:
– Nobles (Chiefs & and his Family)
– Freemen (Middle Class) Timawa
– Dependents (Alipin)
• 2 Kinds of Alipin/ Slaves
– Aliping Namamahay
– Aliping Saguiguilid
• Visayan Dependents
– Tumataban – work for his master if
requested
– Tumarampok – one day a week
– Ayuey – 3 days a week
• One could go up the social ladder or lose his social
status depending on certain circumstances
• System of Writing
– Baybayin or syllabary
• Laws (legend/ myth)
– Code of Kalantiyaw – one of the first
known written laws, formulated allegedly
by Datu Kalantiyaw in 1453, he was the
third chief of Panay and a descendant of
Datu Sumakwel
– Maragtas Code – is also considered
among the oldest written laws. Major
crimes as rape, incest, murder, witchcraft,
insult, trespassing, heretical acts, and
larceny were punish by death or heavy
fine
– Trial by Ordeal - was used to determine
the guilt of a person
• Trade Partners
– Blood compact called sanduguan was
concluded between the contracting
parties to seal a treaty of friendship and
alliance
– Orang Dampuans or Men from Champa
in Southern Annam – established trading
post in Sulu and since then, trade
between Sulu and Southern Annam
flourished
– Men of Banjars – Made Sulu became
one of the chief trading centers in the
region
– Sri Vijaya – founded by Dapunta Hyang
Sri Jayanasa, powerful empire arose in
the city of Palembang located in Sumatra,
Indonesia. Mahayana Tantric Buddhist
Kingdom and the greatest maritime
empire in Southeast-asia. Made Sulu one
of the flourishing trade centers
– Madjapahit Empire – greatest Javanese
empire. Founded by Raden Wijaya
(reigned 1293-1309). Under Hayam
Wuruk the empire reached its zenith,
claiming sovereignty over Indonesia
(now). It was a Hindu or Indian in culture.
Factors triggered the Age of Exploration
• Rise to Power of the Islamic Empire
– Muslims took control the major trade
routes from the famous Silk (Central Asia)
– Indian Ocean and the Moluccas –
Muslims gained the monopoly of all Asian
products
– Only Venetian Merchants are allowed to
use the Indian Ocean route
• Renaissance Period
– A revival of learning and renewed interest
in wordly matters/Religious Matters
(1400-1600)
– New ideas are introduced that change
almost entirely all of European society
– Belief that the world is flat
– Technological progress began
– The Medieval Travelers
– Marco Polo from Venice Italy – the most
famous European visitor to the Mongol
court in China.
• The Crusades
– A military expedition to recover Jerusalem
and other places of pilgrimage in
Palestine
• Propagation of Catholic Faith
– Portugal Spain, France, England, and
Holland accompanied by merchants and
missionaries
• Pioneers of European Explorations
– Portugal: Prince Henry the Navigator,
1488- Bartholomew Diaz Cape of Good
Hope, 1497-Vasco da Gama in Calicut
India, Alfonso de Albuquerque
– Spain: Christopher Columbus (1451-
1506) form Genoa Italy
Rivalry in Territorial Claims
– Pope Alexander VI issued the papal bull
Inter Caetera/ Treaty of Zaragosa on
May 4, 1493
– it sought to divide the non-
Christian world between Spain

and Portugal by drawing a
imaginary demarcation line in
the Atlantic at 100 leagues west
of Azores and the Cape Verde
Islands
– Non- Christian and lying east of
demarcation line belonged to Portugal
– While those in the west to Spain
– Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): where the
demarcation line in the Atlantic was
moved farther to the west
– It was these two treaties that provided a
legal basis for Spain to send expeditions
to the east by the westward route and
pave way for sending the Magellan
expedition
– Pope Julius II issued another treaty that
provided for another line of demarcation
and made Brazil a Portuguese
possession
Spanish Exploration
• God, Gold, Glory
• Ferdinand Magellan (nationality: Portuguese,
naturalized Citizen of Spain)
• September 20, 1519 left San Lucar de
Barrameda, Spain
• With 5 Ships:
– Trinidad – Ferdinand Magellan
– Concepcion – Gaspar de Quesada
– Victoria – Luis Mendoza
– Santiago – Juan Serrano
– San Antonio – Juan de Cartagena
 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel of Spain
financed the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan
– Antonio Pigafietta - the chronicle of
Magellan’s Expedition
– March 16, 1521 – reach Samar and
Homonhon Island then to Limasawa and
met Raja Kolambu
– 1st Blood Compact (Magellan-Kolambu)
– 1st Mass with Father Pedro de
Valderrama
• Named Philippines as Archipelago of St. Lazarus
• They proceed to Cebu with Raja Humabon (1st
Baptized as Carlos and his wife Juana) – Magellan
gave the beautiful image of Child Jesus
• After Cebu they proceed to Mactan – Raja Lapu-
lapu
• Magellan died in the battle with Rajah Ci Lapu-
lapu
• Juan Serrano took over the leadership of
Ferdinand Magellan
• Later Sebastian El Cano took the leadership and
bring Victoria back to Spain
• Victoria only return to Spain with Sebastian Del
Cano
• Trinidad trapped at Moluccas Island of Portugal
Results of Magellan’s Voyage
• It was the first voyage around the world by sea
• It proved that the earth is not flat
• It added to the knowledge about geography
• It made Spain interesting in colonizing the
Philippines
Next Expeditions after Ferdinand Magellan
• Juan Garcia Joffre de Loaysa (1525) reached
Surigao Bay. Its leaders died along way
• Sebastian Cabot (1526) – reached only as far as
South America.
• Alvaro de Saavedra (1542) – reached Mindanao
and attempted to go to Cebu. Failed to find the
survivors of Loaysa Expedition. Leader died on its
way back to Spain
• Ruy Lopez de Villalobos- reached Mindanao and
the coast of Tandaya.He named Philippines as Las
Islas Felipinas
• Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (1565)
- Voyaged through Viceroy Luis de Velasco of
New Spain (Mexico)
– Reached Homonhon Island and
Limasawa and met Datu Banka
– Blood compact with Datu Sikatuna and
Sigala in Bohol
– He proceed to Cebu with Raja Tupas
– He named it the Most Holy Name of
Jesus / Villa de San Miguel
– Due to food shortage he proceeded to
Panay Islands and to Manila
– Juan de Salcedo – expedition to the
North (Ilocos)
– Marti de Goiti – conquered Manila
defended by Raja Sulayman at the Battle
of Bankusay
– Manila declared as the Capital of Spanish
Philippines
– The Distinguished and Ever Loyal City
Spanish Philippines – Government
• 2 Branches of Government
– Executive and Judicial
• Headed by the Governor-General
– is the official representative of King of
Spain to the Philippines
– He has the power to Execute, Legislate
laws and Judge (Judiciary)
– He execute all laws and royal decrees
issued by King
– Can appoint, remove officials except
those appointed by the King

