Running head Persuasive Essay Draft1 Persuasive Essay Draft2P.docx

Running head: Persuasive Essay Draft 1
Persuasive Essay Draft 2Persuasive Essay Draft
Calvin Booker
Rasmussen CollegeAuthor Note
This assignment is being submitted on November 29th, 2015 to
Jennifer Propp for
English Composition
Persuasive Essay Draft
I think there is a way to eliminate or should I say diminish
bullying and violence that stem from articles of clothing or
apparel. This is the reason I propose for all children, grades K-
12, to wear uniforms. There are plenty of reasons that this
proposal should be considered.
Some children do not have parents that are financially wealthy,
as a result of that; some parents cannot afford the really
expensive clothing that the other children are wearing. With
that being said, I have found a solution to these problems.
Uniforms would at least stop the appearance motive for
bullying, gang activity, and could potentially save the parents
some extra cash. Bullying is only one dilemma as to why school
uniforms should be mandatory in schools today.
In 2013, the average cost for back to school clothing (street
clothes) was $688.62, this year it is expected to be around
$634.78. Although street clothes seem to be on the decline, the
costs compared to uniforms are significantly higher in price.
The average cost for school uniforms should be around $249.00
in 2014, a huge savings in comparison. Uniforms could change
all of this and I have come up with a plan to get the ball rolling.
If all students wore neutral or natural colored uniforms (tan or
black khakis, white or black collared shirts, and only white
socks), no logos can be visible on any article of clothing, and
all undergarments should be white or black this would cut down
on a lot of the bullying, teasing, and gang activity. I understand
that this policy isn’t going to take all the problems away, but it

would cut some of the violence and non-sense down
tremendously.
Suicide from bullying is the 3rd leading cause of death among
young people, resulting in about 4,400 deaths per year. Also,
according to the National Center on Addiction and Substance
Abuse, 45% of high school students have gangs or gang
members on their campuses. I would not want my child being
wrongfully mistaken for a gang member. According to the
National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 45% of
high school students have gangs or gang members on their
campuses. Students who join gangs may change their style of
dress; adopt a nickname or abuse drugs and alcohol. “Gang-
related apparel” is hazardous to the health and safety of the
school environment. So adopting mandatory uniforms would
eliminate gang-related apparel all together and there would be
at least one less thing to worry about on that level.
Children have been seen getting picked on for not having the
flashy and trendy name brand clothing; this has been proven
that it could lead to suicide or suicide attempts. Suicide is the
3rd leading cause of death among young people, resulting in
about 4,400 deaths per year. A study in Britain found that at
least half of suicides among young people are related to
bullying.
I know that there will be some obstacles in the road when trying
to get this to stick or become an actuality. There have been
many obstacles in the past that has heated this very topic. David
Brunsma, the author of The School Uniform Movement and
What It Tells Us About American Education, has researched
whether school uniforms should be mandatory in schools or not.
Brunsma argues that a school uniform policy “should not be
touted as increasing the educational atmosphere at any level of
schooling.” (Education Update, Pg. 2)
Then you have another study that was done by Scott Imberman,
a Michigan State University professor. In his research, he found
that middle and high school students had a “modest
improvement in language test scores and attendance, mostly for

female students (Education Update, Pg. 2). So this really goes
without saying that there will be different opinions in every
parent, organization, and staff member. I think the children
should have a say so too, I know from personal experience that I
wanted to have uniforms in my old schools because there were
tons of children being bullied. Then you have the bullies with
all the jewelry and flashy clothing, teasing or picking on the
less fortunate students because they don’t have the same type of
clothing on. I know that making everyone wear uniforms
wouldn’t change everything, but I those cases, it would have
changed the situations that I have just explained.
This is a serious matter at hand and the victims are innocent
children that are trying to receive an education. I would like to
do as much in my power to give them the chance to get their
diploma without this particular distraction. All I can think of is
the children being battered because some of the parents aren’t
financially in a position to give them all of these super
expensive clothing. I think the world is forgetting the main
reason for school, its EDUCATION, not a fashion show. I have
found plenty of statistics, which I have shown above, that could
be very beneficial to not only the local schools around here, but
nationally or even globally, if uniforms were to become
mandatory for students to wear in schools. We are the only
people that can help bring this to light and ultimately stop it.
References:
Bullying and Suicide. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29, 2015,
from http://www.bullyingstatistics.org/content/bullying-and-
suicide.html
Statistics on Gangs in Schools. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29,
2015, from http://education.seattlepi.com/statistics-gangs-

