What Is Static Semantics

What Is Static Semantics
2.1.3 Semantics Semantics describe the behaviour that a computer follows when executing a program in the language. We could disclose this behaviour
by explaining the relationship between the input and output of a program or a step–by–step explanation of how a program will be implemented or
executed on a real or abstract machine. Use of Semantics For designing, implementation, and for better understanding. Program correctness Program
equivalence Compiler correctness Automatic generation of interpreter Semantics of programming languages is divided into two levels: Static
Semantics: In programming languages, static semantic is indirectly linked to the meaning of the program, during the time of execution. Static semantic
rules state the type of constraints. It is named because of the analysis, which required to check these specifications and can be fixed at the time of
compiling. One method of describing a static semantics is an attribute grammar which it is designed by Knuth in the year 1968a. Attribute grammar is a
formal approach of static semantics for checking and describing the correctness of semantic rules in a program. The main objective of the static
semantics is to detect programs that are syntactically correct, but it will give errors during the time of execution. Dynamic Semantics: In programming
languages, a semantic is used for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
String of a language is known as Sentences or Statements. Syntax rules of the language specifies the strings of characters from the language alphabet.
The example of a natural language has a large and complex collection of rules for specifying the syntax. While comparing with the programming
languages are syntactically very simple. The Formal descriptions of the syntax in programming languages are very simple to achieve and it does not
include descriptions of lowest–level syntactic units. These small units are known as
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Gnfgj
Perhaps the earliest device for working out sums was the abacus. This began as a clay tablet into which grooves were cut. Pebbles were then placed or
taken away from grooves to perform addition and subtraction. (Our word calculation comes from the Latin word calculus meaning 'pebble').
Because the pebbles were likely to become mislaid, they were later replaced by beads threaded on to wires and mounted in a frame. By moving the
beads backwards and forwards, addition, subtraction, division and multiplication could be done. In 1614 John Napier, an astronomer, invented a ready–
reckoned, known as Napier's bones, to help him make complex calculations accurately. From this was developed in 1621 the earliest form of the slide
rule.
The first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These circuits are mainly used for solving a wide variety of complex engineering problems, like investigation of stresses in aircraft, ships and large
engineering structures. They can also be used to simulate and set up models of complex installations and study the effect of various operational factors
on the complex installations.
They can for example, be used to simulate the behavior of an aircraft in response to the actions of crew members. Using analog computers, apparent
equipment failures or other emergencies can be introduced for proper training of the crew. The first automatic analog computer designed to solve
complex differential equations, was described in detail in 1876 by the English Scientist William Thomson.
Digital Computers: These are used in commerce and industry for extensive arithmetical calculations which would otherwise require enormous clerical
effort. Such computers carry out mathematical operations with the variables expressed in the computer as numbers, usually in the binary system (given
below).
These numbers are recorded in the computer electronically, as a series of temporary magnets, each magnetized in one of the two possible directions.
The two magnetization direction corresponds two numbers of the binary system.
The first electronic digital computer, known as the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer or NIIAC was developed at the University of
Pennsylvania in 1947 by

Relationship Between Mathematics And Logic With Boolean Logic
Almost everyone at some point their life has used a computer. Most people haven 't thought about how they work or operate. Those who have, often
enter the field of software development. The relatively new field of software development has many advantages and opportunities, including good pay,
and good opportunities to advance in this wide open and quickly growing job field.
Programing has been around much longer than most people think. Some experts consider the earliest programing was completed in France as early as
1804 by Joseph Marie Jacquard. He used punch cards for a loom that predefined tasks for the machine.("1. Introduction to Software History."
Introduction to Software History. Web 7). Several years later, Charles Boole, a British mathematician proved the relationship between mathematics and
logic with BOOLEAN logic (binary) in 1847. (4) The only characters in BOOLEAN logic are 0 meaning false, and 1 meaning true. Although it will be
nearly 100 years before BOOLEAN logic will be used in computers, it was still a huge breakthrough. (11) Some advancements in software were
reinvented, due to the work not becoming public or prohibited from becoming public.(6) Much like hardware, software was developed in large
distinguishable steps. (6) The first computer programs had one purpose, and the hardware must be changed to run a different program. At first this is
how computers were developed. This all changed when John Von Neumann, working at the Institute for Advanced

