The Tsunami Of The Earthquake

The Tsunami Of The Earthquake
The Tsunami March 11, 2011 was a day that impacted many lives. Little did anyone know that thirty
seven miles off the east coast of Japan a disaster was brewing. Tension on the Circum– Pacific Belt
was released. When this tension released the Pacific Plate was thrusted 5– 8 meters above its
previous location(book). This thrust upward displaces water, which will cause a tsunami. A tsunami
is large ocean wave that are set in motion be a major undersea earthquake(book). The upward
movement of the Pacific tectonic was the earthquake. Japan is located on the Circum–Pacific Belt.
This is the edge of the Pacific Plate that encompasses many coastal regions, and holds many areas of
a lot of tectonic plate movement(Book). The Earthquake that caused the tsunami in Japan was a
level 9 magnitude. Earthquakes of magnitudes of 8 or great would have to be a tension snap that
occurs along a segment that is around 600 miles in length(Book).This is an extraordinary length.
This is about the distance from Dayton Ohio to New York, New York. Can you Imagine a piece of
land that massive shifting upwards as much as the Pacific Plate did? The tsunami in Japan was a
wave of about 40 meters high. Since the earthquake happened 37 miles off of the coast of
Japan(Book), there was plenty of time for the wall of water to build. When the earthquake occurred
there was a retreat of all of the water on the coast. It appeared that the water had been sucked away,
but in reality it hadn't, it was gathering
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident Occurred
Introduction The Chernobyl nuclear accident occurred on April 26, 1986 in the Ukrainian SSR,
which was still under the jurisdiction of the Soviet Union at that time. Now, this place pertains to
Ukraine, which is an independent country in Eastern Europe. This technological disaster created
many health–related problems and affected economically the Eastern European population in the
following years after the accident. On Saturday, April 26, one of the reactors at the Chernobyl
nuclear plant became very unstable as a routine shutdown was taking place. This was not the first
time when reactor number four was shut down. There was a previous time when the turbine of the
reactor was not functioning as fast due to the voltage regulators. The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Reactors one, two and three were shut off gradually after being cleaned up. The last functioning
reactor was shut down in the year 2000 for decontamination. Shutting down this power plant will
require many years to pass and the use of many resources. Economic Impacts of Chernobyl's
Accident Chernobyl nuclear accident had higher costs than anyone could have ever imagined before
this disaster took place. Those costs were clearly impossible for a country to support, and because of
this accident, many European countries had to suffer the economic impacts and had health issues
consequences for years. According to the article Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe for
Public Health and the Environment 23 Years Later written by Yablokov in the Annals of the New
York Academy of Science in 2009 "The Chernobyl catastrophe clearly shows that it is impossible to
provide protection from the radioactive fallout using only national resources. In the first 20 years the
direct economic damage to Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia has exceeded 500 billion dollars. To
mitigate some of the consequences, Belarus spends about 20% of its national annual budget,
Ukraine up to 6%, and Russia up to 1%. Extensive international help will be needed to protect
children for at least the next 25 to 30 years, especially those in Belarus because radionuclides
remain in the root layers of the soil. (Yablokov, 325)" This accident had horrible monetary

The Treatment Of Nuclear Accidents
Committee Name: Ad Hoc on Disaster
Committee Topic: The Treatment of Nuclear Accidents
Committee Name: United Kingdom
A. Since the first major nuclear accident recorded in 1952, more than 33 serious incidents at nuclear
stations have been identified worldwide. Within the history of nuclear power, the three major
nuclear accidents are the Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima; the Three Mile Island
incident in Pennsylvania, U.S.was safely contained overall whereas Chernobyl and Fukushima
resulted in large damage to the surrounding area as well as discharge of radioactive content from the
plant.(1)The Chernobyl incident in northern Ukraine resulted in the death of 28 plant workers as a
result of thermal burns and radiation exposure in the first four months following the accident, while
Chernobyl was found to be responsible for about 7,000 cases of thyroid cancer within individuals
under 18.(2) In the event of a nuclear accident, the main concern is the release of radioactive
material, most likely from a nuclear core meltdown and a breach in the containment of nuclear
substances. These concerns have led to the utilization of procedures following an accident;
evacuation from the area of the incident to prevent contamination, taking shelter in ventilation–
closed areas to avoid radiation, disposal of contaminated products as well as use of proper medical
procedures.(3)
B. Following the Fukushima incident, the UNSCEAR (UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of
Atomic

Chernobyl Cause And Effect Essay
Cause and Effect of Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster Have you ever wondered why only limited
countries in the world, have their hand on nuclear energy? This could have many reasons, but
mainly it is due to a lack of technology, and science needed to operate such stations. Ukraine was
one of such countries that opened a nuclear power plant in 1977, an era in which the majority of the
developed countries turned their backs on the most popular source of energy: oil, and slowly
replaced it with nuclear energy. The Chernobyl nuclear accident in the Ukraine that occurred in
1986, was caused by untrained personnel, leading to both long and short term consequences. The
disaster took place on April 1986, and was caused by inexperienced staff. When the power plant had
to undergo a special test, to make sure that sufficient amount of cooling water would be supplied to
the reactor in case of a power outage. However, the test had been delayed, because the national grid
required the power output more than the expected time. Hence, the test was postponed after
midnight where the night shift had to come. The night shift had little experience about such a test as
most of them were electrical engineers rather than nuclear. On the other hand, the night shift had to
perform the test before the grid needed the power again, otherwise they would have all been fined or
fired. Consequently, lead to an unnecessary pressure on the personnel, which in turn increased the
probability of making incorrect

A Brief Note On The Attack Recovery Plan
Radiological Attack Recovery Plan Thesis Statement: It is essential for all the bodies of authority as
well as the public to have a proper plan to mitigate the impacts caused by a possible radiological
attack exposure. The local, public, and national emergency preparedness in responding to a
radiological detonation could lead to saving of many lives. 1. Introduction I. Define radiological
emergency, causes and effects of radiological emergency, areas prone to radiological emergencies A
radiological emergency is an emergency in which there is or there seems to be a hazard due to
radiation exposure from a radioactive source. This may result from a variety of reasons such as
uncontrolled sources, misuse of equipment or malicious acts. Although there has been no successful
terrorist attack has happened in the US since 9/11, terrorism experts are wary that one is likely to
occur in the near future. Numerous terrorism plans of various proportions have been foiled in the
US. These include plans to detonate radiological dispersal devices (RDD) (Eggen & Sxhmidt,
2002). Al Qaeda has expressed intent to obtain and use nuclear devices in the United States with
Osama bin Laden having declared it a duty on Muslims to acquire nuclear devices (Ferguson et al,
2004, Lawrence, 2005). Although nuclear attacks are way too complicated for terrorists a simpler
equally psychologically effective means exists. The use of radio active materials on various soft
targets offers cost and simplicity