schools-2199.html
Back-to-school shopping expectations drop. (n.d.). Retrieved
November 29, 2015, from
http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news/back-to-school-
shopping-expectations-drop-072613.html
School uniforms don't have to cost so much. (n.d.). Retrieved
November 29, 2015, from
http://greatergreatereducation.org/post/20261/school-uniforms-
dont-have-to-cost-so-much/
Sanchez, J. E., Yoxsimer, A., & Hill, G. C. (2012). Uniforms in
the Middle School: Student
Uniforms in the Middle School: Student Opinions, Discipline
Data, and School Police Data
Opinions, Discipline Data, and School Police Data. Journal Of
School Violence, 11(4), 345-356.
doi:10.1080/15388220.2012.706873
Are School Uniforms A Good Fit?
Health Services Organization and Management
HSA 500
The Future of Health Services
Williams, S. J., & Torrens, P. R. (2008). Introduction to Health
Services (7th ed.). New York: Cengage Delmar Learning.
*

Welcome to Health Services Organization and Management.
In this lesson we will discuss the future of health services.
Please go to the next slide.
ObjectivesUpon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
Explain the impact that policy, social and financial forces have
on health care access and quality of care in the United States
*
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
on health care access and quality of care in the United States.
Challenge of diseases and health disparities Morbidity and
Mortality Diseases Health disparities
Overall, United States mortality continues to decline as our
success in disease prevention and intervention mount. Although
the total mortality rate continues to drop and life expectancy
continues to increase, these macrotrends mask concerns
involving specific illnesses, diseases, injuries, and population
groups. Differential morbidity and mortality between men and
women, among different ethnic groups, in different age groups

within the population, by geographic region, and in other
important population comparisons highlight limited successes
for certain populations and the challenges that we face going
forward.
Certain disease categories present us with a sobering reality and
contrast sharply with the successes that we have achieved in
such areas as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.
Formidable challenges remain, including most types of cancers,
certain infectious diseases, particularly HIV/AIDS, and
influenza, accidents, injuries and violence, mental illness, and
emerging diseases. Recent epidemics and threats including
SARS, avian bird flu, hemorrhagic fevers, and a host of
endemic infectious diseases, which have long vanished from our
shores, such as diphtheria, malaria, and polio, and unknown and
undetermined threats lurk in the future.
Differences in access to health care and how individuals are
treated within the system are measurable through physical,
financial, and attitudinal indicators. Reducing health
disparities, particularly those that could potentially be
associated with poorer outcomes of care, should be a high
priority for the United States health care system currently and
in the future. Disparities truly affect all segments of our
nation’s population. There are few, if any segments in our
population that could not benefit from a more efficient system
that removes or minimalizes disparities of all types.
*
Paying for Health CareReforming health insurance Health
insurance and managed careUninsured

The evolution of health care in the United States typically
follows an incremental approach with modest short-term
changes and occasional dramatic realignments. Looking toward
the future, opportunities for a least incremental change and
improvement in health insurance plans and operations are
likely. In recent years it has been a shift from indemnity to
service insurance and the introduction and widespread adoption
of various forms of managed care. Further changes in national
entitlement programs, particularly Medicare and Medicaid, are
also probable, following on the heels of the implementation of
Medicare, Part D, the prescription drug benefit. Recently, the
development of mechanisms designed to entice consumers to be
more cost aware and discriminating when purchasing health care
services has grown dramatically.
Most private and voluntary health insurance in the United States
has permanently adopted the utilization of managed-care
mechanisms to structure, monitor and control most individuals’
health care systems. Further evolution of managed-care
mechanisms is likely to accrue as a result of the implementation
of more sophisticated information systems and monitoring
capabilities. The criteria for improved managed care systems
included the following: Liberal access to needed health
services; Cost-efficient care; Consumer and provider
satisfaction.
Individuals without any health insurance whatsoever are a
heterogeneous population in the United States, comprising a
range or situations including those chronically unemployed,
underemployed, employed without benefits, and people between
jobs; dependents without access to employer-sponsored health
insurance plans; individuals and families losing insurance
coverage due to divorce, death and other circumstances. The
number of uninsured in the United States was estimated at about
50 million people in 2007 including children.