The Programming Of Programming Language Generations
Question (P1.1)
1) What is a programming language generations?
The programming language generation is divided in 5 parts:
1 Generation programme language is Machine Language (or Binary)
According to (Net industry, 2015) "First Generation is the lowest level of a computer language." Computers were programmed by scientists using front
control panels equipped with toggle switches in 1940s to 1950s.
In First–generation programming language computer (was and still) converting information given by a programmer into a binary numbers which is a
combinations of 0s and 1s as there was no translator used to compile or assemble the information given. The advantage of programming is that, the
code could run very and efficiently precise as the information are executed directly by the CPU.
The disadvantages in low level languages is when an error occurs the code was not easy to fix. It could take a week to change and run the program.
Everything a programmer type on the computer the CPU convert them to a machine language which is a combination of 0s and 1s.
Understanding how computers process information given into a binary number in order to understand is not easy. An example been given bellow.
+
2 Generation programme languages is Assembly Languages

C Language
The C programming language (often, just "C") is a general–purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in the early
1970s by Dennis Ritchie for use on the Unix operating system. It has since spread to many other operating systems, and is now one of the most widely
used programming languages. C also has had a great influence on many other popular languages,[1] especially [[C++]] which was originally designed
as an enhancement to C. It is the most commonly used programming language for writing system software,[2][3] though it is also widely used for
writing applications. Though not originally designed as a language for teaching, and despite its somewhat unforgiving character, C is commonly used in
computer science ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The relatively low–level nature of the language affords the programmer close control over what the program is doing, while allowing solutions that can
be specially tailored and aggressively optimized for a particular platform. This allows the code to run efficiently on very limited hardware, such as
mass–produced consumer embedded systems, which today are as capable as the general–purpose machines originally used to implement C.
A number of the above missing features are available

Software Reuse Essay
Technological Institute of the Philippines Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City Software Reuse In partial fulfillment for the subject CTI003 Current
Trends and Issues in IT Submitted to: Mr. Junell Avestro Submitted by: Lizbert Niño Igagamao IT21FB/BS–IT Date submitted October 9, 2012
Abstract Effective reuse of software products is reportedly increasing productivity, saving time, and reducing cost of software development.
Historically, software reuse focused on repackaging and reapplying of code modules, data structures or entire applications in the new software projects
(Prieto–Diaz 1994). Recently, however, it has been acknowledgedas beneficial to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
specifications of functions and their collections; domain knowledge , i.e. scientific laws, models of knowledge domains; knowledge of development
process , in a form of life–cycle models; environment–level information, e.g. experiential data or users feedback; artefact transformation during
development process (Basili 1990); etc. A controlled collection of reuse artefacts constitutes a reuse library. Such libraries must contain not only
reusable components but are also expected to provide certain types of services to their users (Wegner 1989), e.g. storage, searching, inspecting and
retrieval of artefacts from different application domains, and of varying granularity and abstraction, loading, linking and invoking of stored artefacts,
specifying artefact relationships, etc. The major problems in the utilisation of such reuse libraries are in determining appropriate artefact classification
schemes and in the selection of methods to effectively and efficiently search the library. To bypass the problems with reuse libraries, the use of
specialised domain–specific languages was proposed as an alternative. Such languages use strict syntax and semantics defined in terms of an
application domain and its reusable artefacts. While

Comparing Fate Of The Poseidonia, The Conquest Of Gola, And
The short stories "The Fate of the Poseidonia," The Star Stealers," "The Conquest of Gola," and "A Martian Odyssey" are all centered on themes of
space exploration and material desires. While the first two stories capture alien creatures' quest to heist Earth's resources, such as water and sunlight, the
latter two stories depict human interests in seizing aliens' property like land and healing crystals. Although some depictions of human–alien relations
represent the groups' ability to establish friendship and acquaintance, these relations are largely rendered hostile due to the greed harbored by one group
to the other's belongings. In "The Fate of the Poseidonia," Margaret views Mr. Martell, a Martian, as an "interesting character" and refuses