– He can appoint a friar curate
– Can resolve the issues between the
government authority and religion
– Cumplase- the power of Governor
General to approved or not to apply a
certain decree issued by the King of
Spain
– Can be the President of Royal Audiencia
– There is no Legislative Branch in the
Philippines
– All laws came from Spain like Leyes de
India, Siete Partidas, Leyes de Toro at La
Novisima Recopilacion.
Mexican Viceroy & Council of Indies
• Mexican Viceroy
– Until 1821, the Philippines really was
really by the Spanish Viceroy in Mexico in
the name of the King
– This was because the Philippines was
colonized from Mexico, the Spanish
Colony in Americas
• Council of Indies
– Was mandated by the king to appoint the
head of colonial government
Royal Audiencia (1583)
• First president – Governor General Santiago de
Vera.
• Oidores- chief ministers
Duties:
• 1. Judicial – tried the cases from the lower courts
• 2. Executive – can be able to be the Governor
General if there is vacancy in the seat of Governor
General
• 3. Legislative- can make laws which under the
agreement with the Governor General
• Will audit the over-all spending of the Government
Residencia and Visitador
• Residencia
– was an investigation of an official
conducted at the end of his term
– Officials found guilty of public misconduct
were penalized either with imposition of
heavy fines, sequestration of property,
imprisonment or dismissal form office
• Visitador/ Visita
– Was conducted without any previous
notice
– Very rarely done, the visitador general
was sent to the colony with the power to
investigate the governor and other high
officials
.
Local Government
• Provincial Level
 Alcaldias (Province) headed by Alcalde Mayor
– Alcale Mayor - Salary of Php 300.00/
month
– Unpacified area
– Corregimientos headed by
Corregidores (Mariveles, Mindoro and
Panay)
– Duties:
– They represented the Spanish king and
the Governor-General
– They managed the day-to-day operations
of the provincial government
Implemented laws and
– supervised the collection of taxes
– Though they were paid a small salary,
they enjoyed privileges such as the
– Indulto de Comercio or the right to
participate in the galleon trade.
• Reduccion - One of the major processes of
pacification through conversion. It was the system
of gathering the converts into a cabecera.
 Towns / Municipalities
– Pueblos (Municipalities) headed by
Gobernadorcillos or Little Governor
– MAIN DUTIES: Efficient governance and
taxcollection.
– Four lieutenants aided the
Gobernardorcillo:
– Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant),
– Teniente de Policia (police lieutenant),
– Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant of
the fields)
– Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the
livestock)
– They had small salaries but were
exempted from paying taxes
qualifications
– Any native or Chinese meztizo 25 years
old Literate in oral or written spanish
Cabeza de Barangay for 4 years Ex:
Emilio Aguinaldo
 Barrio/ Barangay
– - Barangays headed by Cabezas de
Barangay (Tax Collector for
Gobernadorcillos)
– Responsible for the peace and order of
the barrio
– Recruited men for public works
– QUALIFICATIONS: Cabezas should be
literate in Spanish Have good moral
character and property Cabezas who
served for 25 years
– The positions of Gobernadorcillos and
Cabeza de Barangay were given to the
Filipinos particularly the former Datus
 City
Ayuntamiento headed by the Alcalde
– Cebu, Manila, Nueva Segovia (Cagayan),
Villa Fernandina (Vigan), Nueva Caceres
(Camarines Sur), Ilo-ilo, Jaro, Arevalo
(Ilo-ilo)
– It became the center of trade and industry
– The Ayuntamiento had a city council
called the CABILDO

– Cabildo is composed of:
– Alcalde (MAYOR)
– Regidores (COUNCILORS)
– Alguacil Mayor (POLICE CHIEF)
– Escribando (SECRETARY)
Powers of the Parish Priest
– Tax Collector
– Preacher
– Confessor
– Registrar of deeds, births, marriages and
deaths
– Election Inspector
– Law Enforcer
• Union of Church and State
• Archbishops became a acting Governor-General in
times of vacancy
• Archbishops – the highest leader of Church in the
Philippines
• Bishops – Second highest leader of the Church
• Propagation of Catholic Faith: Augustinians,
Franciscans, Jesuits, Dominicans, and Recollects
Philippine Territory
• 333 years under Spain
• Territory includes:
• The island archipelagoes of Guam, Marianas, the
Carolines and the Palaus in the South Pacific were
included in Philippine territory
• Most of Mindanao and Sulu were excluded
• Interior mountain regions of Luzon and Visayas
were also excluded
Spanish Heritage
• Catholicism – Spain’s Greatest Legacy
• 1578- 1st Hospital was founded in Manila – San
Juan de Dios and the San Lazaro Hospital
• Spain introduced new food plants like:
– Corn
– Potatoes
– Coffee
– Cacao
– Cabbage
– Sigarillas
– Chicos
– Guavas
– Wheat
– Beef
– Mutton (from lamb)
– Sausages
– Ham
– Sardines
– Spoons, forks, table knives, napkins,
crystal drinking glasses
– Drinks: Beer, Cognac, Port, Sangria
– Clothing: Western Coat, Americana,
Saya, Camisa
Filipino Women in Spanish Time:
– Respected and honored by men
– They attended dances and other social
events
– Young women were kept in the home or
school “colegios”
A New Calendar:
– Western Calendar
– Gov. General Claveria corrected the
Philippine Calendar on August 16, 1844
he ordered that Tuesday, December 31,
1844 would be Wednesday, January 1,
1845
Spanish Names for Filipinos:
– Gov. General Claveria , ordered all
Filipino families to choose a surname
from a catalog sent to all provinces in the
country – November 21, 1849 –
(Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos)
Spanish Language:
– Mesa, Silla, Oras, Campana, etc.
Western Education under Spain:
– Elementary, Secondary and College
– Religion is the main focused education
– Subject were taught in Elementary:
reading, writing, arithmetic, catechisms
and good moral/ values
– School for Boys:
– Colegio de San Ignacio became the Ateneo
Municipal,
– Colegio de San Ildefonso, Cebu (1595) and
– Colegio-Seminario de San Jose in Maynila
(1601)
– School for Girls:
– Colegio de Santa Potenciana (1594)- 1st
School for Girls,
– Beaterio de la Compana de Jesus (1694),
– Colegio de Sta. Catalina (1696),
– Colegio de Sta. Rosa (1750),
– Colegio dela Concordia at Convento dela
Asuncion,
– Colegio de Sta. Isabel- oldest school for Girls in
present
– Subject were taught: Music, Cooking, Sewing,
Painting, Embroidery, Doctrina Cristiana,
Spanish Language, History and Mathematics
Printing, Books and Newspapers:
– Doctrina Cristiana – first published Book
in the Philippines
– Del Superior Govierno – first newspaper
(Published by Gov. Gen. Manuel
Gonzales de Aguilar
Literature:
– Urbana at Felisa by Father Modesto de
Castro.
– Poetry and Plays - Jose dela Cruz or
Huseng Sisiw and Francisco Baltazar
– Awit (Heroic Poems), Corridos (Religious-
legendary poems)
– Don Juan Tenorio, Ibong Adarna and
Bernanrdo Carpio
– Florante at Laura – Balagtas (Balagtasan)
– El Filibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere

