Cerebral Palsy Definition

Cerebral Palsy Definition
Cerebral Palsy – DrMdYasin
Cerebral palsy is known as a neurological disorder which results from non–progressive injury of
brain which occurs when the brain of a child is under development. Cerebral Palsy mainly affects
the movement of body and coordination of muscles. Cerebral Palsy can be defined however, having
it does not define the patient suffering from this condition.
Defining Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral Palsy is a blanket term also commonly known as "CP" and defined by the impairment or
loss of motor function. It is a condition which results from damage of brain. Damage of brain is a
result of injury of brain or the abnormal brain development which takes place when the brain of a
child is developing – prior to its birth, during its birth
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Cerebral Palsy's Childhood
In the mid–1800s a doctor named William Little recorded
the first case of Cerebral Palsy. He noticed the symptoms in
children and recorded them as "stiff, spastic muscles in their
legs, as well as slightly in their arms"(Cerebral Palsy Source,
2016). These spastic muscles make it difficult for children, as
well as adults, to function with their everyday tasks such as
eating, walking, and talking. William Little came to the
conclusion that children who developed Cerebral Palsy had a lack
of oxygen flowing to their head when they were born, causing
damage to certain brain tissues. In 1897 Sigmund Freud, one of
the worlds most well–known psychiatrists, said that children
with Cerebral Palsy had mental and visual issues along with the

The Anatomy Of The Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex is a vital component of the brain, and is responsible for bodily functions that
would be difficult to live without. To have a more suitable expertise of the cerebral cortex scientist
divided the brain into for lobes contingent to the purpose of what each lobe is responsible for. Each
lobe of the cerebral cortex plays an essential role in humans every day life. If one of the lobes were
absent being successful at the University of Oklahoma would be difficult if not unviable. The
cerebral cortex has numerous functions, each being unique to how it affects the human body.
Scientist categorized the cerebral cortex into four different lobes depending on their purpose to
improve our understanding and assist our research of the cerebral cortex. The four lobes of the
cerebral cortex are the Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. The frontal lobe, located at
the front of the brain close to our foreheads, is in charge of more intricate and complex work of the
brain. It manages jobs such as contemplating, making decisions, and planning, but the frontal lobe is
also in charge of emotions and communication proficiency. The frontal lobe is an important
component of the cerebral cortex and is associated in most every day life experiences. Whether it be
deciding on an outfit for the day, or having a conversation with a friend. The parietal lobe transfers
our senses like contact, temperature, and aroma into things the body can feel and comprehend. If

Cerebral Palsy Research Paper
This paper is about Cerebral Palsy (CP). Cerebral Palsy is a birth defect that affects the brain. This
paper will include the causes, preventions, symptoms, treatments, life expectancy and quality of life.
The cause of C.P is a brain injury/malfunction that happens before during or right after a infant is
born. A injury to the brain affects the child's motor skills such as picking up small objects or picking
up a spoon. But it all just depends how where the damage is and how severe it is. Every case of C.P
is just unique to the individual. Most cases of C.P can't be prevented. You can on the other hand
lessen the risk. Number one make sure you're vaccinated. Why does making sure that you're
vaccinated help prevent C.P? Well i'm glad you

Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Spastic cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that unfolds in the developing brain – either right
before birth or shortly after, typically before the child turns one year of age. Head injuries that occur
several weeks after birth may also cause spastic cerebral palsy. Spastic cerebral palsy makes up
roughly eighty percent of all cerebral palsy cases, since there are other types; spastic is considered to
be the most common. Spastic cerebral palsy causes neuromuscular mobility impairment meaning
that there is a lack in connection between the nerves and muscles. The two parts of the brain affected
by spastic cerebral palsy are the cerebral motor cortex and the white matter. The cerebral motor
cortex is responsible for movement, hearing, speech, thinking, visual processing etc. Therefore if the
cerebral motor cortex is damaged then all those previously listed may be affected. White matter is
responsible for transmitting signals to the body, consequently if it is damaged, nerve signals are
interrupted. (Common Parts of the Brain Affected by Cerebral Palsy.) Spastic cerebral palsy carries
many symptoms which include muscle spasticity/stiffness, joint contracture, paralysis, seizures,
dysarthria, difficulty eating/swallowing, drooling, irregular breathing (respiratory problems),
unsteady gait, learning disabilities, hearing/eyesight problems, slower growth than average,
scoliosis, bowel problems, or urinary incontinence. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)
Spastic

Essay on Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral Palsy
According to the website www.cpal/geocities.org, I found some valuable information to help me
with my report about exceptionalities in students. This website was almost like a tutorial that walked
step by step through the disability, causes, and treatments.
I found that in definition the words Cerebral Palsy are used to describe a medical condition that
affects control of the muscles. Cerebral means anything in the head and palsy refers to anything
wrong with control of the muscles or joints in the body. If someone has cerebral palsy it means that
because of an injury to their brain (that's the cerebral part) they are not able to use some of the
muscles in their body in the normal way (that's the palsy part). Children ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Changes in muscle tone let us move.
In this website I also learned that there are several types of CP. I wrote the different types below to
help understand each one individually.
1. Spastic Cerebral Palsy
If muscle tone is too high or too tight, the term spastic is used to describe the type of cerebral palsy.
Children with spastic CP have stiff and jerky movements because their muscles are too tight. They
often have a hard time moving from one position to another or letting go of something in their hand.
This is the most common type of CP. About half of all people with CP have spastic CP.
2. Ataxic Cerebral Palsy
Low muscle tone and poor coordination of movements is described as ataxic CP. Kids with ataxic
CP look very unsteady and shaky. They have a lot of shakiness, like a tremor you might have seen in
a very old person, especially when they are trying to do something like write or turn a page or cut
with scissors. They also often have very poor balance and may be very unsteady when they walk.
Because of the shaky movements and problems coordinating their muscles, kids with ataxic CP may
take longer to finish writing or art projects.
3. Athetoid Cerebral Palsy
The term athetoid is used to describe the type of cerebral palsy when muscle tone is mixed –
sometimes too high and sometimes too low. Children with athetoid CP have trouble holding