A Book Call The Mythical Man Month
Man Month which represents the production effort a single persons in a 4 week period. This is also known as labor month. To figure out the total hour
of a man–month is done this way. A man day usually runs 8 hours a day for five days a week which equals forty hours a week (8 hours a day * 5 days a
week = 40 hours a week). In a normal mouth you will have for weeks within that month, so we take the forty hours a week and multiply that by four
which will gives us one hundred and sixty hours a month (40 hours a week * 4 = 160 hours a month) . Brooks 's law says that the possibility of
measuring useful work in man–months is a myth, and is hence the centerpiece of the book. In 1975 Fred Brooks wrote a book call The Mythical Man–
Month. This book ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will have to be reputable with a set of multipart interrelationships between tasks and the workers that will be performing them. Consequently, a
project already running behind its schedule will cause it to become an even later project by assigning more programmers to. Why? Simple, to get new
programmers up to par on the project will take time. They will have to increase the communication overhead will consume an increasing amount of the
calendar time that is available. As in increases, the communication between people among themselves and their output decreases, the project will
become delayed further with ever person that is added. According to Brooks himself, the law is an "outrageous oversimplification" but it internments
the general rule. There are two points that Brooks takes into factor and explain why it works this way: When people are added to a project, it takes time
before the project become productive. In his book, The Mythical Man–Month, calls this the ramp up time. Engineering events in software projects are
sometime complex that the new workers must become educated on the project work that was preceded before they began work. This normally requires
diverting resources that are already busy within the project to educate the late comers, putting a temporary halt to their productivity in order to work
with new workers who are not contributing expressively yet. Every worker that join the team need to also integrate with

Compare Reduced Instruction Set Computer (CISC And Cisc
Compare and contrast reduced instruction set computer (RISC) with the complex Instruction set computer(CISC) [20]
Definitions:
(CISC) The term "CISC" (Complex Instruction Set Computer or Computing) refers to computers designed with a full set of computer instructions that
were intended to provide needed capabilities in the most efficient way. Later, it was discovered that, by reducing the full set to only the most frequently
used instructions, the computer would get more work done in a shorter amount of time for most applications. Since this was called reduced instruction
set computing (RISC), there was now a need to have something to call full–set instruction computers – thus, the term CISC.
These complex instruction set computer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since each instruction type that a computer must perform requires additional transistors and circuitry, a larger list or set of computer instructions tends
to make the microprocessor more complicated and slower in operation.
Most RISC designs use uniform instruction length for almost all instructions, and employ strictly separate load/store–instructions.
Throughout the years various suggestions have been made regarding a precise definition of RISC, but the general concept is that of a system that uses a
really small, highly optimized set of instructions, rather than a more versatile set of instructions often found in other types of architectures like C.I.S.C,
another common trait is that RISC systems use the load/store architecture, which is where memory is normally accessed only through certain specific
instructions, rather than accessed as part of other instructions like

Programming
Programming Programming Logic and Design, 6th Edition Chapter 3 Exercises 1. In Figure 3–10 the process of buying and planting flowers in the
spring was shown using the same structures as the generic example in Figure 3–9. Describe some other process with which you are familiar using
exactly the same logic. Answer: Student answers will vary widely. They should come up with processes that fit the generic logic shown in Figure 3–9.
Some examples could include: making a dentist appointment or registering for a class. Pseudocode for each follows. if it's time for your annual teeth
cleaning call the dentist for an appointment tomorrow while the day and time you want isn't available if another time the same day is ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
a two–inch by one–inch rectangle Pseudocode: start lower the pen to a piece of paper move one inch along a straight line move one inch along a
straight line turn 90 degrees to the right move one inch along a straight line turn 90 degrees to the right move one inch along a straight line move one
inch along a straight line turn 90 degrees to the right move one inch along a straight line raise the pen from the paper stop or start do A do C do C do D
do C do D do C do C do D do C do B stop Flowchart: [pic] c. a string of three beads Pseudocode: start lower the pen to a piece of paper draw a circle
that is one–inch in