– Theatre:
– Western Style plays performed on stage
by live actors
– Cenaculo - this is a dramatic
performance to commemorate the
passion and death of Jesus Christ
– Panunuluyan – this is presented before
12:00 on Christmas Eve. This is a
presentation of the search of the Virgin
Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to
deliver the baby Jesus.
– Salubong (or Panubong) - The
Salubong is an Easter play that
dramatizes the meeting of the Risen
Christ and his Mother. It is still presented
in many Philippine towns.
– The Zarzuela – considered the father of
the drama; it is a musical comedy or
melodrama three acts which dealt with
man’s passions and emotions like love,
hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or some
social or political problem
– Moro-moro - is presented also on a
special stage. This is performed during
town fiestas to entertain the people and to
remind them of their Christian religion.
• Music:
– Cariñosa, Surido, Pandanggo, Jota
• Houses and Villages:
– Central Plaza
– Bahay na bato
– Patio and Azotea
• Arts:
– Damian Domingo- father of Filipino
Painters
– Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion – won
international fame with their paintings in
National Exposition in Madrid in 1883
– Spolarium of Juan Luna
– Romanesque & Gothic
– Doric, Ionian, Corinthian, Graeco-Roman,
Byzantine, and Baroque
Social Classes
• Principalia – made up of the kinship of the ancient
datus, nobility, encomenderos, teachers and othr
professionals and local officials
• Masses – ordinary citizens
• Middle Class or the Ilustado
• Peninsulares – Pure Spnaish blood born in Spain
• Insulares – Pure Spanish Blood boin in the
Philippines
• Illustrados – Filipinos studies Abroad
• Chinese Mestizos – mixed races of Chinese,
Filipino and Spnaish
• Indios – the native Filipinos
Economic Life Under Spain
• Encomienda:
– was the money from the tribute upon
certain conquered territory
– It was given by the King to a Spanish
conquistador as reward for his services
– 1591 there were 267 encomiendas in the
Philippines
– Due to abuses, it was abolished in 16th
Century
• Tribute:
– Was the residence tax
– Each family paid one peso per year
– A single person paid one-half peso
– Can be paid in Cash or in good
– It was replaced in 1884 by Cedula Tax
• Sanctorium
– A tax of three reales was collected by the
government but turned over to the Church
• Polo or Force Labor:
– All male Filipinos from 16 to 60 years old
were forced to work for the government
– At first, it lasted for 40 days and reduced
to 15 days in 1884
– Polistas of (force laborers)
– Build schools, roads and bridges
– Filipino Men can buy their Force Labor
paying called Falla
• Bandala:
– An indirect tax imposed on the Filipino
farmers who were required to sell their
products to the government
• Abolition of Slavery
• Galleon Trade and Subsidy from Mexico
– Manila-Acapulco Trade
– It ended in 1815
– Real Subsidy (real situado)
– Php 250,000.00
• Introduction of New Plants and Animals
– Corn, coffee, cacao, beans, achuete,
maguey, peanuts, chico and papaya
– Sheep, carabaos, ducks, geese and
better breeds of chickens and roosters
• Introduction of New Industries
– Cattle-ranching, making of candles and
soap, sugar, tobacco
• Economic Society and the Royal Company
– Sent the first shipment of indigo (dye) to
Europe
– Imported new seeds and machinery from
the United States to help farmers
Peninsu
lares
Insulares
Ilustrados
Chinese Mestizos
Indios

– King Charles III founded the Royal
Company of the Philippines
• Rise of Banks
– Obras Pias (Good Works System)
– First Bank was founded by Francisco
Rodriguez
– Oldest existing bank in the Philippines is
the Bank of the Philippine Islands
• Tobacco Monopoly
– Founded by Governor General Jose
Basco y Vargas in 1782.
– Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra,
Nueva Ecija, and Marinduque
– It was abolished by Governor General
Primo de Rivera
• Opening of the Philippine Ports to the World
– Opening of the other Philippine Ports:
Sual, Ilo-ilo, Cebu and Zamboanga
British Colonization (1762-1764)
• Why British came?
• Invaded Philippines as part of the Seven Years
War (Britain vs. France)
• British invasion was planned from India by the
British East India Company
• September 22, 1762- British fleet entered Manila
Bay
• General Draper ordered the attack of Manila
• October 5, 1762 – Manila fell to the British
invaders
• Looting of Manila
• During the British Colonization there were 2 British
Governor lead the country (1) Dawsonne Drake
and the (2) Alexander Dalrymple.
• Spanish Governor General also exists during the
British Colonization – the acting Governor General
Antonio Manuel Rojo and Rebel Governor
General Simon de Anda
• Filipinos remain loyal to Spain
• End of British Invasion:
• Seven Years was ended
• May 31, 1764 rebel leader Simon de Anda made
their triumphant entry into Manila
Filipino Revolts
Causes: Heavy Taxes imposed, force labor, illegal land
possession, monopoly, religious freedom, oppression and
exploitation of the foreigners
1. Tondo Conspiracy (1687-1588) – Objective: To
regain freedom from Spain lead by Magat
Salamat, Agustin de Legaspi, Juan Banal, Pedro
Balingit
2. Revolt of Magalat (1595)– Objective:
Disillusionment with Spanish rule and Opposition
of Tribute (Tuguegarao, Cagayan)
3. Ladia Conspiracy (1543) – Objective: Restoration
of Barangaic Political Set-up lead by Pedro Ladia
4. Revolt of Maniago (1660-1661) – Objective: To
free and Independent from Spain and Force Labor
(Pampanga) – Francisco Maniago/ Cavite
5. Revolt of Malong (1660-1661) – Causes: Spanish
Oppressive impositions, Force Labor (Andres Malong) -
Pangasinan
6. Revolt of Bancao (1622) - Disillusionment with
Spanish rule / Religious (Leyte)
7. Revolt of Sumuroy (1649-1650) –Defiance of the
order given by Gov. General Fajardo (Agustin
Sumuroy) - Cavite
8. Silang Revolt – (Ilocos) Force Labor, Expulsion of
Spaniards and Spanish Mestizos – lead by Diego and
Gabriela Silang
9. Palaris Revolt (1762-1764) – lead by Juan Dela
Cruz Palaris, end the payment of tributes (Pangasinan)
10. Igorot Revolt (1601) – Opposition to the attempts
of the Spaniards to convert them to Christianity
11. Gaddang Revolt (1621) – Revolted against
Encomenderos and government officials
12. Tamblot Revolt (1621-1622) – Religious motive
(Bohol)
13. Dagohoy Revolt (1744-1829) – Francisco
Dagohoy – refusal of Father Gaspar Morales friar
curate of the town of Bohol to give Christian burial to
the brother of Francisco Dagohoy
14. Tapar Revolt (1663) – Modification of Christianity
15. Basi Revolt (1807) – government imposition of the
monopoly on wine (basi)
16. Cavite Revolt (1822) – Injustices committed by the
rich landowners against the helpless farmers – Luis de
los Santos and Juan Silvestre
17. Hermano Pule Revolt (1832-1841) – Religious
causes “Confradia de San Jose (Tayabas, Quezon)
Propaganda Movement and Katipunan
• Causes of Nationalism
– New idea from abroad about the freedom
and the rights of men
– Opening of Suez Canal
– Race prejudice against Filipino priests
– The Spanish Revolution of 1868
– Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za
• Propaganda Movements
– La Solidaridad – founded by Graciano
Lopez Jaena and 1st Editor (1889) and
purchased by Marcel H. Del Pilar
– La Liga Filipina – founded by Jose P.
Rizal (Noli Me Tangere/ Touch Me Not
and El Filibusterismo/ The Reign of
Greed)
– 1st and Last President of La Liga
Filipina: Ambrosio Salvador
– Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
(KKK) founded by Andres Bonifacio on
July 7, 1892 at Azcarraga St. (Claro M.
Recto Avenue, Tondo, Manila)
– Unite the Filipinos into one solid nation
– To fight for Philippine Independence
– Civic. Moral and Political
• Government:
– Supreme Council (Central Government)
– Provincial Council
– Popular Council
– Judicial Council
• Members:
– 1st Grade (Katipon) – Anak ng Bayan