Spastic Cerebral Palsy Essay
Our user was diagnosed with spastic quadriplegia, which is the harshest type of spastic cerebral
palsy. Spastic cerebral palsy is caused by damage of the motor cortex and the pyramidal tracts of the
brain. The brain damage can occur before, during or even after birth. When the damage occurs
before birth it is usually during the 26 to 34 week of gestation in which the white matter of the fetus
is most susceptible to complications. It can occur during birth, and babies with cerebral palsy were
usually born in a feet–first position instead of a headfirst. An uncommon reason of brain damage
occurs after birth, however it still occurs and it can be caused by a traumatic head injury. Since it is a
type of cerebral palsy the patient will suffer from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can opt between different types of therapies or even surgery. Physical therapy will try to help
the patient gain some independence through stretching, flexibility exercises and range–of–motion
activities. Occupational therapy will help with the development of skills to perform daily life
activities. Most of the time they will focus on strengthening their hands and fingers since they are
not able to move the majority of their bodies. A benefit of doing this therapy is that it will improve
the patient's learning abilities, which will make a significant change in their lives. Another type of
therapy is speech therapy, which aims to improve basic language and vocabulary development. It is
crucial that a patient of cerebral palsy knows how to communicate with their caregivers or anyone
who can provide help to them. Fortunately, there is also medication that can help the patients with
their condition. Benzodiazepines can be prescribed to alleviate muscle stiffness; Diazepam is mostly
used at treating stiffness of the legs. Patients can also undergo surgery; a highly recommended one is
the Selective Doral Rhizotomy, which main goal is to relax the muscles and improve mobility in
various

We decided to research suit therapy in the context of cerebral palsy. Suit therapy is a system of
rubber bands, hooks, and rings that connect a vest, shorts, kneepads, and specially connected shoes
(McMahon, Pruitt & Vargus–Adams 2009). There are bungee type cords that continue to tighten and
adjust in order to "mimic normal flexor and extensor patterns of major muscle groups in an attempt
to correct abnormal alignment" (McMahon, Pruitt & Vargus–Adams 2009). Wearing the suit along
with intensive physical therapy, and active motor participation by the patient for a certain amount of
time and frequency is meant to retrain the brain what normal muscle movement is and improve
sensory and proprioceptive information (McMahon, Pruitt & Vargus–Adams ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
While the article includes a lot of information about cerebral palsy, for the purposes of obtaining
information that is pertinent to suit therapy, we will focus on their definitions of cerebral palsy and
some of its symptoms. The CDC is a government organization that backs research on many different
diseases and disorders affecting people, making it a credible source to gather facts. A working
definition of cerebral palsy and its symptoms is needed to achieve this and the CDC provides that
along with other information. The CDC defines cerebral palsy as "a group of disorders that affects a
person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture" (2015). It goes further into describing
that cerebral means having to do with the brain and palsy means weakness or issues using muscles
(2015). Therefore, in order for suit therapy to really treat what is at the root of cerebral palsy, both
the brain and the muscles. If it is found that suit therapy only treats one of those two areas that
cerebral palsy affects, then it is not a truly holistic treatment that treats cerebral palsy as a whole.
Symptoms vary from case to case, and the CDC says that some people with cerebral palsy will only
have minor symptoms and not need any adaptive equipment for mobility, but others may never be
able to walk or be mobile by themselves and need lifelong care (2015). The CDC is a well
researched, and reliable source of information in which only professionals can edit their articles. The
authors, therefore, must be objective, as they are stating facts, and are unbiased in the way they
present them. This text's contribution to our research about suit therapy is that it gives a solid
foundation as to what

Introduction
Every year, thousands of children are diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy. This congenital neuromuscular
disorder affects many children from the day of diagnosis to the end of their life. This incurable
disorder can affect a wide array of muscular functions, and will permanently debilitate children
through adulthood. This disorder arises from congenital brain injury and possible genetic
predisposition. There are several therapy options available for children affected that will assist in
independence. However, therapy options are expensive and most people cannot afford them.
Therefore, there are government assistance programs that will help with expenses. Most importantly,
there is ongoing research being funded to learn more about this disease and finding a cure.
Pathophysiology
Cerebral Palsy is a neuromuscular disorder that causes many disabilities in those affected. This
disorder is diagnosed usually within the first two years of life due to neurological delays. It is
believed that these neurological delays are due to brain damage received ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some people believe that cerebral palsy may be linked to certain genetic disorders. Some believe
that the disorder may be linked to congenital defects. While it is known that Cerebral Palsy is not
directly hereditary, it is understood that "hereditary factors can predispose an individual to Cerebral
Palsy." (My Child at CerebralPalsy.org, 2018) It is also understood that Cerebral Palsy can be
associated with a specific interaction with genes called "complex inheritance or multifactorial
inheritance" which can lead to the disease becoming an "autosomal–recessive disorder or an X–
linked–recessive inheritance" (My Child at CerebralPalsy.org, 2018) from a parent or the parents.
While these disorders can be deemed genetic in nature, some gene malfunctions or mutations can
also be associated with toxins such as cigarette smoke and