The First Commercial Nuclear Power Plants
The first commercial nuclear power plants were constructed in 1950. The public was promised a
non–polluting and resourceful type of energy. Although there are less than 500 nuclear power plants
in the world, but many nuclear accidents have already been endangering civilian lives, such as the
accidents in Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and the most recent Fukushima Diichi. Nuclear energy
may appear to be the ideal source of energy for the future. However, there are uncontrolled
situations that cause the reactor into meltdown and lead to disaster. On March 11, 2011 Japan
experienced an earthquake, which has become the most terrible and destructive in the history of this
country. In term of geography, Japan is situated in the earthquake–prone area, on the junction of four
plates: the Eurasian, Pacific, North American and Philippine. The Eurasian plate is slowly moving to
the east, and three others – to the west, so their friction causes earthquakes. Japanese know about the
danger based on their country geography, but they were not ready for this kind of disaster. A 9.0
magnitude earthquake struck at 2.46pm about 70km east of Tohoku at an offshore subduction zone,
where two tectonic plates collide and one slides beneath the other. According to IBT news, Its centre
was on the seafloor at a 24km depth, this earthquake was so powerful it shifted Earth on its axis of
rotation. The energy released by the earthquake produced a huge tsunami, with waves up to 30ft
beginning to hit the

Major Global Events In The 1980's
Many major U.S. events and Global events took place in the 1980's, they shaped the way the world
works and changed how we look at certain topics like communism. Many people and accidental
events had a big impact and helped these events become so known to the public. Chernobyl, Ronald
Reagan, and the fall of the Berlin Wall all were important events and important people who changed
the world. The Berlin wall was put up in 1961 to prevent the spread of communism and to separate
Germany from Berlin. Mass protests and revolutions led to a chain reaction which caused the wall to
fall. On November 9th, 1989 the wall started to fall, the military eventually began to help taking
down the wall, this was the beginning of German reunification.

Essay on Is Nuclear Energy Worth the Risk?
Is Nuclear Energy Worth the Risk? The capability for nuclear energy has always existed. However,
not until December 2, 1942, at the University of Chicago, did nuclear energy surface. Enrico Fermi
made that discovery by making a chain reaction in a pile of uranium. How a nuclear reaction works
is that a neutron is "shot" through a gram of uranium, which creates fission. This causes a chain
reaction, thus creating a nuclear reaction or nuclear energy. This was the first man–made nuclear
reaction.
My argument is that nuclear power may be the so called "safe" and "clean" source of energy that we
are looking for, but can we really afford to continue to use this source of energy. Is it "clean"? One
problem with nuclear power is that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many uranium miners died from lung cancer. Ottawa and the US government knew of the heath
effects of uranium in 1932, but they did not begin to inform the workers and compensate their
widowed families until 1973.
We have not found a way to dispose of nuclear waste produced from nuclear reactors. In Canada,
there is about 200 million tons of radioactive waste from uranium mining. We also have not found a
way to dispose of the waste, safely, from nuclear power stations. This waste will remain active for
hundreds of thousands of years. In 1978, in Canada, the Ontario Royal Commission recommended
that world class ecologists should study the long–term problem of finding a way to safely contain
radioactive waste and so that the future of nuclear power can be assessed. The government has
ignored all of these requests. In 1975, they evacuated St.Mary's school in Port Hope because high
level of contamination in the cafeteria. In the construction of that building and many other buildings
in town large volumes of radioactive wastes, they soon learned, had been used .The world is relying
on a brighter, smarter future generation to solve our problem of creating a way to dispose of this
waste. When we think of the world as a biodome, we are stuck on earth; we cannot just destroy it
and then jump to another planet. Currently we are digging ourselves in a deeper and deeper hole. We
have already created a mess that we cannot take care of. This is unfair to the next

How Strontium Is A Chemical Element With Symbol Sr And...
Strontium is a chemical element with symbol Sr and atomic number (protons in nucleus) 38 and
atomic weight 88.1 It is a soft, silver–gray metal, and has physical and chemical properties like to
Calcium and Barium. It is available as four stable isotopes ubiquitously (Isotopes are differ in forms
of an by number of protons in nucleus but possess a variable number of neutrons.) Strontium–88 is
the most dominant among other forms, comprising 83% of natural strontium, where in additional
three stable isotopes and their relative abundance are strontium–84 (0.6%), strontium–86 (9.9%),
and strontium–87 (7.0%). Strontium is available ubiquitous vitally as as celestite (SrSO4) and
strontianite (SrCO3), and it comprises about 0.025% of the earth's crust. There are 16 major
radioactive isotopes of strontium, but only strontium–90 has a half–life sufficiently long (29 years).
In comparison with half–lives of remaining strontium radionuclides are fewer than 65 days.
Strontium–90 decays to yttrium–90 by decaying a beta particle, and yttrium–90 decays by decaying
a energetic beta particle with a half–life of 64 hours to zirconium–90. The key health concerns for
strontium–90 are associated to the energetic beta particle from yttrium–90.2
Strontium–90 is a pure β emitter, produced in nuclear ﬁssion of (235U and 239Pu ﬁssion reaction).
When an atom of uranium–235 (or other fissile nuclide) fissions, usually splits asymmetric into two
large fragments – fission products possessing mass

Taking a Look at Nuclear Energy
What comes to your mind when you think of nuclear energy? Most people think of nuclear bombs.
However, nuclear energy can be used for so much more than bombs. In fact, if nuclear power did
not exist, we would not exist! This is because the sun generates it energy from nuclear reactions of
hydrogen nuclei into helium. Also, nuclear power could be the next solution for cheap energy for
people and the radiation it gives off could even rid someone of cancer.
What is nuclear power?– (Sec. 1.1)
To state it directly, nuclear power is the use of nuclear processes to create heat and energy. This
energy that comes from exothermic nuclear processes can be converted into radiation or power.
There are two ways to produce nuclear power– by fission or fusion. Fission is splitting atoms of a
radioactive element such as a uranium isotope. The radioactive elements used for fission can be
found in the actinide section of the periodic table (Figure 1 below ↓). Fusion is the process of
joining isotopes of hydrogen (which is exactly what the sun does). How is nuclear power created?–
(Sec. 1.2)
Fission (Sec. 1.2.1)– The energy that is used for heat or electricity comes from a nuclear power
plant. In a nutshell, the energy comes from the reaction of uranium atoms splitting and giving off
energy. The uranium atom is spilt in half by protons. To cool down this reaction, CO2 or water is
pumped throughout the reactor. The cooling down makes steam, and this steam drives a generator
that creates