– 2nd Grade (Kawal) - Gom-Bur-Za
– 3rd Grade (Bayani) – Rizal
– Literature of Katipunan:
– Decalogue of KKK (A. Bonifacio)
– Pag-ibig sa Tinubuan Lupa (A. Bonifacio)
– Kartilla (E. Jacinto)
– Kalayaan (E. Jacinto) Official Newspaper
of KKK
– A la Patria (E. Jacinto)
• Discovery of Katipunan
– Teodoro Patiño told his sister Honoria
about the plot
– Honoria told to a Visayan Nun everything
– Visayan Nun told everything to Father
Mariano Gil
Philippine Revolution
• Cry of Pugadlawin- August 26, 1896
• Causes of the Revolution
– Abuses of Spanish Officials and priests
– Persecution of Filipino leaders who
defended the rights of their fellow
countrymen
– Filipinos desire to regain their freedom
– Discovery of KKK
• First Battle took place at San Juan del Monte on
Sunday August 30, 1896
• Governor General Ramon Blanco declared a
state of war in 8 provinces: Pampanga, Laguna,
Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Tarlac, Manila and
Nueva Ecija
• Rivalry between Aguinaldo and Bonifacio
• Magdiwangs (Bonifacio) and
Magdalos (Aguinaldo)
• Tejeros Assembly: March 22, 1897 – wanted to
settle controversy between two factions.
– They elect officials representing the
Revolutionary Government of the
Philippines
– Emilio Aguinaldo elected as President
– Andres Bonifacio Elected as Interior
Secretary
– But Daniel Tirona protested on
Bonifacio’s elections
– Bonifacio declared the election is null and
void
• Death of Bonifacio: Gen. Aguinaldo ordered to
imprison Andres Bonifacio and his brothers
• The Revolutionary Government tried Bonifacio and
his brother Procopio and sentenced to die
• But President Aguinaldo reduced it to life
imprisonment.
• But he was pressured to cancel that order and to
execute Bonifacio
• May 10, 1897 Andres and Procopio were shot by
Aguinaldo’s soldiers under the command of Major
Lazaro Makapagal at Mt. Buntis, Maragondon
Biak-na-Bato Republic
– San Miguel, Bulacan
– Made a Constitution copied the Cuban
Constitution (Isabelo Artacho and Felix
Ferrer)
– Pact of Biak-na-Bato (Gov.Gen. Primo de
Rivera and Pedro Paterno of the
Philippine Government)
• Exile of E. Aguinaldo
• Spain pay an amount of Php
800,000 to be given in three
installments- Php 400,000-upon
the departure of Aguinaldo, Php
200,000 – the surrender of arms
and Php 200,000 amnesty to the
rebels
• Additional Php 900,000 would be
given to Civilian Filipinos
affected by the revolution
• No Peace after Biak-na-Bato Truce
The Coming of America
• Why America come to the Philippines
– The Spanish-American War
– American Bases
– The Policy of Manifest Destiny
– The Filipino Invitation
• The Battle of Manila Bay –Americans won over
Spanish Navy (May 01, 1898) Lead by Admiral
Patricio Montojo of Spain and Admiral George
Dewey of USA
• The Return of Aguinaldo –McCullough Dewey’s
dispatch ship and arrived in Cavite on May 19,
1898. Aguinaldo and Dewey agreed to fight
together the Spaniards
• Dictatorial Government was declared by Emilio
Aguinaldo lasted from May 24, 1898.
• Declaration of Philippine Independence on June
12, 1898 ay Kawit, Cavite
• Rianzares Bautista read the Declaration of the
Philippine Independence
• The Philippine Flag also displayed and the
Philippine National Anthem was played
Second Revolutionary Government – declared as
Aguinaldo’s adviser Apolinario Mabini advised Pres.
Aguinaldo – June 23, 1898
– Mabini issued a decree of June 23 for the
creation of Congress to draft the
Philippine Constitution
– Reorganization of the Government in
Provinces
Surrender of Spain
• Governor General Fermin Jaudenes and Wesley
Meritt agreed for a Mock Battle and Spain paid by
USA of Php 20 Million US Dollar in Treaty of Paris
on December 10, 1898
Women of the Revolution
– Melchora Aquino/ Tandang Sora –
Grand old Woman of Balintawak, Mother
of Katipunan
– Gregoria Montoya – Joan of Arc of
Cavite

– Agueda Kahabagan – Joan of Arc of
Santa Cruz, Laguna
– Teresa Magbanua – Joan of Arc of
Visayas
– Trinidad Tecson – Mother of the Biak-
na-Bato
– Nazaria Lagos – Florence Nightingale of
Panay
– Patronicia Gamboa – Heroine of Jaro,
Ilo-ilo
– Marcella Agoncillo – sewed the
Philippine National Flag
• Periodicals of Revolution
– El Heraldo dela Revolution
– Indice Official / Gaceta DE Filipinas
– La Independencia – Antonio Luna
– La Republica Filipina – Pedro Paterno
– La Libertad – Jose Zulueta
– Ang Kaibigan nang Bayan
– El Nuevo Dia – Sergio Osmeña
– El Pueblo – Vicente Sotto
• Spanish Governor Generals of the Philippines
• Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – 1st Governor General
of the Philippines
• Guido de Lavesares – 2nd Governor General of
the Philippines
• Archbishop Francisco dela Cuesta – 1st
Archbishop- Gov. General
• Cristobal Fellez de Almanza – 1st Royal
Audiencia – Gov. General
• Archbishop Manuel Rojo – Gov. General during
the British Colonization
• Narciso Claveria – Surnames of the Filipinos
• Jose Basco Vargas – Tobacco Monopoly
• Jose Lemery e Ibarrola Ney Gonzales – birth of
Jose P. Rizal
• Carlos Maria Dela Torre – Introduced the
Liberalism in the Philippines
• Fernando Primo de Rivera – signed the Biak-na-
Bato Pact
• Emilio y Terrero – read the Noli Me Tangere open
minded
• Eulogio Despujol – He ordered the exile of Jose
P. Rizal
• Ramon Blanco – declared the Matial Law in 8
Provinces
• Camilo de Polavieja – ordered the death
sentence of Rizal
• Diego delos Rios - Last Governor General
The First Philippine Republic and Filipino-American
War
• Malolos Congress
– September 15, 1898
– President of Malolos Congress Pedro
Paterno
– Malolos Constitution by Felipe G.
Calderon
– Approved by Congress on November 29,
1898
• First Philippine Republic
– January 23, 1899 inauguration of the First
Philippine Republic
– Emilio Aguinaldo as First Philippine
Government
• Filipino American War
– Private Robert W. Grayson of First
Nebraska Volunteers shot and killed a
Filipino Soldier at San Juan Bridge
– First American War on Asian soil
– By winning this was, the US became a
world power
– February 05, 1899- American navy
bombarded the Filipino positions in
Manila
– Filipinos lost ground to the superior forces
of US- retreated to provinces
– March 31, 1899 – Malolos captured by
Americans, Aguinaldo fled to Pampanga,
Nueva Ecija and to Northern Luzon
– In Negros: Generals Aniceto Lacson and
Juan Araneta organized the Republic of
Negros – American Government toppled
it
– In Battle of San Mateo Rizal: December
19, 1899 – General Henry C. Lawton
killed by Filipino troops (General Licerio
Geronimo)
– Aguinaldo ordered the Filipinos to fight a
guerilla warfare, Filipino forces were
divided into small groups
– Capture of Aguinaldo: Palanan, Isabela
by General Frederick Funston on March
23, 1901 and Aguinaldo was taken to
Manila and took his oath of allegiance to
the US on April 16, 1902
– Miguel Malvar fought on Batangas until
April 16, 1902
– Macario Sakay – try to establish
Republic of Southern Tagalog
– Simeon Ola of Albay Province gave up
on September 25, 1903
Filipino General of the War
• Antonio Luna – Luzon
• Tomas Mascarado, Maximo Hizon ans
Sevillano Aquino in Central Luzon
• Miguel Malvar in Batangas
• Juan Cailles in Laguna
• Mariano Trias in Cavite
• Paciano Rizal, Pantaleon Garcia and Artemio
Ricarte in Luzon
• Vito Belarmino and Jose Paua in Bicol
• Martin Delgado, Teresa and the Magbanua
brothers (Pascual and Elias) in Ilo-ilo
• Vicente Lucban in Samar
• Simeon Ola in Albay
• Gregorio del Pilar - Tirad Pass
Emilio Famy Aguinaldo
Contributions and Achievements
– first president