CEREBRAL PALSY
Jose Martinez
Professor Bonome
Health Science
November 28th, 2014
Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral Palsy, also known as CP, is a motor disability that affects a person when they are a child,
and it is also the most common motor disability in found in children. CP is a lifelong disability,
caused by damage to the developing brain, in which most cases it happens during the pregnancy(1).
The main thing that Cerebral Palsy affects is a person's ability to move and maintain
balance/posture(2). The actual symptoms can vary among the individual. Some people with mild
Cerebral Palsy, may have trouble walking properly, but can still do it nonetheless. But, someone
with severe Cerebral Palsy may need special equipment to walk, and in some ... Show more content
Depending on the region of the brain that is affected, the disability may differ. For example, a
person may be affected with spasticity, or stiff muscles. Another person may be affected with
dyskinesia, or uncontrollable movements(2). It is important to diagnose Cerebral Palsy at a young
age for the wellbeing of the child. Diagnosing Cerebral Palsy involves several steps, Developmental
Monitoring, Developmental Screening, and Developmental and Medical Evaluations(1).
Developmental Monitoring would involve tracking the child's growth, like for example every time
that they go for a check–up at the doctor's. Usually the doctor will ask if the parents have any
concerns about the growth and the development of their child, and will almost always do this
regardless to keep the baby healthy. Even though they do this with all children, those with low birth
weight or other risk factors at birth may be monitored more closely than those born healthy.
Screening involves a small test on the child that will show the doctor if the child has any motor or
movement delays. These will be performed every couple of months, usually at 9 months, and then
again at 18 and so on. Now keep in mind that even though there are

Cerebral Palsy Essay
History of Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a term that encompasses a group of non–progressive syndromes of posture
and motor problems next to lesions in the brain from early development (Appleton & Gupta, 2001).
This disorder is caused by disturbances to the fetal or infant central nervous system (Jones, Morgan,
Shelton, & Thorogood, 2007). There are two types of cerebral palsy, spastic and non spastic (Jones,
Morgan, Shelton, & Thorogood, 2007). CP has a variety of signs and symptoms that coincide with
other neurodegenerative disorders. The clinical signs of cerebral palsy are the following: muscle
tone abnormalities, impaired motor coordination and control, dysarthria, and fine motor dysfunction.
In some cases these are associated with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was the second prominent person, after Dr. Little, who looked at cerebral palsy regarding non–
progressive neuromuscular disabilities in children. In his book "Infantile paralysis of cerebral
origin", he looked at 151 cases, some of his own and some from literature. One hundred and 120 of
those cases are with infantile hemiplegia, twenty with bilateral spastic hemiplegia and eleven with
spastic paraplegia, he took all these cases and organized them by distribution and location and
correlated them with neuroanatomical pathology (Osler, 1889). There were several cases that came
from Pennsylvania Institution for Feeble–Minded Children, these patients showed severe mental
retardation. Osler noted that Strumpell's paper in 1885 initiated his interest toward this problem. He
pointed out the associations between difficulties during deliver, prolong resuscitation, asphyxia and
seizures He believed the theory that Strumpell has of polioencephalities showed similar pathology
and etiology to that of CP(Osler, 1889). He concluded that intracranial hemorrhaging and jaundice
may lead to palsies at birth of infant (Osler,

Cerebral Palsy Papers
Cerebral palsy affects a part of the brain that helps to control the body's muscle movements. This is
a disorder that permanently will affect the body's movement and/or speech. In most of the children
who have cerebral palsy are born with it right after birth. Cerebral palsy starts in infancy. One
person can have more effective cerebral palsy from another person. For example; a boy can have the
effects of not being able to walk or talk in a preposterous way where as a girl could have the effect
of not being able to walk good but can still talk normally.
Signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy are different, there are many kinds of symptoms that can
occur. People who experiance with cerebral palsy have exaggerated reflexes, a lack of muscle
coordination caused by tightness and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You cannot tell if a child has cerebral palsy during pregnancy. It happens before, during or after
birth however; sometime this can not be discovered until month or maybe even up to 3 years after
the child's birth. In most cases children are usually diagnosed right after birth. The parents of the
child with this disease will start to notice things that are off a little more than usual. When a child
starts missing a growth factor the parent may not think its cerebral palsy right away. They will just
think that this childs is a slow start but will catch up soon. Bur right away parents should take their
child to the doctor when they notice something is off. Signs that a baby has cerebral palsy can be
they feel floppy when you pick them up from a low muscle tone, they are not able to hold their head
up when lying on their stomach or sitting up on their own, they will have difficulty eating their food,
and they will have a delayed development such as not being able to sit up on their own or roll over.
Cerebral palsy is not deernative! Dernative means that his disease will not get worse over time after
a child is diagnosed with

Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that impairs the musculoskeletal system and motor control.
Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term that covers many variations of the disorder. This disorder is
caused by brain damage. This brain damage typically occurs pre–birth, during birth, or just after
birth. The brain damage that causes cerebral palsy can also occur by traumatic brain damage or after
a stroke, but those are often characterized as a traumatic brain injury with cerebral palsy–like
symptoms. Cerebral palsy is a non–progressive disease meaning that the disease will not worsen
over time. There is no cure for cerebral palsy, but it is not a disorder that completely restricts the
individual's participation in activities of daily living; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because cerebral palsy does not have a cure, there is not a therapy that will completely alleviate the
symptoms of cerebral palsy. There are also a number of surgeries that can help to alleviate the
symptoms of cerebral palsy. Physical therapy is a common form of therapy to help improve a variety
of characteristics such as gait, range of motion at a joint, flexibility, balance, and posture. There are
several approaches a therapist can do to help a patient who has cerebral palsy. Stretching, kneading
of the muscles, and other exercises can help a patient to improve their strength, balance, and range
of motion in their spastic muscles. The stretching and kneading of the muscles can often help to
reduce pain that the individual might be