Erp Sap Research Paper
PRENTICE HALL MA NAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS TITLES MIS: Brown/DeHayes/Hoffer /Martin/Perkins, Managing Information
Technology 6/e © 2009 JessuplValacich, Information Systems Today 31e © 2008 Kr oenke, Using MIS 21e © 2009 Kr oenke, Experiencing MIS ©
2008 Laudon/Laudon, Management Information Systems 10le © 2007 Laudon/Laudon, Essentials of Management Information Systems 81e © 2009
Luftman et aI., Managing the IT Resource © 2004 Malaga, Information Systems Technology © 2005 McKeen/Smith, IT Strategy in Action © 2009
McLeod/Schell, Management Information Systems 10le © 2007 McNurlin/Spr ague, Information Systems Management In Practice 7Ie © 2006 Miller,
MIS Cases: Decision Making with Application Software 41e © 2009 Senn, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have helped lne understand and appreciate the often–complex concepts and render them in tenns that are fa1niliar and related to their everyday
lives. The book is also dedicated to the l1wny friends and colleagues with whom I have interacted over the past 20 years. In addition, I dedicate this
book to my wife Rashida, our caring parents and our kids. Taher and Naqiya who encouraged and supported me while writing this book. Finally, I
dedicate this book to the mel1wry of my fathel; Fazle, who recently passed away! Luvai Motiwalla I would like to dedicate this book to lny wife, Deb,
and our two children, Trevor and Taylol: They are m.y inspiration and m.otivation. They keep me balanced and centered on what is important in life.
And to my mom and dad, for providing a solid base on which to grow and learn. Jef Th ompson f ." 1:1; 'II" ')f" 'f '" PREFACE xi xvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER
CHAPTER CHAPTER INDEX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Introduction to Enterprise Systems for Management Systems Integration 1 35 58 Enterprise Systems
ArchitectUl 'e Development Life Cycle Implementation Strategies 85 112 136 156 189 211 Software and

History of C Essay
History of: Origins and Examples
Essay written by DaMonMayers
Origins of C
What are C and OOP?
C is an advanced, high–level programming language ("Computer languages") that is used to develop powerful applications for Microsoft® Windows®,
many Linux environments, and other well–known and widely used operating systems. C is quickly becoming the standard language for commercial
software development (Oualline).
OOP, an abbreviation for object–oriented programming is simply code that "attempts to place a new layer of abstraction between the programmer and
the data he is working with ... this layer will help the programmer develop better code more quickly than he could do before." (McHale). OOP
languages must include four ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first implementation arose in 1958 and quickly became the standard for expressing algorithms. Algol was most widely used in the academic
community, which thusly led to its widespread usage.
P: begin integer h, i; real array A[1:5], B[1:5, 1:2]; for i := 1 step 1 until 5 do
A[I] := 6 – i; h := 1
Loop: if h *= 5 then begin B[h,1] := 1;
B[h,2] := 5 + 3 * (h – A[h]); h := h + 1; go to Loop end end P
(Parsons)
The similarity between such modern languages as Pascal and Modula–2 and Algol proves it influential to the programming community, even today.
Algol also introduced the concept of "free–format," a concept that allows programmers to arrange the code any way they want (assuming the syntax is
correct) (Parsons). This concept proves itself useful today in making source code easier to read and eliminating the problem of "spaghetti code" (code
written in an unreadable fashion, or strung together as spaghetti is).
Simula67
Simula67 was developed by the Norwegian armed forces (Kristen Nygaard and Ole–Johan Dahl at the Norwegian Computer Center) and was the first
of its kind to use classes (as class is defined by "a program unit containing both data and associated functions") (Overland, 3). Its development was
initiated between 1961 and 1967. SIMULA I, appearing first in 1964, was designed as a system

The Origins Of Computer Science
The origins of computers date back to the mid 1900s. During the creation, the binary code of zeros and ones was formulated as a basic foundation of
what computers can run off of. This code was used to communicate to a computer and manipulate it to assess whatever tasks need to be dealt with. As
more of these problems arose, the communication between computers and humans became more complicated. Computers began growing more in fame
and need. Computer engineers were faced with a problem as to how to make the connection between man and machine less complicated, thus computer
languages were formed. They created a higher level language system, one that was much easier for programmers to work with compared to the binary
code . Through the years, these languages developed with the complexity of computers themselves. The world was beginning to see just how important
computers were for everyday life, and the need for the people who work with them were equally as needed. To justify the argument of the computer
science field increasing, we must first talk about the origin of computer science itself. Before the 1840's, no one was thinking about programming or
rather the concept of, "a program as a series of instructions controlling the operation of a general–purpose computer" (Haigh). However, according to
Where Code Comes From: Architectures of Automatic Control from Babbage to Algol by Thomas Haigh and Mark Priestley, Charles Babbage was the
first to really tackle this 'programming'

