AN INTELLIGENT MACHINE LEARNING MODEL FOR SOIL IMAGE CLASSIFICATION
1. By
CHANDAN
M.E. SCHOLAR,
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL TEACHERS TRANINING AND RESEARCH
(NITTTR), CHANDIGARH, INDIA
(PAPER ID - 28)
AN INTELLIGENT MACHINE
LEARNING MODEL FOR SOIL
IMAGE CLASSIFICATION
2. 2
Contents of the presentation
• Introduction
• Introduction to Soil Classification
• Introduction to Machine Learning
Techniques
• Image Processing as a method for
Machine Learning Technique
• Initial findings from Literature
Review.
• Problem Statement
• Objectives
• Our approach
• Methodology
• Experimental Work
• Results and Discussion
• References
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
3. 3
Introduction
• Soil is a vital natural resource on which life supporting
system and socio-economic development depends.
• Soil is the mixture of rock debris and organic materials
which develop on the earth’s surface. The major factors
affecting the formation of soil are parent material, climate,
time, and biodiversity including the human activities.
• Classification is the grouping of objects in some orderly
and logical manner into compartments
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
4. 4
Introduction to Soil Classification
Why do we need to classify soils?
Soil Classification Systems
USDA Textural Classification Systems
Unified Soil Classification Systems
Indian Standard Soil Systems
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
5. 5
Introduction to Soil Classification(contd.)
On the basis of size of Soil particle
Soil
Coarse Grained Soil
Gravel
Sand
Fine Grained Soil
Silt
Clay
Organic Soil
Peat
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
6. 6
Introduction to Soil Classification(contd.)
On the basis of size of Soil particle
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
7. 7
Introduction to Soil Classification(contd.)
On the basis of size of Soil particle
Clay
Peat
Clayey Peat
Clayey Sand
Humus Clay
Sandy Clay
Silty Sand
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
8. 8
Introduction to
Machine Learning Techniques
Machine Learning (ML) and
Artificial Intelligence(AI).
What we need for ML ?
Types of ML?
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
9. 9
Introduction to
Machine Learning Techniques
Machine Learning (ML) and
Artificial Intelligence(AI).
What we need for ML ?
Types of ML?
A Huge Dataset
A Classifier
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
10. 10
Introduction to
Machine Learning Techniques
Machine Learning (ML) and
Artificial Intelligence(AI).
What we need for ML ?
Types of ML?
Supervised Learning
Unsupervised Learning
Reinforcement Learning
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
11. 11
Image Processing as a method
for Machine Learning
oTypes of Images.
oFeatures in an Image.
oFeature Detection.
oFeature Extraction
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
12. 12
Image Processing as a method
for Machine Learning
oTypes of Images.
oFeatures in an Image.
oFeature Detection.
oFeature Extraction
Why use
features
and not
pixel
values?
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
13. 13
Initial findings from Literature
Review
Prior to the construction of engineering structures,
it is required to inspect the site to determine its
suitability for the intended structure[1].
Four major in situ tests include Standard
Penetration Test (SPT)[2], Cone Penetration Test
(CPT)[3], Pressure Meter Test (PMT)[4], and Vane
Shear Test (VST).
Image classification using ML refers to the process
of labeling a wide set of images into a number of
predefined categories, decided by the user’s
requirement[5].
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
14. 14
Inferences Drawn out of
Literature Review
With the advancement of image
classification research procedures, many
advance techniques for classification such as
ANN, SVM, Fuzzy classification and k-NN
have been developed[6][7].
SVM has been identified as a better method
than ANN and k-NN for classification[8].
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
16. Objectives
1. Study of various conventional and machine learning soil
classification techniques and methods.
2. Comparative study of various already implemented machine
learning techniques for soil classification
3. Comparison of results of best machine learning techniques
4. Development of a user friendly GUI using the selected
machine learning technique.
• Seven standard soil types are chosen for preliminary
classification of soil.
• Best machine learning techniques are tested on the sample
data
• GUI is developed for easy and portable classification.
Approach
1629-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
18. Experimental work:-
18
SOIL DATA
Soil Types Classified Seven
No. of Soil sample images for each soil 24
IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
Preprocessing 2-D DWT
Features Extracted Six (Mean Amplitude, Energy, HSV
Histogram , AutoCorrelogram, Wavelet
Moments, Color Moments)
Classifiers Tested Three (SVM, k-NN , ANN)
Kernel Functions tested for SVM Six (Linear, Quadratic, Cubic, Fine
Gaussian, Medium Gaussian, Coarse
Gaussian)
Kernel Functions tested for k-NN Six (Fine ,Medium, Coarse, Cosine,
Cubic, Weighted)
Validation methods used for SVM and
k-NN
Two (Fold Cross Validation and
Holdout Validation )29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
19. Results and Discussion
19
KNN at Cross
Validation
factor 12
MeanAmplitude
WaveletMomentsAutoCorrelogram
HSVHistogram
ColorMoments
Energy
EnergyEnergy
Energy Energy
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
20. Results and Discussion(Contd.)
20
SVM at Fold
Cross Validation
40%
TrueClass
TrueClass
TrueClass
Predicted Class Predicted Class
Predicted Class
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
27. 27
Conclusion
1. Machine Learning methods can make the complicated
tasks of soil classification simple.
2. SVM has highest classification accuracy , when compared
with other classifiers namely ANN and k-NN in both cases
at fold cross validation and holdout validation.
3. With the development of GUI , the classification
procedure using machine learning can be made user-
friendly.
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)
28. 28
References
[1]. BB Mishra. “Indian System of Soil Classification: A way
Forward”, Agri Res & Tech, vol. 3, no.2, 2016.
[2]. Wazoh, H. and Mallo, “Standard Penetration Test in
Engineering Geological Site Investigations – A Review”, The
International Journal Of Engineering And Science, vol 3, no.
7, pp. 40-48, 2014
[3]. Adrian-Traian Iliesi, Ana-Luciana Tofan And Diego Lo
Presti .2012. “Use Of Cone Penetration Tests And Cone
Penetration Tests With Porewater Pressure Measurement
For Difficult Soils Profiling”, Bul. Inst. Polit. Iaşi, T. Lviii ,Vol.
3,2012
[4]. Frikha, Wissem & burlon, Sebastien & Monaco, Paola,”
Session report: Pressure meter and Dilatometer” , 2016.
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29. 29
References (Contd.)
[5]. Bhattacharya, Biswanath, and Dimitri P. Solomatine.
"Machine learning in soil classification", Neural networks ,
vol.19, no.2, pp.186-195,2006.
[6]. Ashwini Rao, Janhavi, Abhishek Gowda, Manjunath,
Mrs. Rafega Beham, “Machine Learning in Soil Classification
and Crop Detection”, International Journal for Scientific
Research & Development, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2016
[7]. MilošKovačević ,BranislavBajat, Boško Gajić, “Soil type
classification and estimation of soil properties using support
vector machines”, Geoderma, Vol. 154, pp. 340–347, 2010
[8]. Małgorzata Charytanowicz and Piotr Kulczycki, An
Image Analysis Algorithm for Soil Structure Identification,
Intelligent Systems, Vol. 323, pp. 681-691, 2015
29-Mar-19 ICSPVCE-2019 (Paper Id - 28)