Essay Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a condition that affects thousands of people each year. An estimated 764,000
children and adults are afflicted with one or more symptoms of CP. Around 8,000 infants and babies
are diagnosed each year and 1,200–1,500 preschool age children are recognized with symptoms of
CP (www.ucp.org). This condition is caused by "abnormal development of areas of the brain that
control movement and posture" (www.ucp.org). It can also be caused by damage to the brain
(usually because of head injury during the birthing process) or diseases/infections the mother has
during pregnancy such as German measles, rubella, bacterial meningitis, or viral encephalitis. Other
risk factors may be the loss of too much oxygen during birth ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It can be quite difficult for the patient to use the muscles needed for speech; this is called dysarthria
(www.ucp.org). A lesser–known type of CP that affects 5–10% of patients is called ataxic CP
(www.ucp.org). This form affects the patients' sense of balance leaving them with poor coordination.
It is difficult for them to move quickly or make specific movements. Writing and buttoning their
own shirt can be a difficult task for people with ataxic CP. A tremor in the body part they are
attempting to use can be present as well. CP can also be present as a mixed form. This means the
patient can have a combination of each of the previous forms. There are many challenges that come
with being diagnosed with any type of cerebral palsy. Children with CP may have a problem
controlling the muscles in their mouth. Things we take for granted such as eating and talking can be
very difficult for children with CP. They may need assistance eating and may use other forms of
communication. Problems with breathing can also affect the child's ability to speak. Some children
with CP also have seizures or convulsions. This can be a result of abnormal brain activity. These
seizures can completely interrupt their activity. They can stare off in space or lose complete control
of their body. Medication is prescribed to those that need it. Children with

Essay On Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral Palsy is form of paralysis caused by brain defect or injury during birth. It is an impairment
of muscular function and causes weakness to limbs. This is caused by lack of oxygen right after
birth and is usually accompanied by learning disorders or mental retardation.
Signs are easier to show your child has cerebral palsy because a child is diagnosed so early, they
can't really show symptoms because they aren't developed enough. Symptoms is the way the child
feels, which isn't visible until a little later in life. The earliest sign of Cerebral Palsy is a delay of
development such as the delay in the ability to sit, crawl, or walk. Signs doctors will also look for
are things like unusual posture or irregular muscle tone. A sign that causes doctors to immediately
suggest your kid has Cerebral Palsy is a traumatic delivery.
When diagnosing Cerebral Palsy, you want to make sure you receive the type and that you diagnose
the other conditions such as speech problems that are also visible because of Cerebral Palsy. When a
child is lacking certain developments that are suppose to occur when the child grows, physicians
will observe through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These treatments are to improve or maintain their health. Some treatments such as physical therapy
can help their muscles to get stronger, so it doesn't hurt as much to walk or is easier to walk since
their muscles are used to it. Medications can help control symptoms, help your muscles to relax, or
to help with the other conditions that might be occurring with Cerebral Palsy. Also, pain
management can allow them to be able to cope with the pain, and improves their life because they
don't have to deal with as much pain. Surgery may help with control of affected limbs for severe
cases or you can use braces, casts , or splints to help keep up or improve the ability for the

Cerebral Palsy
I choose Cerebral Palsy because I think that it's a very unique disability how it disables you back
functioning. Cerebral Palsy is defined as a condition marked by impaired muscle coordination
(Spastic paralysis) and other disabilities, typically caused by damage to the brain before or at birth.
Cerebral
Palsy affects many people in need many different ways some it may affect their ability to have
control over body movement, muscle control, muscle tone, reflex problem, posture, balance, and
muscle coordination. Also a person that faces with Cerebral Palsy may have problems with their
hearing, visual lose, speech, Epilepsy, and maybe even intellectual impairments. Cerebral Palsy is a
developmental disability that is permanent

Cerebral Palsy Summary
Summary of Scholarly Research: Parents' Understanding of Play for Children with Cerebral Palsy
The article that I chose to summarize titled "Parents' Understanding of Play for Children with
Cerebral Palsy" (Graham, Truman, & Holgate, 2015) explores the different ways in which children
with Cerebral Palsy (CP) engage in play and the ways in which parents of these children perceive,
facilitate, and are affected by their childs ability to play. This topic was of interest to me because I
will soon be embarking on a fieldwork experience where I will be working with the pediatric
population. I feel that parental involvement is an integral part of therapy for children and would like
to gain a better understanding of how to better enable parents to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some expressed feelings of guilt or jealousy as a result of being unable to leave their child to play
individually or with other children (Graham, et al., 2015), or guilt related to not incorporating
therapy into play (Graham, et al., 2015). Nevertheless, parents also communicated that they coped
with the burden of play by recruiting others to help facilitate their childs participation in play in
order for the parent to carry out daily tasks (Graham, et al., 2015). With respect to expanding the
concept of play, vicarious play and play through communication were described by parents
(Graham, et al., 2015). For example, one parent described her child engaging by watching other
children play and commenting on their actions (Graham, et al., 2015). She perceived that her child
felt fully involved in the play even though she was not physically participating (Graham, et al.,
2015). Concerning therapy and play, some parents felt that the two concepts were intertwined, while
other parents saw therapy and play as being completely separate (Graham, et al., 2015). Automatic
incorporation of therapy into play was also described by the participants (Graham, et al., 2015). For
example, parents would naturally think of elements such as positioning or bilateral movements

Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral Palsy is a generic term that is applied to a non–progressive motor disorder. Approximately
(2).% of children born today will have some form of cerebral palsy (CP). There are four main
categories in which CP disorders are placed. First, Spastic syndromes due to upper motor neuron
involvement are representative of 70% of CP cases (8). Subgroups of this include hemiplegia (21%),
quadriplegia (27%), and diplegia (21%), which is a mixture of quadriplegia and paraplegia (8). The
hemiplegics of this group often have mild or less severe speech impediments than the other
subgroups (8). Second, athetoid and dyskinetic syndromes occur in about 20% of the cases (8). This
group has the slow, writhing movements and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the remaining CP patients with "normal intelligence" have perceptual problems and must be
placed in learning disability classes (3).
Several theories have been given as to the cause of CP. These include; neonatal jaundice, genetics,
infections of infancy, neonatal asphyxia, and birth trauma. Neonatal jaundice causes bilirubin
encephalopathy (kirnicterus) which is not common today with Rh immunization and other clinical
advances that prevent the massive lysis of child RBC's (3). Genetic causes of CP have been linked to
an autosomal recessive gene in a few cases of the ataxic diplegia form (4). Infancy attributions
include head trauma and meningitis (3).
The original thought was that CP was a result of birth trauma and the physician's competence was a
large factor in the incidence of CP. It appears that only 6% of CP cases are due from intrapartum
events but most of these seemed to originate their etiology from prenatal or postnatal factors (5).
This conclusion comes from the fact that CP children had similar Apgar scores except for acidosis of
the veins in approximately 18% of the CP children compared to 0 in normal children (5). This may
be due to a lack of equipment to actually diagnose the acidosis, especially in cerebral acidosis. Also,
C–sections do not protect against CP and are not advised unless they are normally applicable (5).
Another study found

Cerebral palsy, also known as CP, is quite prevalent in today's society and continues to be the most
common physical disability. It is estimated that about one in every 400 children born in a developed
country will have cerebral palsy (Aspinall, 2007). In the United States, it is estimated that nearly
800,000 children and adults could be exhibiting some symptoms of the condition (Aspinall, 2007).
Despite medical advances all over the world, newborn children and infants continue to be diagnosed
with this condition and there seems to be no decline in numbers over the years (Aspinall, 2007).
The exact cause of cerebral palsy remains unknown to this day. However, there are many factors that
can cause CP such as meningitis, bleeding into the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are three main types of cerebral palsy. The first type of CP is that of Spastic Cerebral Palsy
and it is often accompanied with a weakness and stiffness in muscles (Aspinall, 2007). Therefore,
movements are much harder to perform and to control. Muscle weakness will sometimes make it
impossible for some people to stand or move on their own while muscle stiffness prevents many to
fully extend their limbs. Spastic CP is the most common type of CP in the world, and nearly eighty
percent of all CP cases are of this type (Aspinall, 2007). The second type of CP is that of Athetoid
Cerebral Palsy and it is caused by damage to the cerebellum and the basal ganglia (Aspinall, 2007).
When damage occurs in these areas movements and body posture are affected greatly and both are
less coordinated (Colledge, 1999). Moreover, the imbalance caused by the damage to these areas
result in problems with speech, eating, and picking up objects (Aspinall, 2007). Nearly ten percent
of all CP cases are those of Athetoid CP (Aspinall 2007). The third type of CP is that of Ataxic
Cerebral Palsy. Ataxic children are usually shaky and have a poor sense of balance as well as bad
depth perception (Aspinall, 2007). However, a child with Ataxic CP may have a chance of living an
independent life if therapy is started at a young age.
Cerebral palsy is not a curable disease (Petry, 2007). However, some treatment will often time's
enhance a child's capabilities. Although this

The Cerebral Cortex
Q1: The cerebral cortex is a highly organized, six layered structure (L1–6) with a variety of
excitatory and inhibitory cell types. Excitatory (glutamatergic) neurons make up 80% of the cortex
and consist of pyramidal and spiny stellate (granule) neurons. Inhibitory (GABAergic) neurons
make up only 20% of the cortex and consist of four different subtypes: non–fast spiking serotonin
expressing GABAergic neurons, martinotti cells, basket cells, and chandelier cells (Petersen &
Crochet, 2013; Shipp, 2007). The total number of neuronal cells in the adult human cortex is 21.4
billion for females and 26.3 billion for males; however, there are also non–neuronal cells present in
the cortex (Pelvig, Pakkenberg, Stark, & Pakkenberg, 2008). The major non–neuronal cells are glial
cells and consist of: oligodendrocytes (75% of non–neuronal cells), astrocytes (20%) and microglia
(5%) (Pelvig et al., 2008). The layering of the cortex is highly organized, with specific cell bodies
located in each layer. Layer 1 receives input from other cortical layers as well as subcortical layers
and is comprised solely of inhibitory neurons, although there are axons and dendrites that project
onto these neurons in addition to non–neuronal cells (Petersen & Crochet, 2013). Layers 2/3 are
difficult to differentiate from one another, and often referred to as the supragranular layers. These
layers contain medium sized pyramidal cells that have densely packed and highly aligned apical
dendrites and make