Competency Based Learning Materials
COMPETENCY–BASED LEARNING MATERIAL |Sector : INFORMATION AND | |COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY | |Qualification Title :
PROGRAMMING | |UNIT OF COMPETENCY : APPLY PROGRAM | |DEVELOPMENT APPROACH | |MODULE TITLE : ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
NOMINAL DURATION: SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES Learning Outcome 1: Determine and select appropriate program development
approach Assessment Criteria: 1. Determined program activities according to job requirements. 2. Selected appropriate development approach. 3.
Created initial plan to guide the program development process. Learning Outcome 2: Apply the selected development approach. Assessment Criteria: 1.
Used documentation tools for programming development. 2. Defined and used program structure organizations and proper naming conventions. 2.3
Identified, monitored and checked resources for programming activities. 2.4 Reviewed and documented opportunities for improvement, lessons and
recommendations for future projects. 5. Submitted the program deliverables to appropriate person for approval. LEARNING OUTCOME SUMMARY
|LEARNING OUTCOME #1 |Determine and select appropriate program development approach. |

The Silent German Film Algol: Tragedy Of Power
The following essay serves at part 3 of my series on the history of science fiction films. Please take a moment to check out part 1 and part 2 if you
haven't done so already.
I've also made a video version of those articles, which you can watch here and here.
In the 1920s, science fiction movies began to be a bit more common. In 1920, there were two.
One was a German film titled Algol: Tragedy of Power. It was directed by Hans Werckmeister and starred Emil Jannings, who later became to the first
person to receive an Academy Award.
The plot centers around an alien that gives a coal miner a machine that could allow him to rule the world. Algol features sets by Walter Reimann, who
was a designer on the famous German horror film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari.
Algol was thought to be lost for many years until ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It currently has a stellar 99% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes as well as an 8.3 out of 10 user rating on IMDB.
Moving on, in 1928 we have yet another version of the Alraune legend. The silent German film was directed by Henrik Galeen and featured Brigitte
Helm, who starred in Metropolis.
The morbid plot involves a prostitute being inseminated with the semen of a hanged man. A plot point unique to this version is that the prostitute kills
all men who fall in love with her.
This one is generally considered better than the earlier versions of the myth.
In the final year of the decade, there were three notable sci–fi flicks released. The first I'll mention is an American film called The Mysterious Island. It
was produced by MGM and directed by Lucien Hubbard, who won one of the first Academy Awards for producing the 1927 film Wings.
The movie was based on a novel of the same name by Jules Verne, who also wrote Around the World in Eighty Days, and Twenty Thousand Leagues
Under the

Key Features Of The Pseudo Code
Pseudo Code is a concept that allows programmer to define certain logic in terms of plain simple steps, which can act as a solution to the problem.
Pseudo Code is important because it helps the programmer to define the logic before implementing the actual program. This can be extremely important
when a programmer is trying to solve a very complex program. In such cases, the programmer can understand the problem and define all the possible
solutions steps in completeness and also get it verified without the corresponding output defined. It helps programmer to save significant time and cost
while implementing the actual program.
Since, the Pseudo Code is defined in a natural language it can easily be understood by other programmers as well. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is different from Object–Oriented Languages, which operates on both Data and Code.
Procedural language executes instructions in a sequential manner. The above figure 1.2.1 shows the high level view of a procedural language
Key features of Procedural Programming
Procedural Programming is made of a few key features, which are given below:
Pre–defined functions: Functions that are frequently needed are defined as a part of the programming language itself so that the programmer can easily
use these functions for most common functionality, which is also very repetitive.
For Example:
A function like "System.out.println" can be used to output the content on the command prompt or as an output of the function.
Global variables: Global variables are variables that are defined at the beginning of the program and can be accessed through the execution of the entire
program. The Global variable is usually defined as a static variable.
Local variables: Local variables are variables that can only be accessed within the certain section of the code like a function or method and not
available during the complete execution of the program. In certain cases if the local variable is redeemed with the same name as a global variable then
the local variable will take precedence in the corresponding