*
Health servicesPublic Health services Ambulatory Care
services Hospital and Health Systems
Many public health challenges remain. Funding for public
health services represents only approximately 3 percent of the
United States national health care expenditures, a relatively
modest investment. New initiatives and expansion of existing
efforts are needed to address primary prevention, screening of
populations, protection of the environment, more rapid
interventions for heart attacks and strokes, better public
awareness and education programs, enhanced terrorism
preparedness and preparation, further protection of the food,
water, and milk supplies, and other tradition public health
priorities.
With the hospital’s inpatient role increasingly focusing on
tertiary and other complex services, and with improvements in
technology combined with cost and efficiency pressures in the
systems, ambulatory services will increasingly be relied upon as
the principal source of health care for the nation’s population.
Cost pressures in the ambulatory sector will continue to escalate
yielding an increasing emphasis on efficient management of
practices and careful use of resources, particularly for capital
investment and health care personnel.
The priorities for hospital and health systems include further
development and implementation of management information
systems incorporating computerized medical records that will

allow for comprehensive tracking of patients, utilization
patterns and fiscal flows as well as aid in quality assurance;
contractual reporting requirements; and other legal, regulatory,
managerial, and financial activities and requirements.
Continued formation of appropriate alliances, affiliations, and
networks for the improvement of the quality and efficiency of
care is also essential.
*
Health services, continuedFuture of Long-Term care
Mental Health services
Among the most significant challenges in the area of long-term
–care services are issues of financing and health care personnel.
From a financing and health care personnel. From a financial
perspective, among the key policy decisions to be faced in the
future is the role government in ping for long-term care
services. Identifying additional sources of revenue that can be
utilized for long-term care services is a very tough challenge for
our nation. Today’s reliance on a consumer’s own resources,
particularly for those in nursing homes through the spend down
provision, may still represent the most financially and
politically viable alternative for the future.
Over the past 30 years, the application of scientific and
biomedical knowledge to the mental health field and advances
in neuroscience and pharmacology has feed mental health
services from the shackles of misconceptions and
miscommunications. A scientific-based recognition of the

etiologies of mental illness, and the identification of biomedical
pathways for cures have brought mental health closer to the
medical, economic, and political mainstream.
*
Check Your Understanding
4.unknown
Health Care PersonnelTechnology Shortages in personnel
Leadership
The increasing sophistication and complexity of health care
technology demand ever-more highly trained and expensive
technical personnel. Increasing specialization and quality
enhancement pressures have induced institutions and
professional to enhance employee training, monitoring, and
staffing level.
Shortages of adequately trained personnel, particularly for
nursing, have already reached crisis proportions in many areas
of the nation. The need to train, attract, motivate, and retain
high performing health care professionals has been a constant
theme through the industry. Whether it be medical staff,
technicians, personnel, or support individuals, creating a

motivating workplace in the face of the challenges of patient
care and cost pressures is a constant issue for virtually all areas
of the health care industry.
The need to develop leadership among the nation’s physicians,
nurses, and other health care personnel should also be a high
national priority. Clinical and administrative leaders are
essential to ensuring the success of the health care system.
Excellent leaders have harnessed the power of information
systems, employee motivation, fiscal discipline, and patient
outreach.
*
Future of health careHealth care policy and politics
Quality of Care
The design and operation of the nation’s health care system is
interwined with the nation’s economic and political
environments. The political environment defines the broad
spectrum of government involvement in health care, raging from
financing to regulatory intervention. Ultimately, the future of
health policy and politics in the United States will be
determined by the political will of the people in combination
with economic, political, ethical, and practical forces.
Providers, consumers, and payers are increasingly demanding
not only improvements in the quality of care, but also
institutionalized safe guards to protect against adverse
consequences during the care process. Increasingly