– youngest president – he became the
country’s leader at age 28
– longest-lived president – he died when he
was 94
– one of the active leaders of KKK
– signed the Pact of Biak na Bato
– known as the President of the
Revolutionary Government
– he fought against the Spanish and
American to retain our independence
Philippines as an American Colony
• Philippine Territory in American Times:
– The island archipelagos of Marianas,
Carolines and Palaus in the South Pacific
no longer part of the Philippines
– Mindanao and Sulu became part of the
Philippines (through the Bates Treaty)
– Interior Mountain region of Luzon were
also included
• American Policies:
– The Americans said they would ho as
soon as the Filipinos could stand on their
own as a free nation
– Americans were kinder and more
generous than other colonial powers
– Filipinos adopted American ways very
well (Brown Americans)
American Colonial Government:
– Military Government (August 14, 1898 – July
04, 1901)
– Gen. Wesley Merrit, Gen. Elwell Otis and Gen.
Arthur MacArthur
– Civil Government (July 04, 1901 – August 1902)
– The Philippine Commissions
– Schurman Commission (1899) (Dr. Jacob
Schurman)
– Taft Commission (1890-1916) – William Howard
Taft – organized the Civil Government in the
Philippines
– Spooner Act – Establishment of Civil Government
in the Philippines
• American Governor-General: (1901-1935)
– July 04, 1901 the civil government was
inaugurated and William Howard Taft
became the first American Governor-
General and Frank Murphy the last
• The Americans shared power with the Filipinos
unlike Spanish
• The Americans train our people in democracy and
self-rule
• At first Filipinos are only appointed to local
government as the war ended Filipinos can
participate and were elected in free elections
• 1901- Cayetano Arellano was appointed Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court
• 1903- Gregorio Araneta became the first Cabinet
Secretary
• Philippine Bill of 1902 or Cooper Law on July
01, 1902 – was passed to create the Philippine
Assembly
• was a basic law for the Insular Government that
was enacted by the United States Congress on
July 1, 1902.
– known as the Philippine Bill of 1902 and
the Cooper Act, after its author Henry A.
Cooper.
– The approval of the act coincided with the
official end of the Philippine–American
War.
• Provisions included;
– a bill of rights for the Filipinos
– the appointment of two Filipino nonvoting
Resident Commissioners to represent the
Philippines in the United States Congress
– the disestablishment of the Roman
Catholic Church
– conservation of natural resources for the
Filipinos
– exercise of executive power by the civil
governor who would have several
executive departments
– establishment of the Philippine Assembly
to be elected by the Filipinos two years
after the publication of a census and only
after peace had been restored completely
in the country
• Philippine Assembly:
– July 30, 1907 the first free national
elections were held
– Philippine Assembly was inaugurated in
Manila Grand Opera House on October
16, 1907 and Sergio Osmeña was
elected as Speaker
– First all-Filipino lawmaking body during
the American era
– Helped the Philippine Commission
making laws for the colony
– Philippine Commission acted like the
upper house and assembly acted as
lower house
• Philippine Legislature:
– Inaugurated at Manila on October 16,
1616
– 2 Houses; the House of Representative
and Senate
– Manuel L. Quezon Elected as Senate
President
– Sergio Osmeña elected as House
Speaker
Significant Laws acted under America
• Kiram-Bates Treaty – sovereignty of US over the
whole archipelago of Sulu and its dependences is
acknowledge
• Payne-Aldrich Act (1909) –partial free trade of
US and Philippines
• Underwood Simons Tariff Law – allowing an
open trade between the Philippines and Us
(October 13, 1913)
• Reconcentration Act – provided for the zoning of
inhabitants of a town known to have thieves/
outlaws

• Sedition Law (1901) – provided that Filipino
advocating independence or separation from US
would be punished severely by death or
imprisonment
• Brigandage Act – proving for severe penalty
those who steal carabao
• Gabaldon Act/ Law – Establishment of Barrio
schools (Isauro Gabaldon)
• Municipal Code Act
– Municipal President
– Vice President
– Council
– Qualified voters – were males, 23 years
old
• Provincial Code Act
– Governor
– Treasurer
– Supervisor
• Civil Service Act
– To enter in government it must be take
the examinations
– Introduction of merit system
• Filipinization of the Philippine Government by
Francis Burton Harrison
– Was the process, during the American
colonial period in the Philippines,
of putting Filipinos in active positions in
government, replacing U. S. officials.
– was part of the American policy of
creating a government for the Philippines
and preparing the country for eventual
independence.
– Filipinization peaked during the
administration of (t. 1913-1921), when
Governor-General Francis Burton
Harrison made it his policy to place more
administrative control in the hands of
Filipinos replacing American Officials and
employees with Filipinos
Economic Progress under America
• New Land Policy
– Friar lands were resold to Filipino farmers
– Taft colonial administration bought these
friar lands and resold to the Filipino
farmers
– Homestead Act in 1924 allowed any
Filipino to own up to 24 hectares of public
land
– All lands had to be registered and their
owners got Torrens titles
• Agricultural Increase
– 1902 the Bureau of Agriculture became
the first government agency in the new
American Colony
– 1903 the American Congress sent a $3
million emergency fund to support rice
and carabaos from other Asian countries
– Modern farm tools from US were
introduced
• Free Trade with America
– Philippine products, copra, sugar, cigars
hemp, etc. were sold to the Americans
– American products, cars, radios,
appliances, cigarrettes, etc were bought
by the Filipinos
• New Industries
– Manila and other cities and towns sprang
up hundreds of factories to make coconut
oil, cigars and cigarettes, sugar rope and
textiles
– Mining and fishing became big industries
– Household cottage industries also
boomed
– Developed the coconut and hemp
industries
– Tobacco were also developed
• Improvement of Transportation and
Communications
– Automobile, electric street car, airplane,
telephone, wireless telegraph, radio and
movie were introduced
– American developed our railroads in
Luzon, Cebu and Panay
– Pier 7 in Manila became the largest port
in Asia
– Manila became the center of air travel in
Asia
– The Kennon Road opened Baguio and
the Mountain Province to travel
• New Banks
– 1906 Postal Saving Bank was opened
– Philippine National Bank established in
1906
• Economic Problems
– We sold our raw materials cheap and
bought expensive manufactured goods
from America
– Colonial Mentality became worse
– Labor and peasant unrest spread in the
1920’s and 1930’s
– The world depression hit the poor masses
worst of all
– American capitalists and businessmen
controlled the new companies
Significant American Administrators
– Wesley Merritt – 1st American Military
Governor
– Arthur MacArthur – last American
Military Governor
– William Howard Taft – 1st American Civil
Governor
– Frank Murphy – Last American Civil
Governor/ 1ST High Commissioner
– Paul V. McNutt - last High
Commissioner
Our American Heritage
• Religious Freedom
– Filipinos became free to choose their own
religion