Syntax And Syntax
The task of providing a simple description of a programming language is very difficult but it is essential to the language's success.
ALGOL 60 and 68 was initially represented using compact formal descriptions; in both scenarios, however, the description was not clear because they
utilized a completely new notation. Hence, both these languages were not accepted by the developer community. Similarly, few languages have faced
some issues due to different dialects, a result of simple but informal and imprecise description.
The study of programming languages is similar to natural languages. It can be classified into Syntax refers to the spelling and grammar of a
programming language. The syntax of a programming language is the combination ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Syntax rules of a programming language defines the spelling and grammar. In syntax, each and every language has its own rules.
Computers are very inflexible and understand what you write only if you state what you want in exact syntax that the computer expects and
understands.
Importance of semantics
Semantics is referred to the meaning of words and sentences.
Mostly semantics studies the understanding of each word and creates the sentences in the form of text written.
Semantics offers a framework for easy understanding and analyses the fundamental requirement of languages.
Syntax
Syntax refers in different way of symbols that combined to create well–formed sentences in the language. It defines the formal relations between the
components of a programming language. So, it provides a structural description of the various expressions which makes strings in the language.
Syntax Composition
Tokens: A token consists of a token name and an optional attribute value. Different types of Tokens are namely, keywords, identifiers, constants, and
operator symbols. The syntax of token is token_name, value

The Perseus Constellation: The Milky Way
Perseus Constellation The Perseus constellation is a constellation that appears in the northern hemisphere and is named after the Greek mythological
hero "Perseus." The constellation can be seen during fall and early winter (August to March). The constellation can also be seen from mid–spring to
early summer in the southern hemisphere. The three spiral arms of the Milky Way can be seen behind Perseus (stardate.org). The Perseus constellation
was first taken note of by Ptolemy in the 2nd century. Perseus was a Greek hero who was a son of Zeus. After Perseus' birth, he was locked in a chest
with his mother and cast out to sea. This was because an oracle told his grandfather, Acrisius, that he would die by the hands of his grandson. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This galaxy is home to supernova SN 2006gy, which was a supernova that was spotted in 2006. This supernova was the second brightest object in the
observable universe (constellation–guide.com). There is a cluster of galaxies in the Perseus constellation called the "Perseus Cluster." This cluster is
home to thousands of galaxies and one the most massive objects known in the universe. This cluster of galaxies is moving away from us at the rate of
5366 kilometers a second. At the moment, it's about 240.05 million light years away (constellation–guide.com) . Another interesting celestial object in
the constellation is NGC 1275, which is a type 1.5 Seyfert galaxy. This galaxy is located in the heart of the Perseus Cluster mentioned earlier. This
galaxy gives off powerful radio emissions and x–rays. It is believed that there is a supermassive black hole in the center of this galaxy. NGC 1275 is a
dominate galaxy in the Cluster and spans more than 100,000 light years. The galaxy has a delicate network of filaments that should have been
destroyed by collisions with smaller galaxies, but strangely haven't been. It is believed that these filaments are held together by very strong magnetic
fields

Languages, Grammars and Automata Theory
Languages, Grammars, and Automata Theory
Discrete Mathematics
Linda Chalk
Colorado Technical University
Professor Timothy Manzke
December 17, 2010
Languages, grammars and automata theory are all related to computer applications. Grammar is the rule for language structure regardless of the
meaning. For computer programming languages context free grammar (CFG) is commonly used. Formal language as opposed to natural language must
be used with computer applications because natural language is too vague for computer applications. Automata is a way to test an expression to
determine if it is part of the language (Pfeifer, 2005).
A deterministic finite automata (DFA) is a machine that is the most simple to understand which will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sort will start at the beginning and check 4 and 3 because 4 is greater than 3 they swap {3, 4, 5, 2, 1} and it starts again. 3 is less than 4, continue, 4
is less than 5, continue, 5 is greater than 2, swap, {3, 4, 2, 5, 1}. 3 is less than 4, continue, 4 is greater than 2, swap {3, 2, 4, 5, 1}. 3 is greater than 2,
swap {2, 3, 4, 5, 1}. 2 is less than 3, 3 is less than 4, 4 is less than 5, 5 is greater than 1, swap {2, 3, 4, 1, 5}. 2 is less than 3, 3 is less than 4, 4 is greater
than 1, swap {2, 3, 1, 4, 5}. 2 is less than 3, 3 is greater than 1, swap {2, 1, 3, 4, 5}. 2 is greater than 1, swap {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. 1 is less than 2, 2 is less
than 3, 3 is less than 4, 4 is less than 5, no more data to sort final result {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. The runtime on bubble sort is O(N2) which is a slow runtime
because of all the passes the sort has to take.
References bubble sort. (n.d.). Retrieved December 19, 2010, from Your Dictionary.com: http://computer.yourdictionary.com/bubble–sort
Garshol, L. M. (2007, September 12). BNF and EBNF: What are they and how do they work?
Retrieved December 19, 2010, from svn2.assembla.com: http://svn2.assembla.com/svn/PinballMotorGrafico/Facultad/7542%20–
%20Taller%20de%20programaci%C3%B3n%20I/TP1/BNF%20and%20EBNF%20%20What%20are%20they%20and%20how%20do%20they%20work
LaValle, S. M. (2006). Planning Algorithms. Retrieved December 19, 2010, from Nondeterministic Finite