sophisticated computerized information systems and other
technologies for assessing quality of care and for providing
protective interventions and feedback to those in the system are
slowly enhancing the quality of care that patients receive.
*
5.unknown
SummaryChallenge of diseases and health disparities Paying for
Health CareHealth servicesHealth Care Personnel Future of
health care
*
We have reached the end of this lesson. Let’s take a look at
what we have covered.
Discussed first was challenge of diseases and health disparities.
Overall, United States mortality continues to decline as our
success in disease prevention and intervention mount. Although
the total mortality rate continues to drop and life expectancy
continues to increase, these macrotrends mask concerns

involving specific illnesses, diseases, injuries, and population
groups. Differential morbidity and mortality between men and
women, among different ethnic groups, in different age groups
within the population, by geographic region, and in other
important population comparisons highlight limited successes
for certain populations and the challenges that we face going
forward. These differences highlight the health disparities that
still exist even though progress has been made with the
treatment and elimination of certain disease in the United
States.
Next we discussed the Paying for Health Care. Looking toward
the future, opportunities for a least incremental change and
improvement in health insurance plans and operations are
likely. In recent years it has been a shift from indemnity to
service insurance and the introduction and widespread adoption
of various forms of managed care. The number of uninsured in
the United States was estimated at about 50 million people in
2007 including children.
Next we discussed Health services. We discussed some of the
current and future challenges in public health, Ambulatory Care
services
Hospital and Health Systems, Future of Long-Term care and
Mental health services.
This followed by discussing Health Care Personnel. The
increasing sophistication and complexity of health care
technology demand ever-more highly trained and expensive
technical personnel. Increasing specialization and quality
enhancement pressures have induced institutions and
professional to enhance employee training, monitoring, and
staffing level. Shortages of adequately trained personnel,
particularly for nursing, have already reached crisis proportions
in many areas of the nation. The need to train, attract,

motivate, and retain high performing health care professionals
has been a constant theme through the industry. The need to
develop leadership among the nation’s physicians, nurses, and
other health care personnel should also be a high national
priority. Clinical and administrative leaders are essential to
ensuring the success of the health care system.
We concluded the lesson with examining Future of health care.
The design and operation of the nation’s health care system is
interwined with the nation’s economic and political
environments. The political environment defines the broad
spectrum of government involvement in health care, raging from
financing to regulatory intervention. Ultimately, the future of
health policy and politics in the United States will be
determined by the political will of the people in combination
with economic, political, ethical, and practical forces.
Providers, consumers, and payers are increasingly demanding
not only improvements in the quality of care, but also
institutionalized safe guards to protect against adverse
consequences during the care process.
This concludes this lesson.
Health Services Organization and Management
HSA 500
Ethical Issues in Public Health and Health Services
Williams, S. J., & Torrens, P. R. (2008). Introduction to Health
Services (7th ed.). New York: Cengage Delmar Learning.
*
Welcome to Health Services Organization and Management.

In this lesson we will discuss ethical issues in public health and
health services.
ObjectivesUpon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
on health care access and quality of care in the United States
*
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
on health care access and quality of care in the United States.
Public HealthProvision of care Equity in distribution of
resourcesRespect for human rights Role of law
Public health ethics evokes a number of dilemmas, many of
which may be resolved in several ways, depending on one’s
standards and values. Data and evidence are relevant to the
normative choices involved in public health ethics.
We argue for these assumptions of a public health
ethic:Provision of care on the basis of health need, without

regard to race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or ability to
pay;Equity in distribution of resources, giving due regard to
vulnerable groups in the population; andRespect for human
rights – including autonomy.
Central to the solution of ethical problems in health services is
the role of law, which sets forth the legislative, regulatory, and
judicial controls of society. The development of law in a
particular field narrows the discretion of providers in making
ethical judgments. At the same time, law sets guidelines for
determining policy on specific issues or in individual cases.
*
Ethical Issues in Developing ResourcesThe numbers and kinds
of personnel required and their distribution are critical to public
healthPrinciple of autonomyResearch is central to developing
public health resources
When we talk about developing resources, we mean health
personnel, facilities, drugs and equipment, and knowledge.
Choices among the kinds of personnel trained, the facilities
made available, and the commodities produced are not neutral.
Producing and acquiring each of these involve ethical
assumptions, and they in turn have public health consequences.
The numbers and kinds of personnel required and their
distribution are critical to public health.
The principle of autonomy urges that resource development be
diverse enough to permit consumers some choice of providers
and facilities.

