This document discusses various vector-borne and water-borne diseases, including malaria, dengue, scrub typhus, hepatitis A, E, typhoid, paratyphoid, and cholera. It describes the agents, vectors, symptoms, and prevention/control measures for each. Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes and breeds in clean water. Dengue is transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes breeding in stagnant water. Scrub typhus is transmitted by mite larvae. Hepatitis A and E are transmitted through contaminated water. Prevention focuses on water purification, sanitation, and vector control like larvicide use and habitat modification. Surveillance of cases and vectors is important to monitor outbreaks and assess

1. Vector & Water Borne Diseases
Dr. Ankit Chaudhary
District Program Officer
Hamirpur (H.P.)
From Here To there

2. Introduction
▪ Vector Borne Diseases
Malaria
Dengue
Scrub Typhus
▪ Water borne
Hepatitis A & E
Typhoid/Paratyphoid
Cholera
Diarrhoea/Dysentery
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3. Malaria
▪ Vector: Female Anopheles mosquito Agent: Plasmodium sp.
▪ Malaria subtypes
▪ Breeds in clean water
▪ Fever, chills, rigor
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4. Dengue
▪ Acute viral (arbovirus) disease: severe, flu-like illness
▪ Transmitted by infective bite of Aedes aegypti mosquito,
stagnant water
▪ Man develops disease after 5-6 days of being bitten by an
infective mosquito
▪ Complex disease with wide spectrum of clinical presentation
▪ Dengue fever is a self-limiting disease (majority)
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5. Favoured Breeding Sites
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Dengue Contd...

6.  Early reporting of the suspected dengue fever, Immunological Tests
 No specific therapy, Mx of Dengue fever is symptomatic & supportive
 Bed rest is advisable during the acute phase
 Use cold sponging to keep temperature below 39 C
 Antipyretics may be used to lower the body temperature
 Aspirin/NSAID should be avoided (gastritis, vomiting, acidosis, platelet dysfunction, Reye’s)
 In dengue shock syndrome, the following treatment is recommended
 Replacement of plasma losses
 Correction of electrolyte and metabolic disturbances
 Blood transfusion 10/9/2019 6
Dengue Contd... Management

7. Dengue Contd...(Prevention & Control)
▪ Kill adult mosquitoes: commercially available safe aerosols (Pyrethroid-based), Timing
▪ Spraying & Fogging
 Intensify efforts to reduce actual or potential larval habitats in/around houses
 Use repellants during day time
 Cover water containers to prevent fresh egg laying
 Have infants sleep under bed nets during day/Wear protective clothing
 Use tight-fitting screens/wire mesh on doors & windows
 Clogged gutters & flat roofs that may have poor drainage need to be checked regularly
 Ornamental water tanks/garden: larvivorous fish (e.g. Gambusia, Guppy)
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8. Scrub Typhus
▪ Acute, febrile, infectious illness that is caused by Orientia
tsutsugamushi
▪ Vector is larva of trombiculide mite also known as chiggers
▪ Transmitted by some species of trombiculide mites (larva), I.P. is 5-
20 days
▪ H.P. is endemic
▪ Shaking chills, fever, severe headachea nd swelling of the lymph
nodes; Eschar
▪ Weil Felix test, Complement fixation test, Indirect
immunofluorescence antibody (IFA).
▪ Doxycycline, Azithromycin
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9. Illustrations
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Breeding

10. Scrub Typhus Contd...Control Measures
 Case identification and treatment
 Public education
 Rodent control and habitat modification
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11. Viral Hepatitis A & E
▪ Due to poor sanitary condition and hygiene
▪ Withstands heating to 60 deg C for one hour, and is not affected by chlorine in doses usually
employed for chlorination
▪ Hepatitis E causes fulminant disease, High mortality in pregnancy
▪ Fever, Malaise, Abdominal discomfort, Anorexia, Nausea Vomiting, Dark urine, Clay stool, Jaundice
▪ Usually self-limiting, no specific treatment
▪ Hospitalization is required for fulminant cases and in symptomatic pregnant women
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12. Hepatitis A & E Contd...Prevention
 Hand washing
 Sanitary disposal of excreta
 Prevent contamination of water, food
 Water Purification
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13. Surveillance
 Epidemiological/entomological surveillance needs to be intensified; Reporting of fever/ fever
associated with Arthralgia/Arthritis diarrhoea/Jaundice cases is to be monitored closely
 Vector surveillance (both adult & aquatic stages of mosquitoes) should be intensified; will help in
identifying areas for initiating Cx measures & assess impact
 Medical/health institutions, professional associations, private practitioners, NGOs should be
involved for reporting & proper case Mx
▪ Emergency action Committee/Rapid Response Team
▪ Integrated Vector Control Strategy
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14. Integrated Vector Control
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15. Thank You....!!!
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