Fukushima Daiichi Essay
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster
Eric Chiaramonte
SNHU
Fukushima Daiichi is the prime example of what happens when mother nature decides to pay a
surprise inspection of one of mankind's manmade modern marvels. It doesn't take a genius to see the
benefits of nuclear power. It does take a genius however to engineer a facility that can hold up safely
against anything life can throw at it. Since man has focused his attention on nuclear energy as a
power source in the mid twentieth century only a handful of major nuclear accidents, or disasters,
have occurred. Fukushima Daiichi was among the handful of major nuclear accidents. On the
International Nuclear Event Scale (INES), a scale that rates nuclear accidents from 1–7 with seven
being the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The original design basis tsunami height was 3.1 meters for Daiichi based on assessment of the
1960 Chile tsunami and so the plant had been built about 10 meters above sea level with the
seawater pumps 4 meters above sea level" ("Fukushima Accident", 2016). At the time of
construction, the Fukushima Daiichi NPP was designed with current scientific knowledge. However,
close to 2 decades before the 2011 disaster, new scientific research indicated that a large earthquake
and tsunami that could reach 15 meters was likely ("Fukushima Accident – World Nuclear
Association", 2016).
However, this had not yet led to any major action by either the plant operator, Tepco, or government
regulators, notably the Nuclear & Industrial Safety Agency (NISA).
Discussion was ongoing, but action minimal. The tsunami countermeasures could also have been
reviewed in accordance with IAEA guidelines which required taking into account high tsunami
levels, but NISA continued to allow the Fukushima plant to operate without sufficient
countermeasures, such as moving the backup generators up the hill, sealing the lower part of the
buildings, and having some back–up for seawater

A Brief Note On Biotechnology And Its Effects On...
ation: Biotechnology Using Plants to Reverse the Effects of Environmental Problems.
Introduction
In the last century the population has increased by 6 billion and by 2050 is expected to reach 8
Billion, this coupled with global industrialisation has placed huge stresses on the environment,
affecting sustainability and causing buildups of organic and inorganic contaminants throughout the
biosphere, most notably in the rhizosphere (Ward & Singh, 2004). Phytoremediation coming from
the Greek word phyto, meaning "plant" and the latin remediare, meaning "to remedy" is a term first
coined by Dr. Ilya Raskin in 1991 terming the use of vascular plants, fungi and algae in either the
control of waste, the encouragement of waste break down or the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Legally contaminated land is defined when these concentrations pose a significant risk to human
health or protected species or has the possibility of contaminating surface of ground water systems.
Projections of global risk of arsenic in drinking water (United Nations Environment Programme,
2006) in figure. 1, and the map of global risk of radioactive contamination in figure. 2 (Kunkel,
2011) show the extent of the problem;
Figure, 1– United Nations Environment Programme, (2006) Estimated Risk of Arsenic in Drinking
Water.
Figure, 2– Kunkel, (2011) Probability of contamination from severe nuclear reactor accidents.
Key Contamination Events In Niagara Falls in the state of New–York during the 40's and 50's a
huge company called Hooker Chemical Company used an abandoned canal to dump around 20,000
tons of PCP's, pesticides and other chemical waste, twenty to thirty years later huge rises in
miscarriages and deformities where reported in the area (Ward & Singh, 2004). The Chernobyl
disaster of 1986 ,in which, a nuclear reactor released huge amounts of contaminants such as, iodine,
plutonium and caesium effected 200,000 square kilometres of Europe causing high increases in
cancers and affecting over 600,000 people (United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
2014). On March 11th, 2011 an earthquake led to three reactor

Chernobyl Research Paper
radioactive nuclides from spreading. Coupled with their slower response time and lack of high
quality equipment, their rescuing was slowed down and not as productive as it could have been.
More lives could have been helped with advanced equipment and proper attire. In addition, the
evacuation took a long period of time to commence. Once the evacuation started, it took eight days
and until the second of May, leaders of the republic still had not visited Pripyat nor seen the damage
done. These specific leaders did not seem to care what happened to civilians, as they were more
concerned with keeping the damage undercover. Furthermore, these towns did not receive any
formal announcement of evacuation. As a result the citizens were unprepared ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Most people believe that Chernobyl contributed to the fall of the Soviet Union. This explosion
caused social and economic problems in the Soviet Union. Stated in an issue of the Virginia
Quarterly Review, Chernobyl led to "...efforts of environmental groups to puncture the official
silence surrounding the disaster was what led, indirectly, to the birth of glasnost during Gorbachev's
tenure and the collapse of the totalitarian containment vessel." Multiple individuals believe that the
Soviet's reasoning for not protecting the citizens of Ukraine is that they have a "...deeply entrenched
propensity for secrecy and mendacity and its general disregard for the health and safety of its
citizens." As a result of glasnost, which is a Soviet policy of being open with their public,
individuals could see how the USSR was handling the disaster in the Ukraine. Several documents
were hidden away but with the coming of glasnost the "curtain of secrecy" had been removed and
the secrets of Chernobyl had been released. By obtaining these documents individuals are now able
to see how the Soviet Union tried to cover up Chernobyl and how unprepared they were to help
innocent civilians. Therefore, many believe that Chernobyl was a major contributing factor in the
fall of Soviet Communism. President Gorbachev stated "...the Chernobyl accident was a more
important factor in the fall of the Soviet Union than Perestroika..." Chernobyl is suspected to be the
major downfall of the Communist government. The Soviet Union was "robbed of the opportunity to
keep news of the accident from reaching the public, secrecy quickly became a massive liability that
undermined Soviet citizens' faith in their government." With the Soviet people not having faith in
their government, the people started to stray from the government causing the USSR to

The Chernobyl Meltdown
History of Nuclear Power plants has shown human society that it is unreliable and unpredictable.
Behrens and Rosen show the devastation that Chernobyl had on the human population after the large
scale meltdown. "Fukushima was the worst nuclear disaster since 1986, when the Chernobyl nuclear
power reactor in the Ukraine suffered a meltdown, eventually exposing over half a million cleanup
workers to toxic levels of radioactivity and releasing lesser levels of contamination over much of the
western USSR and Europe" (Behrens, Rosen 292). Chernobyl is a prime example of nuclear power
plant reactions when they have meltdowns and fail. Chernobyl was a severe case but it gives the
public a good idea of what happens when these power plants are not properly ... Show more content
"Now think about Japan, It suffered its worst earth quake in perhaps 1,100 years, followed by a
direct–hit tsunami on two nuclear plants" (Holman 294). Holman's belittlement of these events is not
some thing that should be shoved off like Holman wants the public to do. Even after many years of
clean up and careful watching, Chernobyl is still considered inhabitable by humans. "Hundreds of
miles around Chernobyl remain uninhabitable today" (Behrens, Rosen 292). This is one of the
largest draw backs to using Nuclear Power plants, is the long term effects it causes in the areas that
human society had thrived in. Learning from these large scale nuclear melt downs can help scientist
to try and create a nuclear power plant that will be able to avoid these meltdowns. Robinsons
explains in his article how there's always going to be that chance of a melt down. "We can engineer
nuclear power plants so that the chance of a Chernobyl–style disaster is almost nil. But we can't
eliminate it completely–nor can we envision every other kind of potential disaster" (Robinson