– American Influences: Methodists,
Baptists, Episcopalian, Pentecostals, etc.
– Filipinized Catholicism: Isabelo delos
Reyes and Gregorio Aglipay – Philippine
Independent Church (Alipayananism)
– Felix Manalo of Iglesia ni Cristo (1914)
• Free Education
– All children could study in schools
– The brightest children from poor families
could go as far as university
– First American Teachers are soldiers
– 1901, the first batch of professional
teachers came from the US onboard the
US Army Ship Thomas - Thomasites
• Better Health
– Filipinos enjoyed better health and
hygiene
– Death rate fell/ Americans introduced the
use of the flush toilet
• English Language
– Filipinos learned the English Language
– English became the official language of
the government and business
– Filipinos adopted the names like John,
Bobby, Mary, Lily, Rosie, Mark
– New Filipino writers mastered the English
Language: Carlos P. Romulo – won the
Pulitzer Prize for Journalism 1942
• Free Press
– 1930’s the Philippines had fastest press
in Asia
– Filipino journalists championed
independence and reported freely about
the government
– Manuel L. Quezon founded The
Philippine Herald (1920)
– Ramon Roces founded the “The Graphic”
– Sergio Osmeña – Nuevo Diaz in Cebu
(1900)
– Rafael Palma and Teodoro Kalaw – El
Renacimiento
– Alejandro Roces, Sr. - La Vanguardia
• Diet and Dress
– Cornflakes, oat meal, ham, egg
sandwiches, hamburgers, hot dogs, pan
americano, tomato catsup, mayonnaise,
beefsteak, apple pie, ice cream and
chewing gum
– Men worn trousers with belt and
suspenders, polo shirts and tennis shoes
– Women dressed in fancy hats, shirt and
blouse, high heeled shoes, silk stockings
and make-up
• Democratic Family and Social Classes
– Old customs of addressing elders with
“po”, “opo”, “ate”, “kuya” or kissing the
hands of parents and elders (mano po) –
were gone
– Uses “hi” in greetings
– Filipinos celebrating holidays like 4th of
July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day,
Halloween, and Valentines Day
– Women’s Rights
– Women enjoyed greater rights
(September 17, 1937)
– They were free to work in an office, study
with men in co-ed schools and date
without chaperones
– First Asian women vote and hold public
office were the Filipinas in 1937
• Recreations
– Basketball, baseball, football, volleyball,
calisthenics, boxing, billiards, poker,
bowling, tennis and badminton
• Movies and Entertainment
– First Movie house Cine Rizal (1903) at
Tondo, Manila
– Cine Ideal (Roces brothers) in 1903
– First local film “La Vida de Dr. Rizal” by
Edward Meyer Gross
– Zarzuela and Mor-moro replaced by
Vodavil/ vaudeville
• Music and Dance
– American Jazz
– Boogie-woogie
– Fox trot
• Houses
– Small apartments
– New bungalows, chalets, two story
concrete houses and earthquake proof
building were built
• Arts
– Guillermo Tolentino
• Freedom Theater and Literature
– Tagalog zarzuelas became popular like
Tanikalang Ginto of Juan Abad and
Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas by Aurelio
Tolentino
– “Bayan ko” also popular
– Amado V. Hernandez
– Lope K. Santos Banaag at Sikat (1935)
The Commonwealth of the Philippines
• Peasant Revolts and the Communist Party
– There were peasant revolt in Nueva Ecija,
Ili-ilo, Negro Occidental, Pangasinan,
Laguna and Bulacan
– Sakdalista lead by Benigno Ramos – May
02, 1935
– All revolt failed
– The Communist Party of the Philippines
(CPP) was founded in Manila by Crisanto
Evangelista on August 26, 1930
• Political Campaign for Independence
• Jones Law
– also known as the Jones Act,
the Philippine Autonomy Act, and
the Act of Congress of August 29, 1916
– Jones Law (1916) granted independence
as soon as a stable government be
establish therein
– was an Organic Act passed by the United
States Congress.

– The law replaced the Philippine Organic
Act of 1902 and acted as a constitution
of the Philippines from its enactment
until 1934
– With 3 branches of Government, Bill of
Rights and Council of State (Wilson
Admin)
• Hare-Haws-Cutting Law (1932)
– 1932 American Congress passed the
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law (HHC)
– It was the first Philippine Independence
Law passed by the United States (thru
the initiative of Os-Rox Mission)
– The law promised Philippine
independence after 10 years, but
reserved several military and naval bases
for the United States, as well as imposed
tariffs and quotas on Philippine imports.
– It was rejected by Philippine Legislature
on October 17, 1933
– Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act was authored
by South Carolina Representative Butler
Hare, Missouri Senator Harry Bartow
Hawes and New Mexico Senator Bronson
M. Cutting.
• Tydings-McDuffie Law (1934) signed by FD
Roosevelt with revision from Hare-Hawes-Cutting
Law
– is a United States federal law that
established the process for the
Philippines, then an American colony, to
become an independent country after a
ten-year transition period.
– Authored by: Senator Millard Tydings
and Representative John McDuffie
– Retention naval reservation and fueling
stations
– Drafting a new constitution
• The 1935 Philippine Constitution
– July 10, 1934 202 delegates were elected
to a constitutional convention
– Claro M. Recto as the President of the
Convention
– February 8, 1935 the new constitution
was approved by the majority of the
delegates
– March 23, 1935 Pres. FD Roosevelt
signed the Philippine Constitution
– May 4, 1935 Filipino people ratified the
constitution
• The Commonwealth of the Philippines
– A semi-independent (autonomous)
government of Filipinos under American
Colony
– September 17, 1935 first national election
under Commonwealth Government
– Manuel L. Quezon, Emilio Aguinaldo and
Bishop Gregorio Aglipay run for the
presidency
– Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña
elected as President and Vice-President
respectively
Manuel Luis Molina Quezon
• Contributions and Achievements
– first Senate president elected as
President of the Philippines
– first president elected through a national
election
– first president under the Commonwealth
– he created National Council of Education
– he initiated women’s suffrage in the
Philippines during the Commonwealth
– he made Tagalog / Filipino as the national
language of the Philippines
– he appears on the twenty-peso bill
– a province, a city, a bridge and a
university in Manila were named after him
– his body lies within the special monument
on Quezon Memorial Circle
Sergio Suico Osmeña
– he was 65 when he became president–
making him the oldest president to hold
office
– he was the first Visayan to become
president
– he joined US Gen. Douglas McArthur in
Leyte on October 20, 1944 starting the
freedom of the Philippines from the
Japanese during World War II
– during his time, the Philippine National
Bank has been rehabilitated and the
country joined the International Monetary
Fund
– on his time, the Bell Trade Act was
approved by the US Congress
– Sergio Osmena appears on the 50 peso
bill
– United Nations Charter President
Osmeña sent the Philippine delegation,
which was headed by Carlos P. Romulo,
to the San Francisco gathering for the
promulgation of the Charter of the United
Nations on 26 June 1945.
Second World War and Japanese Occupation
• Second World War was the war between the allied
nations (US, Britain, China, France and Union
Soviet) and the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy,
Japan)
• It started in Europe when Adolf Hitler troops
attacked on September 1, 1939
• December 08, 1941 (Pacific Time) Japan made a
sneak attacks on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, United
States
• Few hours later, Japanese fighter planes appeared
in Philippine skies
• They bombed Davao City, Tuguegarao, Baguio,
Iba, Tarlac, and Clark Air Field
• Manila and Nichols (Villamor Airbase) bombed