Research is central to developing public health resources.
Equity mandates a fair distribution of research resources among
the various diseases that affect the public’s health because
research is costly, resources are limited, and choices have to be
made. Research needs both basic and applied orientation to
assure quality. There is a need for research on matters that have
been neglected in the past, as has been recognized in the field of
women’s health.
*
Ethical Issues in Developing Resources, continuedEthical
implications Biomedical researchConflict of interest with
scientistsPolicy makersProtecting public health and protecting
the rights of individual patients
Ethical implications involving privacy, informed consent, and
equity affect targeted research grants for AIDS, breast cancer,
and other special diseases.
Federal law in the United States governs conduct of biomedical
research involving human subjects. Ethical issues are handled
by ethics advisory boards, convened to advise the Department of
Health and Human Services on the ethics of biomedical or
behavioral research projects, and by institutional review boards
of research institutions seeking funding of research proposals.
An overarching problem is the conflict of interest of scientists
who are judging the effectiveness of treatments and drugs and,
at the same time, may be employed by or serving as consultants
to a pharmaceutical or biotechnology firm.

Correction of fraud in science and the rights of subjects are
important ethical considerations in developing knowledge.
Policy makers concerned with developing resources for health
care thus confront tensions between protecting public health and
protecting the rights of individual patients and providers. They
face issues concerning allocation of scarce resources and use of
expensive medical technology.
We trust that in resolving these issues their decisions are guided
by principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice as applied
to the health of populations.
*
3.unknown
Ethical Issues in Economic SupportPersonal autonomyFinancial
barriers existSocial Security and MedicareSociety has an
obligation to assure equitable access to health care for all its
citizens
Nowhere is the public health ethical perspective clearer than on

issues of economic support. Personal autonomy and respect for
privacy remain essential, as does beneficence. But a public
health orientation suggests that the welfare of society merits
close regard for justice.
From the public health perspective, financial barriers to
essential health care are inappropriate. Yet they exist to a
surprising degree.
Institutions such as Social Security and Medicare play a moral
role in a democracy. They were established to attain common
aims and are fair in that they follow agreed-upon rules.
Proposals to privatize them undermine these goals.
Social solidarity between the young and the elderly are critical.
As members of a society made up of overlapping communities,
our lives are intricately linked together.
In 1983, the President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical
problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research
made as its first and principal recommendation on ethics in
medicine that society has an obligation to assure equitable
access to health care for all its citizens.
*
Ethical Issues in Organization of ServicesThe principal ethical
imperative Services be organized and distributed in accordance
with health needs and the ability to benefitTo be fair and just, a
health system must minimize geographic inequity in distributing
care

The principal ethical imperative in organization of health
services is that services be organized and distributed in
accordance with health needs and the ability to benefit. The
problem with rationing on the basis of ability to pay is that it
encourages the opposite. The issues of geographic and cultural
access also illustrate this ethical principle.
To be fair and just, a health system must minimize geographic
inequity in distributing care. Rural areas are underserved, as
are inner cities.
The principles of autonomy and beneficence require health
services to be culturally relevant to the populations they are
designed to serve. This means that medical care professionals
need to be able to communicate in the language of those they
serve and to understand the cultural preferences of those for
whom they seek to provide care. The probability of success is
enhanced if needed health professionals are from the same
cultural background as those they serve. This suggests that
schools of medicine, nursing, dentistry, and public health
should intensify their efforts to reach out and extend
educational and training opportunities to qualified and
interested members of such populations. To carry out such
programs, however, these schools must have the economic
resources required to offer fellowships and teaching assistant
positions.
*
Ethical Issues in Management of Health ServicesAll activities
that involve ethical
choices:OrganizationStaffingBudgetingSupervisionConsultation