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Programming Language
I . Abstract
Programming Languages are important part of some peoples' life, but not all of programming languages are needed to learn. In these days,
programming languages very popular in the world, but still have their specializations, and each language has its own advantages and disadvantages. We
can discuss comparison of programming languages in this project.
II . Introduction
Language programming language evolved to communicate design diet tips machines, in particular computer. Programming languages may be used to
create programs for controlling the behavior of the machine or to express algorithms. Over thousands of different programming languages in the field of
information and more are created every year has been established, in particular. Vocabulary and grammar proposal to instruct the computer to perform
certain tasks. Firstly, we have to know what is programming language? The term usually refers to programming languages, such as high BASIC, C, C
++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Ada and Pascal. Every language has a unique set of keywords (words that are used) and a special syntax for organizing the
program instructions. Some languages are defined in the specification (e.g., the C programming language defined ISO), while other languages (such as
Perl) dominant application is considered as a reference. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Any other type of CPU has its own machine language.
Programming Language, to make the required calculations, to store the data obtained and input / output devices to send data to / receive is the language
used to make such transactions. A specific syntax of the programming languages as in natural language (syntax) is. Programming languages not only
with applications that run on computers, electronic devices with applications running on other processors and memory is

The Invention of Computer and Its Significance in Human...
The Invention of Computer and its Significance in Human History
Abstract: In human history, there are lots of great inventions which made great effects to our life; we can even say, they dominated the development of
human culture. This paper would say something about an effective invention which is fast developing and have the greatest influence on human
society–computer and its history and significance. The writer believes, before people see computer as a convenient and useful tool even can't leave it,
it's necessary to review its history of development and knowing its significance would make a good effect to the development in the future.
Key words: Computer; Development; IBM
Webster's Dictionary defines "computer" as any programmable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hopper would revise this concept over the next twenty years and her ideas would become an integral part of all modern computers. CBS uses one of the
46 UNIVAC computers produced to predict the outcome of the 1952 Presidential Election. They do not air the prediction for 3 hours because they do
not trust the machine.
IBM introduces the 701 the following year. It is the first commercially successful computer. In 1956 FORTRAN is introduced(proposed 1954, it takes
nearly 3 years to develop the compiler). Two additional languages, LISP and COBOL, are added in 1957 and 1958. Other early languages include
ALGOL and BASIC. Although never widely used, ALGOL is the basis for many of today's languages.
With the introduction of Control Data's CDC1604 in 1958, the first transistor powered computer, a new age dawns. Brilliant scientist Seymour Cray
heads the development team. This year integrated circuits are introduced by two men, Jack Kilby and John Noyce, working independently. The second
network is developed at MIT. Over the next three years computers begin affecting the day–to–day lives of most Americans. The addition of MICR
characters at the bottom of checks is common.
In 1961 Fairchild Semiconductor introduces the integrated circuit. Within ten years all computers use these instead of the transistor. Formally building
sized computers are now room–sized, and are considerably more

Software Engineering Notes
First Edition, 2009
ISBN 978 81 907188 8 2
© All rights reserved.
Published by: Global Media 1819, Bhagirath Palace, Chandni Chowk, Delhi–110 006 Email: globalmedia@dkpd.com
Table of Contents
1. Introduction 2. Chapter1 – History of software engineering & software Engineering as a Profession 3. Chapter2 – Software design & Modeling
languages for software design 4. Chapter3 – Software development & Software Testing 5. Chapter4 – Software development process, Computer–aided
Software engineering Software quality
Introduction Software engineering
The new Airbus A380 uses a substantial amount of software to create a "paperless" cockpit. Software engineering successfully maps and plans the
millions of lines of code ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...