Nuclear Energy: Chernobyl And Fukushima
Tragic, devastating nuclear events occurred in Chernobyl and Fukushima negatively impacting the
environment and health of people in the surrounding area. As the result of oversight and human
errors, these issues could be categorized as megadisasters caused by manmade catastrophe. This
essay will highlight the issues with nuclear power plants that lead to incidences and horrific fallout,
as is featured in both highlighted nuclear events. Through a comparison of the nuclear events at
Chernobyl and Fukushima, this essay hopes to shed light on the value and dangers of nuclear
energy. Through identifying issues with nuclear power, issues such as the lack of preparedness,
contingency planning, and adequate public awareness can be challenged and ... Show more content
Additionally, evidence has shown that the origin of the radiation leaks were the breakage of pipes
preventing coolant and recirculation from occurring. More likely than a natural disaster causes this
nuclear incident is a faulty reactor design, improper upkeep and maintenance, and lack of
information available. A GE engineer resigned over concerned on the safety of the Mark 1 model
expressing that it was "'not designed to withstand the loads' that could be experienced in a large–
scale accident" (Green Business, 2011). The Tokyo Electric Power Co (TEPCO) was warned by the
Nuclear Industrial Safety Agency (NISA) that "on its failure to inspect critical pieces of equipment
at the plant, including recirculation pumps" (McNeill & Adelstein,

Fukushima Research Paper
Chemical accidents can happen anywhere, and anytime. That is one of the reason it is very
important to be safe and cautions when you are working in the lab area. Regardless of what supplies
you might be using that day. Not too long ago there was a major nuclear accident that took place on
March 11, 2011 in Japan. It was known as the Fukushima accident.
The Fukushima was caused by a 15–meter tsunami that crumbled and destroyed the power supply of
three Fukushima reactors. Ineffect to the crumbling of the three Fukushima reactors, more than
100,000 people had to be evacuated from their homes in Japan. Government officials were nervous
about people returning to their homes due to the cause of possible radioactive materials being
released into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was still tons of work to be done to keep the nuclear plant from harming and releasing
radioactive materials. One of major problems after the nuclear power plant explosion was that there
was no electricity to operate the backup cooling system. Workers soon found that there was one
diesel generator and a power line that was still in working condition after the explosion. That one
power line and generator saved the nuclear plant from complete destruction. Workers at the power
plant were able to get into some of the control room and try to maintain the water level and
temperature. They soon found out that they couldn't get any power to three of the four reactors.
Which made it nearly impossible for their cooling system to take affect. Workers knew that if they
wanted to restore the power plant they were going to have to ask for volunteers to risk their lives in
spite to help restore the power plant. Three to Four weeks after the accident workers were able to get
into all the control rooms and stabilize the reactors with recycled water and help manage the water
level inside the reactors. As of today all three reactors are now in stable working

A Case Of Hanford Nuclear Reservation Site
Radioactive Contamination
Of
Soil and Groundwater
Due to Storage of Nuclear Waste
A case of Hanford Nuclear Reservation site
Name Student no
Jaysheel Pandya 1001025972
Contents
Introduction 3
Contaminants on and around the site 4
Soil and Groundwater Contamination 5
Sources of Contamination 5
Physical and Hydrogeological conditions of the site and waste transport pathways 6
Interaction of contaminants in groundwater 9
Uranium 9
Chromium 10
Strontium 10
Remediation Strategies for Soil and Groundwater 11
Reducing recharge 12
Source Removal 12
Waste Treatment and Waste Immobilization 12
Soil Vapour Extraction 12
Calcium–phosphate Barrier 13
Pump–And–Treat 13
Phytoremediation 13
References 14
Table of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The site was divided into several facilities carrying out various activities to develop weapons and
store and dispose of nuclear waste. Within the first two years MEDACE had built a nuclear reactor,
underground waste storage tanks and a nuclear fabrication facility. All the facilities were in
operation to develop plutonium fuels for military defense (Gephart and Lundgren 1998).
The site was in operation for 44 years and was decommissioned in 1987 (Wald, 1998). During this

period, approximately 110,000 tons of nuclear fuel were processed at Hanford Site (Wald, 1998;
Gephart and Lundgren 1998). It produced 73 tons of nuclear weapons and reactor fuel–grade
plutonium during the time of its operations (Gephart and Lundgren 1998). The production of nuclear
weapons and nuclear fuels generated huge quantities of highly radioactive waste which was stored
in underground storage tanks.
Most liquids from single–shell tanks have been pumped to the newer double shelled tank over the
years, to remove the remaining 9000 cubic meter of drainable liquid (Hanlon 2003). Salt cake and
thick waste sludge was left behind in the tank. No double shell tank has leakages till date, even
though the design life of oldest ones has been reached (Hanlon 2003).
However majority of single shelled tank exhibited some kind of leakages ultimately contaminating
the site. The U.S Department of Energy (DOE) currently manages the site and is responsible for
cleaning

The Radioactive Boy Scout By Ken Silverstein Recreates-
The Radioactive Boy Scout Introduction Growing up in suburban Detroit, David Hahn was
fascinated by science. While working on his Atomic Energy badge for the Boy Scouts, David 's
obsessive attention turned to nuclear energy. Not worried about being safe and taking the pre–
cautions, he plunged into a new project: building a nuclear breeder reactor in his backyard garden
shed. In the Radioactive Boy Scout, veteran journalist Ken Silverstein recreates– in brilliant detail–
the months of David 's improbable nuclear quest. Acting as a physics professor, David solicited
information on reactor design from the United States government and from industry experts.
Shopping antiques stores and looking through junkyards for old–fashioned smoke ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
"I was trying to get a magician reaction to create something new." he remembered later. "I thought
the more things I threw in, the stronger the reaction I would get." With that thought in mind, David
went back to the cabinet and pulled out a bright–blue bottle, which later he realized was probably a
drain cleaning product. David poured in the bright–blue substance, and soon the mixture began to
bubble and threaten to boil over. Scared, David flushed the substance down the toilet. He promised
himself he would never try something so foolish again. Although, throughout the years David made
similar vows to himself, eventually being broken shortly after the vow was made. Key Idea II June
26, 1995, was not a typical day for Dottie Pease. As she turned down Pinto Drive, Pease saw eleven
men swarming across her carefully manicured lawn. Their attention seemed to be focused on the
back yard of the house next door, specifically on a large wooden potting shed that abutted the chain–
link fence dividing her property from her neighbor's. A middle–aged couple, Michael Polasek, Patty
Hahn and her son –who only lived there on some weekends and holidays– David Hahn, lived there.
Three of the men had donned ventilated moon suits and were proceeding to dismantle the potting
shed with electric saws, stuffing the

Taking a Look at the Chernobyl Disaster
Nuclear energy is the energy released by a nuclear reaction, it uses fuel made from mined and
processed uranium to generate heat and electricity. It is the world's largest emission free energy
source. Nuclear energy also has the lowest impact on the environment than other energy sources.
But it can still be very harmful because of the radiation is causes and the radioactive waste it
produces. Radioactive wastes are the ruins of nuclear materials that are used in providing nuclear
energy. These wastes contain high levels of radiation that can be very hazardous to humans and the
environment. Some people accept and support the idea of using nuclear energy and others don't. In
the following paragraphs, some major nuclear accidents and the public acceptance of nuclear energy
will be discussed.
There have been lots of nuclear accident around the world. One of the accident that had a major
impact on the world was the Chernobyl disaster. The disaster took place on 26 April 1986 at the
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. The disaster was caused by a reaction explosion induced
by design faults and staff application errors. The accident took place in the course of scheduled tests
to check the power supply mode in the event of external sources loss. Even after 10 days, explosions
and ejections of radioactive substances continued. The release of radiation and radioactive substance
polluted the places within 30 km of Chernobyl, and those areas have been closed for a long period
of