Causes Of Cerebral Palsy
Causes of Cerebral palsy
Brain injury or brain malformation that occurs before, during, or immediately after birth while the
infant's brain is under development will cause the baby to cerebral palsy. Every case of cerebral
palsy is different and individual. This is classify in the type of trauma, extent of injury, and the
timing of trauma to the developing brain.
92% cases of cerebral palsy in the Australia is causes by the brain injury occurs either in the uterus
(while the mother is pregnant) or before 1 month of age. Stroke is the most common cause in babies
who acquire cerebral palsy after 1 month of age. The stroke may occur spontaneously or arise from
surgical or heart complications.
Researchers believe there are three main problems that can affect the brain ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Experts believe that lack of oxygen may have caused destruction of the unborn baby's brain cells.
PVL may have been caused by the pregnant mother catching an infection, such as rubella (German
measles), having very low blood pressure, giving birth too early (premature birth), or consuming an
illegal drug during the pregnancy.
Intracranial hemorrhage and stroke
Intracranial hemorrhage is bleeding in the brain. This can be dangerous because the brain can be
deprived of blood, which can cause parts of the brain to die – the build–up of blood itself can
damage brain tissue.
Intracranial hemorrhage is normally seen in babies born prematurely, although it sometimes occurs
in unborn babies after they have had a stroke. Factors that increase the risk of an unborn baby
having a stroke include pre–existing weaknesses or abnormalities in the baby's blood vessels or the
mother's placenta. High blood pressure in the mother also increase the risk of unborn baby having a
stroke. Also, mother having an infection during pregnancy, particularly pelvic inflammatory disease
(an infection of the female upper genital

Essay on Cerebral palsy
Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy refers to a group of chronic disorders that involve degrees of brain damage that affect
body control and movement. The term cerebral refers to the brain, while palsy describes a disorder
that impairs the control of body movement. These disorders are not the result of muscles or nerves
problems. Instead, they are due to impaired motor areas in the brain that disrupt its ability to control
movement and posture. The condition typically appears within the first few years of life and it is not
marked by regression. (Mecham, 1986)
Cerebral Palsy can either be present before birth, can occur during the delivery process, or can even
develop up to several years after a child is born. The disorder is most commonly ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
More severe symptoms in children with cerebral palsy may result in basically no muscle control,
greatly affecting their lives." (Cogher, Savage & Smith, 1992)
There are some individuals that suffer a mild cerebral palsy form. Many people do not know that
mild cerebral palsy exists because the symptoms of this cerebral palsy form are subtler and mild
cerebral palsy patients are able to lead "normal" lives. Since cerebral palsy is caused from brain
damage, the severity of the cerebral palsy is dependent upon how much brain damage exists. With
mild cerebral palsy, as the name indicates the damage suffered has been minimal.
Sometimes, mild cerebral palsy patients cause other disorders to occur. The way that these disorders
affect the mild cerebral palsy individual can be mild or severe, requiring the mild cerebral palsy
patient to need more treatment. Since every mild cerebral palsy patient is affected in his/her own
way, developing an individualized mild cerebral palsy treatment plan is required.
There are many different types of cerebral palsy. "Types of cerebral palsy are classified by the type
of movement problems caused by brain impairment, or by the parts of the body that are affected."
(Mecham, 1986)
The four types of cerebral palsy that indicate motor disability include: spastic, ataxic, athetoid and
mixed cerebral palsy. Spastic cerebral palsy causes movements to be stiff or difficult to execute. In
these

Speech On Cerebral Palsy
Introduction
"Cerebral Palsy for me, is both a blessing and a curse. Yes, it's a disability pero (but) it helps me
discover myself more. Like this, I like being on solo dates. But it's also a curse because the people
who don't understand my condition will only tease me and I can't do anything or I'm unable to do
anything."
– Saiya
The cerebral palsies (CP) are a heterogeneous group of motor disorders that are non–progressive
developed in the brain. [3]
According to the Centers for Disease and Control Prevention, studies that are population–based
from all over the world reports the prevalence of cerebral palsy 1.5 to more than 4 per 1000 live
births or children of a defined age range. [5]
In the continent of Asia, the prevalence of Cerebral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Ayoko rin mag meds, kasi natatakot ako sa side–effects. Ayun. Parang, okay na akong may kausap
ako."
G. Summarize the Result of Exammination Management Outcome
The client has gone through an incomplete form of physical therapy. Physical therapy for the
condition of cerebral palsy includes exercises and stretches that are aimed to stimulate mobility. This
sets up physical fitness while maintaining a minimum of injury or accidents. However, Saiya did not
receive the full treatment of physical therapy and could not attain its full benefits. Otherwise, the
client's care is usually self–made where she would be in activities that help her both physically and
psychologically whether in a school setting or otherwise.
H. Refer to Objective Measures of Client's Progress
The client's lack of professional medical care has deteriorated her mobility on her lower body,
stating that she once had been able to move her feet in circles but could not do so today. Despite
this, Saiya maintains a healthy life where she is active in her school and outside educational
activities. Her classmates would comment that despite her condition, she is fully capable of high
articulation and recitation while also being competitive in a friendly

Cerebral Blood
Measuring the cerebral blood volume has always been a focal point of several neuroimaging studies
in order to get a better understanding of the varied structure–function relationships within the human
brain. Being one of the most complicated structures in the human body, the brain sits inside our
head, protected by the skull and is made up of billions of neurons. The Cerebrum, cerebellum, and
the brain stem, which turns into the spinal cord, are the three parts of the brain which are responsible
for carrying out actions, thoughts, and maintaining hemostasis. (4) The cerebrum is divided into four
parts: the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and the occipital lobe. While the frontal lobe is
involved in one's consciousness and thinking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Doppler ultrasound is a way to measure the peak systolic and diastolic velocities. Resting peak
velocities in both common carotid and internal carotid arteries decrease as individual ages. If a
stenosis is present, then the internal carotid velocity increases relative to the normal values. To get
an estimate of the blood flow, researchers use Doppler and B–mode ultrasound measurements. (3)
By examining the blood flow at the bifurcation ridge in the carotid artery, we could determine few
key features of the blood that is being delivered to the brain via the carotid arteries. Nearly two–
thirds of the entire flow, enters the internal carotid artery and the velocity of the blood in the
proximal internal carotid artery is usually higher on the wall next to the bifurcation.