• Japanese troops landed in Aparri and Vigan in
Northern Luzon, at Legaspi in Bicol, Davao City in
Mindanao and Lingayen in Tayabas Luzon
• General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of
US Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), could
not stop the Japanese invasion
The Commonwealth in Exile
– President Roosevelt wired Pres. Quezon
to escape to the United States
– President Quezon, his family, and War
Cabinet secretly left Corregidor by
submarine on February 20, 1942 to
October 3, 1944, the Commonwealth
Government went in Exile at Washington,
DC
– President Quezon died of illness on
August 1, 1944 and he was succeeded by
Vice President Osmeña
• I Shall Return
– General Douglas MacArthur was also
ordered to leave by Pres. Roosevelt
– But when he landed in Australia on March
17, 1942, MacArthur told to the world “I
shall return”
• The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor
– Bataan: April 09, 1942 headed by Gen.
Eduard P. King
– Corregidor: May 06, 1942 headed by
Gen. Jonathan Wainwright
– Visayas and Mindanao: May 10, 1942
headed by Gen. William Sharp
• Death March
– One of the cruelest atrocities by the
Japanese
– Some 62,000 Filipino soldiers and 11,000
American troops were forced to March
from 7 to 11 days without food, water or
medicine
– They marched 120 kilometers from
Mariveles, Bataan to Camp O’Donnell
in Capas, Tarlac
Japanese Military Occupation
– January 2, 1942 to July 5, 1945
– January 3, 1942- the Japanese Military
Administration was set up in Manila
– Head by General Yoshihida Hayashi
and General Takazi Wachi
– Japanese declared Martial Law
– Imposed curfew black-outs, rationing and
censorship
– They punished Filipinos for any hostile
acts against Japanese soldiers
– One Japanese is equivalent to 10
Filipinos
– They banned the shortwave radio so
we could not hear news from abroad
– They circulated money with Japanese
script
– They called this as “Mickey Mouse
Money”
Second Philippine Republic
– Jorge B. Vargas became the Chairman
of the Philippine Executive
Commission
– January 23, 1942 the members of the
Executive Commission sent a letter to the
Japanese Military promising to obey the
Japanese order for the sake of the
Filipino people
– January 21, 1942 – Japanese Premier
Hedeki Tojo came to the Philippines and
announced the Philippine independence
and said that Japan was the Liberator of
Asians
– He launched the “Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere”
– September 04, 1943 the new constitution
was finished
– October 14, 1943 the Second Philippine
Republic was inaugurated and Jose P.
Laurel as the President
• Propaganda War
– Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong
Pilipinas (Kalibapi) agency of Japanese
propaganda
– The only political party allowed during
Japanese Occupation
• The Collaborators
– Most Filipinos had to collaborate with the
Japanese during the war
– Japanese controlled food, medicine and
other supplies
– Makapili – Makabayang Katipunan ng
mga Pilipino
• Guerilla Warfare
– Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon
(HukBaLaHap/ Huks) Headed by Luis
Taruc
• Japanese Atrocities
– Deaths of Filipino Soldiers and Civilians:
1,111,998
– Damage to property, goods and services:
USD 6,411,732,000
– Murder, torture and rape of civilians
– Looting, burning and destruction of
property
– Rape, sex slaves
– Cruel Kempeitai (Japanese Military
Police)
• Liberation of the Philippines
– October 20, 1944 the American liberation
forces landed in Palo, Leyte with 650
ships and four army divisions
– Gen. MacArthur retuned as he promised
– New US Air Force fighter planes shot
down the Japanese kamikaze pilots
– The US Navy won the big battle of Leyte
Gulf on October 23-26, 1944
– February 1945 the Battle in Manila ended
and liberated the City on February 23,
1945

– July 05, 1945 General MacArthur
announced the liberation of the
Philippines
• End of the Second World War
– May 7, 1945 the war in Europe ended
– Germany surrendered to the Allied
Forces (V-E Day in Europe)
– August 06, 1945 the first atomic bomb
was dropped at Hiroshima
– August 09, 1945 another atomic bomb
dropped in Nagasaki
– Japanese surrendered on August 15,
1945
– V-J Day
• Restoration of the Commonwealth
– February 22, 1945 – President Osmeña
installed at Malacañan Palace after the
liberation of Manila
– Japanese Administrators
– Masaharu Homma – 1st Japanese Military
Governor
– Tomoyoki Yamashita – Last Japanese
Military Governor
Jose Paciano Garcia Laurel, Sr.
– he was considered as the legitimate
president of the Philippines
– he organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa
Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas).
– he declared Martial Law in 1944
– he and his family developed the
establishment of Lyceum of the
Philippines
Third Philippine Republic (1946-1972)
• Problems of the New Republic
– Reconstruction
– Poor Government and poor people
– Peace and Order
– Moral and Spiritual decline
Manuel Acuña Roxas
• Philippine Rehabilitation Finance Corporation –
for building houses after the World War II
• Creation to Central Bank of the Philippines – to
help the system of banking in the Philippines and
stabilize the Philippine Peso Dollar reserves
• Republic Act No. 1946 or Tenancy Act – the
70/30 share and regulation of tenancy contacts
• Amnesty Proclamation – for the Japanese
Collaborators
• Treaty of General Relations – to give all
sovereignty power of the Philippines from United
States
• Military Base Agreement – with United States
• War Surplus Agreement - Military Assistance
Agreement
• Bell Trade Act – Philippine Peso pegged to US
Dollar, system of Tariffs
• Parity Rights – exploitation of Philippine Natural
Resources by the Americans/ led to the
amendment of the 1935 Constitution
• Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933
– was inaugurated as the new and first
president of the new Republic because
the Philippines was finally free after the
WW II
– in his time, the country has started
reconstruction from war damage and the
Philippines started breathing without
foreign rule
– under his term, the Philippine
Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade
Act laws were accepted by the congress
– he is in the 100 peso bill
Elpidio Rivera Quirino
• Economic Development Corporation (EDCOR)
– for the HukBaLaHap Rebels
• Reorganization of Arm Forces of the
Philippines
• President’s Action Committee on Social
Amelioration (PACSA) – to mitigate the
sufferings of indigent families
• Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing
Administration (ACCFA) – to help the farmers
market their crops and save them from loan sharks
• Korean War – deployment of Philippine
Expeditionary Forces to Korea or PEFTOK
• Quirino Foster Agreement – help the Philippines
for five years
• Minimum Wage Law (RA 602) Repealed by PD
442 and Repealed again by RA 6727
• Judge Antonio Quirino – emissary of Quirino
Administration to have peace talk with Luis Taruc
• Rural Banks of the Philippines - to facilitate
credit utilities in rural areas.
• Seven point program for social security, o wit:
– Unemployment insurance
– Old-age insurance
– Accident and permanent disability
insurance
– Health insurance
– Maternity insurance
– State relief
– Labor opportunity
• Social Security Commission - making Social
Welfare Commissioner Asuncion Perez chairman
of the same
• Executive Order No. 355 - replaced National
Land Settlement Administration with Land
Settlement Development Corporation
(LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities
of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment
Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production
Administration
• Integrity Board - to probe into reports of graft and
corruption in high government places
• Killing of former First Lady Aurora Quezon and
her companions on April 28, 1949 by the Huks on
the Bongabong-Baler