Section 4. Role Of The Community Health Nurse. The Role
SECTION 4 Role of the Community Health Nurse The role of the community health nurse in a
nuclear event includes education of the public, preparation of other medical professionals, and
involvement with community officials in the protection of the public. By educating the public on
how to protect themselves, the community health nurse lessens the impact of a nuclear meltdown or
explosion. Information is power, and by informing the community of how to protect themselves
against the possibility of exposure, we give them the tools needed to keep themselves safe. This,
then lessens the number of casualties during the chaotic time of the event. Preparing other health
professionals and volunteers lessens the impact on the public health nurses ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The third factor to consider is timing. If you find yourself in an area of protection at the time of a
nuclear disaster, remember that radioactive materials lose intensity quickly. "Radioactive fallout
poses the greatest threat to people during the first two weeks, by which time it has declined to about
1 percent of its initial radiation level." (Department of Homeland Security, n.d.). A second primary
prevention strategy would be to provide areas of protection if you live in an are prone to a nuclear
disaster, such as a community with a nuclear power plant or an area of hostility and subject to
nuclear war. By living in close proximity to nuclear energy, you are, by default, subject to a possible
nuclear disaster, either by human error or intentional attack. Community leaders should provide
adequate protection in such an area. Hospitals, and other major public buildings should be built with
the thought of the potential exposure to a nuclear blast in mind. Reinforcing walls and foundations
to protect the building itself and those who seek shelter inside it. A third primary prevention strategy
is to adequately prepare the medical professionals and volunteers in high risk areas to properly care
for the victims of such an event. Ensuring that the provided shelters are stocked with proper medical
supplies to care for injuries and illnesses caused by the nuclear incident and/or those caused by the
turmoil and panic that is

The Long Term Health Risk For The General Population...
Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 PURPOSE OF PROJECT To quantify the long term health risk for the
general population exposed to radiation by the Fukushima–Daiichi Nuclear disaster in the aftermath
of the 2011 Great Eastern Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. 1.2 BACKGROUND On the 11th March
2011, following a magnitude 9 earthquake in the Pacific, a fifteen meter tsunami hit Honshu, the
main island of Japan, killing over 19,000 people and damaging the Fukushima–Daiichi Nuclear
Power Plant. Over the following days while workers worked to contain the accident days the
crippled Nuclear Power Plant released dangerous nuclear isotopes into the atmosphere resulting in
the biggest nuclear disaster since Chernobyl in April 1986. Experience from the ... Show more
The exposure to the radiation released will not only result in heightened risks for cancer in
populations, but may also result in other, non–cancer related health problems such as thyroid
diseases, visual impairment, circulatory diseases, hereditary disorders and teratogenic defects
(developmental defects in fetuses). It is important that exposure to radiation be estimated so that
cancer risks can be estimated and appropriate responses and health measures can be implemented by
governments to deal with future development in health problems related to the release of radiation
from Fukushima. In 2013 the World Health Organization released its health risk assessment for the
Fukushima–Daiichi Nuclear disaster concluding that for the general population "the lifetime risk for
some cancers may be somewhat elevated above baseline rates for certain age and sex groups that
were in the areas most affected" and that disease attributable to the disaster is likely to remain below
detectable levels. In 2012 Ten Hoeve and Jacobson provided the first estimates of the health impact
of the Fukushima nuclear accident, estimating an additional 15 to 1100 (most likely 130) cancer
related mortalities for the general population. Both Sophisticated modeling to come to these
conclusions. This work to attempts to independently without reference to either's methodology

The Horrific Chernobyl Accident Essay
On April 26th 1986 located in Ukraine the catastrophic and disastrous nuclear accident occurred
labeled "The Chernobyl Disaster" occurred. The catastrophe is recorded to be the worst nuclear
power–plant accident to date and the first classified as a level seven event on the International
Nuclear Event Scale. The estimated cost of the damage inflicted is a total of eighteen billion rubles.
The loss of life sparked by the ordeal official thirty–one people by direct cause. The disaster has had
a prolonged effect to environmental and health fields. The total damaged of "The Chernobyl
Disaster" is unknown and remain in the process to be accounted for.
"The Chernobyl Disaster" had a multitude of chronological variables which led to the mishap. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One day prior to "The Chernobyl Disaster" the nuclear facility scheduled an experimental test to be
run on reactor four for the nuclear facility. The goal was to solve an unacceptable flaw of a power
outage if an unexpected electrical issue occurred. The process was to identity and measure the
residual energy generated by the reactor could supply enough energy to run critical components of
the reactor until the back–up Diesel generation could kick in before reaching a low–power or shut–
down state. The experiment was to be over viewed by a specially tasked group of electrical engineer
team, and the duration of the operation was scheduled to occur between the day too afternoon work
cycles.
The time schedule for the experimental operation suffered an unexpected delay. The Kiev power
grid suffered a shortage of electricity in the grid. The control grid operator requested the Chernobyl
facility to delay the operation in order to assist in the electricity demand of the peak hour. The
Chernobyl director agreed to the request and officially postponed the operation until their energy
output was no longer necessary. Despite the delay, the staff of reactor four proceeded in necessary
preparation for experiment. The crew disabled non–energy affecting routines and the passive
cooling system responsible for maintaining the reactor four's core; the system supplied emergency

Tsunami Essay
Tsunamis become disasters because of the human context in which they occur. Do you agree or
disagree with this statement? Use examples of known tsunami events recently and in the past to
illustrate your arguments.
According to Wisner et al 2004, "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability," implying that in
unpopulated areas hazards can not become disasters as there is no vulnerability (Quarantelli E.L.
1998). Without humans being involved, tsunamis are nothing but giant waves; they may modify
areas of uninhabited land and destroy some reefs but that does not make them disasters. Tsunamis
become disasters when humans are involved; when their lives are at risk, their homes are destroyed,
their livelihoods are lost etc. In addition, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The landscape was altered unrecognisably, with large areas of coastlines washed away and some
landmarks shifted to new locations. Debris and waste were widely scattered and farmland and
underground water supplies flooded (Global Education, 2009). According to Grossman (2012), the
large amount of the estimated 25 million tons of debris caused by both the Tohoku earthquake and
tsunami washed away into the sea could hit the Hawaiian Islands and have catastrophic
consequences, such as damage to the reefs and beaches that are homes of many indigenous species.
The Tohoku tsunami resulted in the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident with three reactors
melting down: the largest nuclear accident since the 1986 Chernobyl disaster (Kyutoku et al., 2012).
Officials from the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency reported that radiation levels
inside and outside the plant were up to 1,000 times and 8 times normal levels respectively (Tabuchi
and Walk, 2011). The reactors of the nuclear plant sustained major damage to the cooling system
meaning that radioactive isotopes were released into the air, ultimately leading to contamination of
soil, water and food. Radioactive chemicals were found in tap water in many cities, as well as in the
soil and food products (Hur, 2011). Damage and destruction of water treatment and sewage systems
increase the likelihood of outbreaks of cholera and typhoid, although outbreaks are less likely to