Cost of hardware: The relative cost of software versus hardware has changed substantially over the last 50 years. When mainframes were expensive and
required large support staffs, the few organizations buying them also had the resources to fund large, expensive custom software engineering projects.
Computers are now much more numerous and much more powerful, which has several effects on software. The larger market can support large projects
to create commercial off the shelf software, as done by companies such as Microsoft. The cheap machines allow each programmer to have a terminal
capable of fairly rapid compilation. The programs in question can use techniques such as garbage collection, which make them easier and faster for the
programmer to write. On the other hand, many fewer organizations are interested in employing programmers for large custom software projects, instead
using commercial off the shelf software as much as possible.
The Pioneering Era
The most important development was that new computers were coming out almost every year or two, rendering existing ones obsolete. Software people
had to rewrite all their programs to run on these new machines. Programmers did not have computers on their desks and had to go to the "machine
room". Jobs were run by signing up for machine time or by operational staff. Jobs were run by putting punched cards for input into the machine 's card
reader and waiting for results to come back on the

Assembly Language
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
An assembly language is a low–level programming language for a computer, microcontroller, or other programmable device, in which each statement
corresponds to a single machine code instruction. Each assembly language is specific to a particular computer architecture, in contrast to most high–
level programming languages, which are generally portable across multiple systems.
Assembly language is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler; the conversion process is referred to as
assembly, or assembling the code.
Assembly language uses a mnemonic to represent each low–level machine operation or opcode. Some opcodes require one or more operands as part of
the instruction, and most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The popular arcade game NBA Jam (1993) is another example. Assembly language has long been the primary development language for many popular
home computers of the 1980s and 1990s (such as the Sinclair ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Commodore Amiga, and Atari ST). This was in large part
because BASIC dialects on these systems offered insufficient execution speed, as well as insufficient facilities to take full advantage of the available
hardware on these systems. Some systems, most notably the Amiga, even have IDEs with highly advanced debugging and macro facilities, such as the
freeware ASM–One assembler, comparable to that of Microsoft Visual Studio facilities (ASM–One predates Microsoft Visual Studio).
The Assembler for the VIC–20 was written by Don French and published by French Silk. At 1,639 bytes in length, its author believes it is the smallest
symbolic assembler ever written. The assembler supported the usual symbolic addressing and the definition of character strings or hex strings. It also
allowed address expressions which could be combined with addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logical AND, logical OR, and exponentiation
operators.
COMPILER
A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into
another computer language (the target language, often having a binary form known as object code). The most common reason for wanting

Programming Languages Research Paper
Programming languages are our way to speak to computers. From Lisp to Go to Java, programmers have had more flexibility and productivity with
high–level programming languages. Programming languages have changed and evolved throughout the history of computer science. Programmers have
learned to adapt to programming languages, such as assembly language, however more programming languages are being created that give users more
control. The future of programming languages will continue to contribute to the growth of computer science and understanding of computation.
The history of programming languages includes several influential figures in computer science. The first programming language goes back to the
invention of the difference engine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead, there should be a set of instructions to control the simplified hardware that would improve the speed of the system. The second concept is
"conditional control transfer" which means that small blocks of code can be reused and jumped to in different orders. It gave rise to the if/then
statements and for loops we use in everyday programming today. In addition, libraries were formed which are blocks of code that can be reused over
and over again. Both of these concepts gave rise to the modern day Von Neumann programming languages, which include C, C++ and Java.
At this time, still in 1945, German engineer Konrad Zuse designed the first high–level non–Von Neumann programming language Plankakul (Calculus
of Programs). This was unique in history as it was developed at the same time John Von Neumann came out with his two concepts, but it used his own
constructs and logic. The Plankakul language was not a huge success at the time, but it showed us many of the same modern day features of a
programming language. For example, the features of the language was that it is a high level programming language, has reusable functions, uses no
recursion, is a typed language, and there is a WHILE construct for iteration. The language was developed independently of Von Neumann's ideas, but it
still came up with similar concepts and influenced modern programming languages.
The breakthrough in designing a

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