Cerebral Palsy
Jacie Carvalho
Pima Medical Institute
Communications 110
September 14, 2015
Mrs. Kankoski
Overview Cerebral palsy, commonly known as CP is a group of disorders that affect a person's
ability to move and maintain posture and balance (1). This disorder is well known for affecting
children. About 500,000 children in the United States have this. It is non–progressive, which means
that it does not get worse overtime (3). CP can be developed inside the womb, after birth or 3–5
years of a child's life (2). Being that there are different parts of the brain that can be affected, not
everyone faces the same symptoms. There are a number of different types of cerebral palsy, so every
child that suffers with this disorder ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also the most crucial organ in the body because it controls other organs and bodily functions.
There are different parts of the brain that could be affected when a person has cerebral palsy. A child
could face problems with movement, while another could have stiff muscles. Everyone is unique.
There are several different types of cerebral palsy that a child could have. Spastic cerebral palsy is
one example, which means that the child has muscle stiffness and their walking movements can be
quite troublesome (1). Another different type of CP would be dyskinetic cerebral palsy, meaning that
the child becomes reconciled to involuntary and uncontrolled movements (2). Difficulty sitting,
writing, and walking may be strenuous. Ultimately, problems with balance and depth perception are
an example of ataxic cerebral palsy (2). Children who face ataxic CP may have unsteady walking
movements or having a hard time with fast reactions (1). Unluckily, some children face more than
one of these types of cerebral palsy, which would designate them in the mixed CP (1). Many
children who have more than one of these types of CP need special

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological disorder that resulted from a defect in the brain before, at birth,
or after birth (CDC, 2014). In other words, CP affects body movement and muscles by hindering the
muscles from performing regular activity such as walking (Straub & Obrzut, 2009). The common
known cause of brain damage during birth is asphyxia, which means lack of oxygen (CDC, 2014).
However, new studies suggested that cerebral palsy related to various causes such as viral
infections. In addition, CP is divided into congenital and acquired. Congenital CP occurs before or
during birth while acquired CP occurs after 28 days of birth. Each type has risk factors attached to it.
For instance, congenital CP can affect the premature baby and low weight baby (CDC, 2014).
Furthermore, the infected mother with cytomegalovirus (CMV), for instant, can have a baby with
congenital cerebral palsy. In contrast, acquired cerebral palsy are caused by bacterial infection, head
injury and stroke in case of cerebrovascular damage. Moreover, cerebral palsy is classified into
spastic and non–spastic (Types of cerebral palsy, n.d.). The classification of cerebral palsy is based
on the type of motor defect. Spastic CP is known as pyramidal CP and it increases the muscle tone.
In spastic CP, the children will suffer from quadriplegia, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The minimum age of children with CP was 3 years and above (Ellenberg & Nelson, 2012). The
result of this literature review showed percentage variations among child with CP who suffered from
asphyxia. These variations were due to variability in defining cerebral palsy and asphyxia. The
definition of birth CP and asphyxia was questionable due to confusing the proximal effects with
causes. Additionally, the researchers considered the clinical picture at birth as non–specific. Lastly,
the scientists are defining the outcome of

Cerebral Palsy is a condition where damage to certain areas of the brain result in loss of muscle
control and movement. There are multiple factors that play a role in motor learning. One of these
factors will be the primary focus in this paper, this factor is bimanual coordination. The five articles
that will be reviewed all focus on bimanual coordination but each either has a different method of
application or a specific type of cerebral palsy in the study. The first article, Bimanual movement
coordination in spastic hemiparesis, uses Fitts' task to examine whether the large movement
asymmetry in subjects (with spastic hemiparesis) can be eliminated or reduced when both limbs are
required to perform the same tasks.
This study involved ten students (controls). These ten students were healthy university students
(mean age=21 years) (B. Steenbergen, Hulstijn, de Vries, & Berger, 1996). The second group
consisted of fourteen children ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Steenbergen et al., 1996). It involved two boxes (12.5 cm x 12.5 cm) which were placed on top of a
desk (B. Steenbergen et al., 1996). A contact switch was inserted under both lids, and when the hand
rested on the lid of the box the switch remained in a closed position. The switch would be released
once the hand started to move, providing a consistent measure of the start of the movement. The
MAST apparatus was placed in front of the boxes (15.0 cm) (B. Steenbergen et al., 1996). Small
balls were placed in to two grooves; these grooves had inclinations which allowed the balls to roll
toward the subject. A high–frequency GO signal (1000 Hz; duration 100 ms) was generated by the
computer at the start of each trial(B. Steenbergen et al., 1996). Following the GO signal, subjects
were required to pick up the small ball and place it into the nearest hole as quickly as possible. In
the bimanual conditions, subjects were instructed to place both balls into the designated

Cerebral Palsy
People with Cerebral palsy may have issues speaking, swallowing, and controlling their balance,
coordination, movements, or posture. About 15 million people worldwide have Cerebral palsy, and
about 8 hundred thousand in the United States. Approximately 8 thousand people are diagnosed with
Cerebral palsy in the United States each year. Having Cerebral palsy can have a major impact on
someone's life.
Cerebral palsy is a congenital disorder of movement, muscle tone, or posture. It is caused by
damage to one or more areas in the brain that involves one of those. People who have cerebral palsy
are unable to control all their movements. Cerebral palsy can be treated to get the symptoms of it
decreased to some degree, but at this