Radiation Is Natural Part Of The Earth
Radiation is natural part of the Earth. Radiation exists all around us, in the air, the soil, and rock.
Humans have lived, and thrived in a radioactive environment since the beginning of time. Radon is
one form of radiation, it's odorless, tasteless, invisible, and it's in the air we breathe. Cosmic
radiation is in space as heavily charged particles and gamma rays. Terrestrial radiation is emitted
naturally in the form of heat from the Earth. Then we have manmade radiation. In 1895 Roentgen
discovered radiation in his laboratory, the medical benefits of this invisible source of energy were
experimented with in every direction from beauty, to health for many years, and continues to this
day. Radiation is a part of our environment both naturally and unnaturally (Sources of Radiation
Exposure. (2013, June 12). Retrieved from http://epa.gov/radiation/sources/index.html). Just as the
Earth has supplied us with natural radiation, it has supplied us with ways in which to protect us
through nutrition. In the same way we can protect ourselves from natural radiation, we can protect
ourselves from unnatural radiation. Minerals, spices, herbs, seaweed, and plants bind the radiation
particles in our bodies and are removed naturally. Our bodies are incredible healing machines, given
the correct nutrition and avoiding foods that impair the immune system, we are designed to heal and
thrive in a world filled with toxins and even radiation. Natural sources of radiation are everywhere.

Analyzing The Three Mile Island In Age Of Miracles
In the novel, Age of Miracles, the Three Mile Island incident is referenced when Julia state's,
"People had been sounding alarms for decades, since the earliest drops of acid rain fell, since the
sublest thinning of the ozone layer, since Chernobyl and Three Mile Island and the oil crisis of the
1970s"(103). Julia compares the Three Mile Island and the slowing to an event where people
thought the world was going to end but then it did not. In Age of Miracles, Julia does not know what
to say about the world ending or if people are gonna die during the slowing. In the sentence
mentioned above she says that if all of these people thought that the accidents above were gonna end
the world that the slowing probably will not. Even though the slowing

The Contamination Of The Marine Environment
Unless an accident or in case of nuclear war, man is relatively protected from direct radioactive
contamination, ie caused by breathing air contaminated by radioactive bodies. Actually, the current
main danger comes from the high degree of biological concentration of radioactive along the food
chain substances. Thus an indirect radioactive contamination that begins with the warehouse in soil
and water of radioactive pollutants from the atmosphere fallen occurs. In animals and plants that
draw their nourishment from the soil and water bodies such focus, transmitting them to their
predators dangerous proportions. In the marine environment it is clearly seen this phenomenon.
Algae often come to have a radioactivity specifies thousand times higher than the surrounding water,
and plankton concentration factor that can become of 5000. aquatic animals that feed on such
organisms can reach concentrations even more high. Radioactivity in plants focuses on the leaves
and stems more than seeds. It is a factor that hurts herbivores. In the final link in the food chain,
man, cross–contamination occurs via the digestive tract after taking contaminated food or food
plant. Milk, for example, is one of the main vehicles for cross–contamination in some countries.
This explains why the bones of children, which constitutes the main food milk containing
strontium–90 more than those of adults.
It has been estimated that the world population is exposed to natural radiation environment
comprised

Three Mile Island Plant Failure
he Three Mile Island plant failure, one of the only serious incidents in the USA, started when a feed
pump failed. Soon to counteract the lower coolant flow the reactor started to lower control rods. The
reactor still produces heat with the control rods in, so the heat continued building. An operator
pulled the PORV (pilot operated relief valve) open to release pressure from pressurizer, the PORV
was supposed to close automatically once again after pressure was back to normal and did not. The
operators never knew this because it indicated closed (undenounced to the operator this only means
power was sent to close the valve, this is the first human error) The feed pump that had originally
failed has a backup pump that is supposed to kick in,

The Death Of The Cold War
Think if you were in Nagasaki, And you watched your home get destroyed if you were lucky you
may have died right away. Nevermind, the ones who die right away are the lucky ones the others
will have radiation poisoning which will cause all types of cancers. And it will affect families for
generation to come And not only will it affect humans it will affect animals. Also the bomb didn't
just destroy people it destroyed the landscape, building, houses, anything in its radius. Although it
wasn't all bad as it did open us up to different power opportunities, although even then it can still
cause problems a lot of problems including the nuclear race. Eventually, it will be scary just to go
outside if there is a world war there will be nuked. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the bomb dropped it killed 100,000 instantly and another 100,000 wounded from the bomb.
More than 90 percent of the city was destroyed the survivors from the first bomb said all they
remembered was a brilliant light, whiter than any white they have ever seen. It was like millions
upon millions of flashbulbs going off at once. Few recalled hearing any noise. All those families
dead, just think if the war never happened. Or that they beat us to the nuclear bomb and that
happened the us. And they would probably would bomb new York first since its such a big city now
for devastation. When an atomic bomb explodes it creates a shock wave. So powerful it can lift
people of the ground from a mile away and hurl them through the air. This is followed by a heat
wave so hot it makes things spontaneously combust and literally vaporize people if they 're close
enough. When little boy exploded over Nagasaki, the entire city seemed to disintegrate. Buildings
were falling and fires appearing out of nowhere it was estimated the point the bomb exploded the
temperature exceeded 10,000 degrees. Heat engulfed the city. Within minutes the sky that was bright
turned dark. As thousands of people wandered the streets dazed, burned and bleeding a giant cloud
covered Nagasaki. The radioactive fallout had begun. People who survived the first bomb were
terribly injured and illnesses from the enormous amount of radiation that fell on the cities. The
atomic bomb dropped on the caused

The Road By Cormac Mccarthy
"The Road" depicts a solemn and deteriorating environment that can no longer provide the
fundamentals to a society due to the nuclear disaster. The sudden depletion of the resources within
their environment made it difficult for the father and the son to find sustenance. They were
constantly traveling towards the South looking for safe places to situate themselves because the
father knew that they would not be able to survive the nuclear winter. The genre of the novel is
post–apocalyptic science fiction because it revolves around a dismantling society. Cormac
McCarthy's "The Road" depicts how environmental destruction finally gave sense for people to
value the world and what it had to offer.
Environmental destruction irrevocably comes as a shock to human society, since people are so
dependent upon all the resources that nature provides them. "Ecosystem services are essential for
human life... They include provisions of clean water, and flood control, creation of soil, pollination
of crops, providing habitats for fisheries, and other benefits that underpin human well–being"(Daily
xviii). These assets provided by the environment help the world run with ease giving the father and
the son and their society the resources they needed until their terrain was contaminated by the
radioactivity due to the nuclear explosion. "The clock stopped at 1:17. A long shear of light and then
a series of low concussions... He went into the bathroom and threw the light switch but the power
was