• "Total Economic Mobilization Policy" failed to
give economic relief to the suffering nation
– under his term Hukbalahap movement
was active
– he created Social Security Commission
– he also created Integrity Board to monitor
graft and corruption
– in 1948, Quezon City was the capital of
the Philippines
– peso and dollar exchange rate at his time
was 1 US = P2
Ramon Del Fierro Magsaysay, Sr.
• Laurel – Langley Agreement (1955-1974) –
replaced Bell Trade Act, continuation of US
authority to control exchange rate of peso , sugar
quota and tariffs
• Presidential Complaints and Action Committee
– hear the grievances of common people and give
solution on it
• National Resettlement and Rehabilitation
Administration – to make the land distributes as
soon as possible
• Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing
Administration (ACCFA) – to help farmers
• Farmers Cooperative Marketing Association
(FaCoMA) - to buy equipment for farmers
• RA 1400 – (Land Reform Act of 1955) – Created
the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was
responsible for the acquisition and distribution of
large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200
hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for
corporations. RA 821 – ACCFA
• Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy
Act of 1954) – governed the relationship between
landowners and tenant farmers by organizing
share-tenancy and leasehold system
• Reparations agreement - the reservations made
by Ambassador Romulo, on the Philippines behalf,
upon signing the Japanese Peace Treaty in San
Francisco on September 8, 1951, for several years
of series of negotiations were conducted by the
Philippine government and that of Japan
– was a chairman of the Committee on
Guerilla Affairs
– was the first president sworn into office
wearing Barong Tagalog in his
inauguration
– his presidency was referred as the
Philippines’ Golden Years for it was the
cleanest and zero-corruption
– the Philippines was ranked 2nd in Asia’s
clean and well-governed countries
– Operation Thunder Lightning –
surrender of Luis Taruc by Ninoy Aquino
– Benigno Aquino, Jr. was appointed by
President Ramón Magsaysay to act as
personal emissary to Luís Taruc, leader
of the Hukbalahap, a rebel group.
– SEATO was formed on September 8-10,
1954 to fight communism
Carlos Polistico Garcia
• RA 1700 – Outlawing the Communist Party of the
Philippines
• Filipino First Policy
• Austerity Program
– tighten up its controls to prevent abuses
in the over shipment of exports under
license and in under-pricing as well.
– more rigid enforcement of the existing
regulations on barter shipments.
– Government imports themselves were to
be restricted to essential items.
– reduce rice imports to a minimum.
– An overhauling of the local transportation
system would be attempted so as to
reduce the importation of gasoline and
spare parts.
– tax system would be revised so as to
attain more equitable distribution of the
payment- burden and achieve more
effective collection from those with ability
to pay
• Bohlen-Serrano Agreement – shorten from 99
years to 25 years renewable every five years
(military base agreement of Philippines and United
States)
– he was known for “Filipino First Policy”
– he established the Austerity Program
focusing on Filipino trade and commerce
– was known as the “Prince of Visayan
Poets” and the “bard from Bohol”
– cultural arts was revived during his term
– was the first president to have his
remains buried at the Libingan ng mga
Bayani
Diosdado Pangan Macapagal, Sr.
• Republic Act No. 3512 – An Act Creating A
Fisheries Commission Defining Its Powers, Duties
and Functions, and Appropriating Funds Therefor
• Republic Act No. 3518 – An Act Creating The
Philippine Veterans Bank, and For Other Purposes
• Republic Act No. 3844 – An Act To Ordain The
Agricultural Land Reform Code and To Institute
Land Reforms In The Philippines, Including The
Abolition of Tenancy and The Channeling of
Capital Into Industry, Provide For The Necessary
Implementing Agencies, Appropriate Funds
Therefor and For Other Purposes
• Republic Act No. 4166 – An Act Changing The
Date Of Philippine Independence Day
• Republic Act No. 4180 – An Act Amending
Republic Act Numbered Six Hundred Two,
Otherwise Known As The Minimum Wage Law, By
Raising The Minimum Wage For Certain Workers,
And For Other Purposes.
• Five-Year Socio-Economic Integrated
Development Program – it could be seen that it
aimed at the following objectives.
– immediate restoration of economic
stability;

– alleviating the plight of the common man;
– And establishing a dynamic basic for
future growth.
• Sabah Claim- On September 12, 1962, the
territory of North Borneo, and the full sovereignty,
title and dominion over the territory were ceded by
Sultan of Sulu, HM Sultan Muhammad Esmail E.
Kiram I, to the Republic of the Philippines.
• The cession effectively gave the Philippine
government the full authority to pursue their claim
in international courts.
• The Philippines broke diplomatic relations with
Malaysia after the federation had included Sabah
in 1963.
• It was revoked in 1989 because succeeding
Philippine administrations have placed the claim in
the back burner in the interest of pursuing cordial
economic and security relations with Kuala
Lumpur.
• To date, Malaysia continues to consistently reject
Philippine calls to resolve the matter of Sabahs
jurisdiction to the International Court of Justice.
• Maphilindo - was described as a regional
association that would approach issues of
common concern in the spirit of consensus.
• However, it was also perceived as a tactic on the
parts of Jakarta and Manila to delay, or even
prevent, the formation of the Federation of
Malaysia.
• Manila had its own claim to Sabah (formerly British
North Borneo), and Jakarta protested the
formation of Malaysia as a British imperialist plot.
• Vietnam War - Before the end of his term in 1965,
President Diosdado Macapagal persuaded
Congress to send troops to South Vietnam.
However this proposal was blocked by the
opposition led by Senate President Ferdinand
Marcos who deserted Macapagal’s Liberal Party
and defected to the Nacionalista Party
Controversies
• Stonehill Controversy
• Harry Stonehill, an American expatriate with a $50-
million business empire in the Philippines.
• Macapagal's Secretary of Justice, Jose W.
Diokno investigated Stonehill on charges of tax
evasion, smuggling, misdeclaration of imports, and
corruption of public officials.
• Diokno's investigation revealed Stonehill's ties to
corruption within the government.
• Macapagal, however, prevented Diokno from
prosecuting Stonehill by deporting the American
instead, then dismissing Diokno from the cabinet.
• Diokno questioned Macapagal's actions, saying,
"How can the government now prosecute the
corrupted when it has allowed the corrupter to go?"
– he established the first Land Reform Law
– he placed the Philippines currency –
peso, on the currency exchange market
– he made June 12 1898 as the Philippines’
Independence Day
– he signed the Minimum Wage Law
– he signed the creation of the Philippine
Veteran’s Bank
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, Sr. (1965-1986)
• Green Revolution
– Production of rice was increased through
promoting the cultivation of IR-8 hybrid
rice. In 1968 the Philippines became self-
sufficient in rice, the first time in history
since the American period. It also
exported rice worth US$7 million.
• Blue Revolution
– Marine species like prawn, mullet,
milkfish, and golden tilapia were being
produced and distributed to farmers at a
minimum cost. Today, milkfish and
prawns contribute substantially to foreign
exchange income.
• Liberalized Credit
– More than one thousand rural banks
spread all over the country resulting to
the accessibility of credit to finance
purchase of agricultural inputs, hired
labor, and harvesting expenses at very
low interest rate. During 1981-1985,
credit was available without interest and
collateral arrangements. Some of the
credit programs were the ff:
– 1. Biyayang Dagat (credit support for
fishermen)
– 2. Bakahang Barangay –supported
fattening of 40,000 head of cattle in
farmer backyards
– 3. Masaganang Maisan, Maisagana,
and Expanded Yellow Corn Program –
supported 1.4 Million farmers through
P4.7 Billion loans from 1975-1985
– 4. Gulayan sa Kalusugan and Pagkain
ng Bayan Programs –provided grants
and loans of P12.4 Million to encourage
backyard and communal production of
vegetables and improve nutrition of
Filipino households
– 5. Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran
(KKK)—supported 25,000
entrepreneurial projects through P1.8
Billion and helping 500,000 beneficiaries
• Decontrol Program
– Price control polices were implemented
on rice and corn to provide greater
incentive to farmers to produce more.
– Deregulation of trading in commodities
like sugar and coconut and agricultural
inputs like fertilizer were done for more
efficient marketing and trading
arrangements.
• Education Reform
– Access to free education widened during
the Marcos Administration. The biggest
portion of the budget was allotted for
Educational Programs (P58.7 Billion in 20
years). The literacy rate climbed from

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