Procurement and LogisticsRecords and
reportingCoordinationEvaluationDistribution of scarce health
resources
Health administration has ethical consequences that may be
overlooked because they appear ethically neutral: organization,
staffing, budgeting, supervision, consultation, procurement,
logistics, records and reporting, coordination, and evaluation.
But all these activities involve ethical choices.
Distribution of scarce health resources is another subject of
debate. The principle of first come, first served may initially
seem equitable. But it also incorporates the “rule of rescue”
whereby a few lives are saved at great cost, and this policy
results in the “invisible” loss of many more lives. The cost-
benefit or cost-effectiveness analysis of health economics
attempts to apply hard data to administrative decisions.
*
Ethical Issues in Delivery of CareResource
allocationRationingOrgan transplantsMandatory donation
We will now discuss delivery of care. Resource allocation in a
time of cost containment inevitably involves rationing. At first
blush, rationing by ability to pay may appear natural, neutral,
and inevitable, but the ethical dimensions for delivery of care
may be overlooked. If ability to pay is recognized as a form of
rationing, the question of its justice is immediately apparent.
Rationing medical care is not always ethically dubious. In some

cases, too much medical care is counterproductive and may
produce more harm than good.
Rationing organ transplants, similarly, is a matter of significant
ethical debate because fewer organs are available for transplant
than needed for the 85,000 people on waiting lists.
One solution would be to make more organs available through
mandatory donation from fatal automobile accidents, without
explicit consent of individuals and families. Spain leads other
nations regarding organ donation.
*
Ethical Issues in Delivery of Care, continuedThe practice of
medicine and public health screeningProvide care for those
found to be affectedEthical principles of beneficence and social
justice
The practice of medicine and public health screening presents
serious ethical dilemmas. Screening for diseases for which
there is no treatment, except where such information can be
used to postpone onset or prevent widespread population
infection, is difficult to justify unless the information is
explicitly desired by the patient for personal reasons.
Public health providers need to be sure in advance that they can
offer the health services required to provide care for those
found to be affected. These are the ethical principles of

beneficence and social justice.
*
4.unknown
SummaryPublic Health Ethical issues in developing
resourcesEthical issues in economic supportEthical issues in
organization of servicesEthical issues in management of Health
ServicesEthical issues in delivery of care
*
We have reached the end of this lesson. Let’s take a look at
what we have covered.
Discussed first was public health and ethics. We argue for these
assumptions of a public health ethic:
Provision of care on the basis of health need, without regard to
race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or ability to pay;
Equity in distribution of resources, giving due regard to
vulnerable groups in the population; and
Respect for human rights – including autonomy.
Next we discussed Ethical Issues in Developing Resource. The

numbers and kinds of personnel required and their distribution
are critical to public health. The principle of autonomy urges
that resource development be diverse enough to permit
consumers some choice of providers and facilities. Research is
central to developing public health resources. Equity mandates
a fair distribution of research resources among the various
diseases that affect the public’s health because research is
costly, resources are limited, and choices have to be made.
Next we discussed Ethical Issues in Economic Support. From
the public health perspective, financial barriers to essential
health care are inappropriate. Yet they exist to a surprising
degree.
Next we discussed Ethical Issues in Organization of Services.
The principal ethical imperative in organization of health
services is that services be organized and distributed in
accordance with health needs and the ability to benefit. To be
fair and just, a health system must minimize geographic
inequity in distributing care. Rural areas are underserved, as
are inner cities.
Next we discussed Ethical Issues in in Management of Health
Services. Health administration has ethical consequences that
may be overlooked because they appear ethically neutral:
organization, staffing, budgeting, supervision, consultation,
procurement, logistics, records and reporting, coordination, and
evaluation. But all these activities involve ethical choices.
We concluded the lesson with examining Ethical Issues in
Delivery of Care. Public health providers need to be sure in
advance that they can offer the health services required to
provide care for those found to be affected. These are the
ethical principles of beneficence and social justice.
This concludes this lesson.

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