The Nuclear Metals Incorporation and the Mess They Left...
The Nuclear Metals Incorporation or the Starmet Corporation is located on a 2229 Main Street in
Concord, Massachusetts. The site produced depleted uranium products for armor piercing
ammunition. They also created metal powders for medical applications, photocopiers, and specialty
metal products, such as beryllium tubing for aerospace needs. From1958 to 1985, the holding basin
that contained all the industries waste such as depleted uranium and copper was unlined, which
caused issues. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering took ground
water samples that showed volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) in the supply well. This well was
formerly used for drinking water for the community. The results indicated that the ... Show more
In 2004, the Army financed the removal of approximately 3,800 drums of depleted uranium and
other waste materials. The process lasted between the years 2005 to 2007. Presently, it is owned by a
private general contractor, Demaximis Inc., that's main purpose is to stabilize the site. The threat of
problems for the population was high because soil over a mile from the nuclear dump at the site was
radioactive. A 1993 study discovered the town's residents suffered higher rates of cancer than the
state average. The most contaminated area on the site was adjacent to Camp Thoreau, which is a
summer camp for children three years old and up. The waste was not in a remote are but rather a
very residential town. One person, Citizens Research and Environmental Watch leader Rick Oleson,
reported to the media that: "People later could put a house there and dig a well there, or grow
vegetable's". This brings the issue to life as the waste affected and could affect many more families.
The media reported a waitress at an ice cream shop in Concord, Massachusetts, was shocked to hear
of a Superfund site "On Main Street?". The portal of it through the media was that it would be one
of the most difficult cleanups because there was radioactive material on site. The media enjoyed
reminding the readers or viewers that Concord was "the crucible of the American Revolution, where
the 'shot

Optimization Of Radiation Spectroscopy Equipment For...
University of Portsmouth Applied Physics BSc (Hons) U20283 Applied Physics Project
OPTIMIZATION OF RADIATION SPECTROSCOPY EQUIPMENT FOR AIRBORNE
RADIONUCLIDES 645137 Supervisor(s) DSTL – Laurence Jones University of Portsmouth – Dr.
Chris Dewdney PROPOSAL & INITIAL LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction, Aims and
Objectives Defence Science Technology Laboratory (DSTL) is investigating the potential for aerial
monitoring of gamma rays (ɣ–rays) from airborne particulate contamination. They are in possession
of two ⌀20cmx20cm cylindrical, thallium doped sodium iodide (NaI(Ti)) scintillator detectors for
mounting onboard an aircraft for the recording of count rate and collection of spectroscopic data.
Initially, surveying will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The aim of this project is: To evaluate different ways of aerially measuring the count rate and
collecting spectroscopic data of ~2 MeV emissions from airborne radioactive particulate
contamination. The objectives that will be met in order to achieve the aims are as follows: A
comprehensive literature review will be carried out in order to investigate methods of shielding and
or discriminating against cosmic radiation that are currently used in this field or methods used in
other fields (particle physics, spacecraft design etc.) that could be adapted to this purpose. A
selection process of four ɣ–ray reduction methods, two muon reduction methods and two neutron
reduction methods will take place (these numbers are arbitrary but have been chosen due to the time
constraints of the project). These eight methods will be modeled using Monte Carlo (MC)
simulations to estimate there sensitivity and resulting background in order to determine their
MDA's. A subset of the most promising modeled methods will be tested experimentally in the lab to
confirm the validity of the models. A conclusion will be drawn as to the best method(s), via the
development and use of a weighted comparison factor. Rationale Existing methodologies of back
ground reduction such as shielding (F.A. Danevich et al., 2007), large coincidence counting methods
or the burying of the detector underground (E.W. Hoppe et al., 2014), each present their own
difficulties and limitations in the

Arguments Against Fukushima
Recently, the deserted Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant has been emanating an alarming
amount of radiation. Kyodo of Japan Times reported that the radiation reading has reached its
highest level since its emergence in March 2011 (Kyodo, 2017). As a result, there is a greater
presence of air and water pollution in Fukushima that could easily spread to surrounding areas.
Therefore, it seems appropriate that in an interview with the Washington Post, radio–ecology expert
Tom Hinton stated Fukushima is "an area that is among the most radioactively contaminated in the
world" (as cited in Andrews, 2016). This resurgence has generated conspiracy theories, false maps
and, interestingly, little news coverage. While many across different continents ... Show more
The Fukushima ice wall had not been functioning as it should. It is reportedly "99% frozen," (cite)
and accordingly allows more groundwater to leak into the nuclear plant. However, when this
problem is resolved, it should be easier to install a filtration system to purify the contaminated water.
This issue is not a result of the technology itself, which has been successful in Canada and Australia
as aforementioned (cite). Nonetheless, the safety of the Fukushima residents should be prioritized.
AGF may not be under competent leadership at the moment, but it is a safe alternative that protects
residents, scientists and engineers, and the environment at once. Fukushima's radiation will continue
to spread until many areas are inhabitable if there is not an intervention. While the ice wall may not
be perfect, many should embrace it as a first attempt to deescalate a nuclear disaster. Though its
results are not as successful as desired, the theoretical framework that surrounds AGF could be
better implemented and save many from the dangers of radiation

The Tragedy Of Three Mile Island
Three Mile Island The Three Mile Island was a devastating nuclear power plant accident that
occurred on March 28, 1979, beginning at 4 a.m near Middletown, Pennsylvania. It all started with a
malfunction in the secondary, non–nuclear section of the plant. There was a failure that prevented
the pumps from sending water down to the core to cool the hot, blazing core. This caused many
things in the plant to shut down, so to try and reduce the pressure the operator opened a relief valve.
This value should have closed when the pressure was relieved, but instead it got stuck. However, in
the control room it showed that it was closed, so they had no idea that a disaster was brewing on the
horizon.

Essay about Cancer and Terry Tempest Williams' Refuge
Cancer and Terry Tempest Williams' Refuge
"I cannot prove my mother, my grandmothers, along with my aunts developed cancer from nuclear
fallout in Utah. But I can't prove they didn't." Epilogue, Refuge
In Terry Tempest Williams's Refuge, death slowly claimed almost all of the women of her family.
Death took Williams' family members one by one just one or two years apart. In every case, the
cause was cancer. Williams insisted in the epilogue that fall–out from the 1951–62 nuclear testing in
Utah brought cancer to her family. Because there are many other causes of cancer, such as genetic
and environmental factors, it is hard for one to insist that nuclear fall–out causes cancer. Therefore,
it is important to find out how and why ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, Iodine 131 causes thyroid cancer. It is a substance that dissolves into liquid such as
water and milk. Other chemicals such as Strontium–90 and Cesium 147 as well get into water, milk,
soil, food and vegetables that we eat and cause bone, skin cancer and leukemia. Chemicals like
Strontium–90 and Cesium–147 remain for up to 200 to 300 years in the atmosphere (CancerSource.)
The United States tested nuclear bombs, "215 A– and H–bombs" (www.nukewatch.com) above
ground between 1951 and 1963 in the Nevada Test Site. Fifty years later, the U.S government
studies stated that over 80,000 people who lived or were born in the U.S suffered from cancer
caused by radioactive fall–out from nuclear testing. Over 15,000 of them died. Many of whom were
from the states close to the testing sites, called the "downwinders," Utah, Idaho and other states.
From the Nevada Test Site the winds carried nuclear radiation fallout, filled with "iodine–131"
which caused "75,000 thyroid cancers, ten percent of which are estimated to have been fatal, and
strontium–90 and cesium–137, which are dangerous for between 280 and 300 years," (nukewatch)
likely causes of bone and skin cancer and leukemia. Therefore, there is some strong evidence that
nuclear fall–out in the 1950s did cause cancer.
"Downwinders" and people from the states close to the test site were severely exposed to the fallout
and have suffered from all kind of cancers. The Center for Disease

What Are The Effects Of Chernobyl On The Ecosystem
The effects of Chernobyl on the Ecosystem Days of manmade or natural disasters start like any
other. The accident of Chernobyl and the its effect on the ecosystem surrounding the initial site has
been studied by scientist for the past thirty years. The effects to the ecosystem during and
immediately after the accident, as well as the recovery still taking place thirty years later show how
far an ecosystem can come back in its recovery from a manmade disaster. The actual causes of the
accident itself was a faulty reactor, as well as technicians who were not fully trained ("Chernobyl,"
2016). This led to the discharge of a mixture of hazardous chemicals in an array of different forms
that affected areas in one way or another depending on whether

Nuclear Power And The Atomic Bomb
One of the major technological break though in the late 19th and early 20th century was the birth of
atomic fission, between 1895 and 1945. In WWII, the men of science applied this new knowledge to
create the atomic bomb. Only few years after the war in 1956, this cognition was applied to make
new power plants, fueled by the new energy source uranium. (pg1 World Nuclear Association)
Today, as much as we know about nuclear power is one of the most powerful and fresh energy,
compared to any carbon dioxide producing fuels like coal or oil. It is a very cost effective "cheap"
source, but with a major downside. Obtaining it is a rather complex chemical procedure, and the
outcome is not only precious power, but also hazardous waste. This ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The St. Louis Post–Dispatch created a special report on Sunday February 12, 1989 about the
"Legacy of the Bomb" and the "Patriotic Work" has been done here in the city, and the unfortunate
consequences of uranium purification. People were not aware that this "technological miracle" as
the article called it, came with a deadly "side effect" which is still affecting our life today. Based on
the report, "more than 2.3 million cubic yards of contaminated material remain scattered across the
area – in St. Louis, north St. Louis County, and St. Charles County." Comparably, the quantities of
the radioactive byproduct would fill up the early Bush Stadium. (pg 3 St. Louis Post–Dispatch) In
1947 the Government secretly ordered the Mallinckrodt Chemical Co to "dump" the hazardous
waste at a significant size land of the airport area. (Health Impact News) Since this was covered
operation the locals were not aware what lies underneath their feet. Based on the article written in
the St Louis Post Dispatch in February 1989 about the "Legacy of the Bomb and the St Louis
Nuclear Waste" people were not aware of the dangers that is coming from the ground. For example:
"in Hazelwood a business man could buy warehouses that they are too radioactive to use." (pg 8 St.
Louis Post–Dispatch Everyday) Although, there was a Government procedure and attempt to get rid
of the waste properly in the late 1990 's and clean up the

The Pros And Cons Of Nuclear Weapons
In this essay, the focus will be on whether or not nuclear weapons should continue to be produced,
or if dismantling the world's stockpiles would be the better decision. There is a lot of conflict going
on around the world at this time. My family lived in an area where there are a lot of people from the
Middle East, so we hear a lot that tensions are extremely high. Luckily, the majority of countries that
have the stockpiles of nuclear weapons are not really involved to the point of even considering them
as far as society knows. Even though it is obvious that the cons outweigh the pros, but that does not
mean that nothing good has come from , or nuclear weapons themselves.
Now to take a look at the pros. Since nuclear weapons have been used in battle (by USA only), there
have been less casualties during wars. For example, the Iraq war had a total of roughly a half of a
million deaths. Now granted The Huffington Post and The Lead Author of the study, Amy Hagopian,
outed that this includes "all indirect deaths..."(Hagopian, 2013). In comparison, there were far more
deaths in World War One. With all allied forces along with the countries against them, the total
deaths equaled 37,466,904(PBS, 2015), With simple math, that equals 74 times as many deaths as
after nuclear weapons were invented. That number is astonishing! This is just a simple comparison
and more than likely there are some wars that had less as well.
The formula and technology that led to the nuclear bomb has

The Chernobyl Disaster
After the Chernobyl disaster, the mutations were long and some were short, People found the first
evidence of radioactive from chernobyl they found it in Sweden on an employee's uniform, in
Radiated locations of Chernobyl there was more mutations, the mutations that happened were Feet,
Tumor's, Abdomen, Eye's, Chin, Skin, These mutations have never been seen in any part of the
world, There's been many cases of mutations in the world but nothing like this ever which makes it
really unique, the mutations also got to animals that lived there which were more affected than
humans, the Soviet union, Bryansk plus Ukraine were evacuated from the radiation. While all the
people were being evacuated the animals stayed back and became mutated by the

Causes Of The Chernobyl Disaster
Have you ever helped someone out when they needed it? What caused the first explosion was that
there was faulty in the reactor. Is there a time you can remember someone had your back when you
didn't expect it? Nobody was alarmed that the explosion had happened and the soviet put many lives
in danger. The cause of Chernobyl is very sad because this should have never happened.
The cause of the explosion was from a faulty reactor in the power plant. The reactor was not stable
when it was in use. Right before the explosion had happened there had been a sudden power surge.
Also, a huge steam pressure increase that leads to a series of multiple explosions. The first explosion
was at 1:24 am. 5 out of the 12 people that were there had died because of the explosions that had
happened. When the explosion was released the makers of the reactor blamed it on Dyatlov because
it was his shift to work. Another thing that happened was that they say dyatlov messed up on a few
of safety precautions. The cooling system was switched off when the explosion had happened. The
turbine water pressure was at 0. The pressure was increasing when it should have been decreasing.
They also were running an experiment when it happened and it was in close down when it
happened. The explosion was equivalent to 10 bombs of Hiroshima. Dyatlov had received a fatal
amount of radiation. Dyatlov was sentenced to 10 years in prison for the cause of the explosion.
Although Dyatlov was sentenced 10 years he got out 18

The Tsunami Of The Earthquake

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Candice Him

More from Candice Him (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Tsunami Of The Earthquake