Cerebral Palsy has become increasingly prevalent in our communities and it is important to
understand what cerebral palsy is and how it affects language acquisition for those reasons. There
are many linguistic subsets of language that are affected by cerebral palsy and this essay goes into
depth the details concerning those aspects influenced. Cerebral Palsy is classified as a physical
health disorder that affects the acquisition of language in the domains of receptive and expressive
language by delaying the onset of phonology, semantics, syntax, and vocabulary development.
Overall, there is a lot to learn about cerebral palsy and the influence it has on language and ways
that these delays can be improved or managed.
Cerebral palsy is classified ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Communication difficulties associated with cerebral palsy can be multifactorial, arising from motor,
intellectual and sensory impairments. Children with this diagnosis can and often do have mild to
severe difficulties in expressing themselves. This can include production of speech, language or
even gestures due to their poor muscle control, which all influence communication. The process of
speech therapy first starts off with a referral and its goal it to maximise their ability communication
as best they can and to help them be as independent as possible during social interactions or
activities. To improve on both of these there are a few ways to go about it. A speech therapist can
choose to introduce an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) system. An AAC, is a
communication method used to supplement or replace speech or writing for people with
impairments in the production or comprehension of spoken or written language. There are things
such as symbol charts and communication aids with synthetic speech. However, a speech therapist
can also choose to just treat the children's natural forms of communication, without a supplement.
Many types of remedies are available to people with cerebral palsy, but sadly there is not a lot of
evidence on their ability to improve symptoms

Introduction: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent pediatric movement disorder [1] and often
results in pathological gait patterns that emerge during development and persist throughout life.
More effective and sustainable treatments are needed for gait rehabilitation in CP. Wearable
exoskeletons provide an untapped resource. A robotic exoskeleton that provides knee extension
assistance was demonstrated to improve walking in children with crouch gait from CP [1]. The full
effect of exoskeleton assistance on volitional actions of the user during walking remains unknown;
however, active participation in concert with assistance is vital for successful motor rehabilitation
[2]. Therefore, the goal of this study is to assess the feasibility of utilizing electroencephalography
(EEG) to quantify the effect of exoskeleton assistance on cortical activity during walking. Recent
studies have used EEG to measure cortical activity during walking in healthy populations [3, 4] but
it has not been applied in those with CP or to determine the effect of robotic assistance at a single
joint, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After practice walking with the exoskeleton in three initial visits (lasting 2–3 hours each), data was
collected on the fourth visit under three conditions: treadmill walking with the exoskeleton
providing knee extension assistance during stance and late swing phase (exo condition) and
providing zero assistive torque (free condition) , and a rest condition during which participants stood
still with eyes open. 64–channel EEG was collected using a wireless, active electrode EEG system
(Brain Products, Morrisville, NC) at 1000 Hz. Lower extremity kinematics and gait events were
recorded at 100 Hz using a Vicon MX motion capture system (Vicon, Denver, CO)

Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that has a permanent affect a person's movement. Cerebral
palsy is occurs because there is an injury to some part of the brain and because of that it is hard for
messages from the brain to communicate to the muscles. When the brain is forming during
pregnancy and there is some disturbance but can also develop shortly after birth and even up into
early childhood. These injuries can be located on any area of the brain and that is why Cerebral
Palsy looks different for every person that has it.
One of the most common stereotypes against people with cerebral palsy is many people assume that
they cannot do things for themselves. Once a person find out that someone has a disability they
automatically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He ruled for 6 years towards the end of the 19th dynasty (1196–1190 B.C), dying at the age of 20
(the average age for CP patients)." The term palsy comes from Greek origin and come from terns
like paralysis or paraplegia. In 130 A.D the word palsy was used by a physician named Galino to
describe people with weakness or necrosis of their nerves. There is no cure for those who have
cerebral palsy there are only ways to manage their condition by trying to improve muscle control
though rehabilitation therapy. "Active management of spasticity is needed to prevent painful
contractures and deformities and promote optimal function. This management generally is provided
by multidisciplinary teams that include physical therapists, orthopedic surgeons, and physiatrists.
Physical therapy, which is uniformly utilized for cerebral palsy has not been subjected to
randomized trials, but is widely accepted as a component of standard management"( Oʼshea, T.).
Some people have more severe cases of cerebral palsy and may have other conditions such as
hearing loss, mental retardation, and inability to speak. When they have mutilple conditions it may
make imporvemtn in rehabiiltion therapy much harder to

Cerebral Palsy Outline
Outline
Cerebral palsy
General topic: to inform
Thesis: 1 in 10 children have been diagnosed with cerebral palsy, a disorder that cannot be cured,
leading to lifetime of treatment plans and countless obstacles throughout their journey.
1) A) Cerebral palsy is a term used to describe a group of chronic conditions affecting body
movement and muscle. b) Cerebral palsy a broad term that encompasses many different disorders of
movement and pastures this spastic cerebral palsy is the most common type accounting for nearly
eighty percent of all cerebral palsy cases. c) 1 in 10 children have been diagnosed with cerebral
palsy, a disorder that cannot be cured, leading to lifetime of treatment plans and countless obstacles
throughout their journey d) 1. I've seen how many children have struggle since they were born. 2. I
have research Meany websites and learned how children leave throw out it. e) 1. First will talk about
how not all kids have developed cerebral palsy 100 % 2.second will talk about how On certain parts
of the body, kids are affected.3. Many disorders of some kids have they could be 3 ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
2 a) Meany kids have only developed the disorder 25%. b) How parents have to help them out throw
out their lives.
3) A)Will talk about the different kind of cerebral palsy that are and how they are affected.
Condition of the brain and movement of the human body. Someone has cerebral palsy it means that
because of an injury to their brain cerebral they are not able to use some of the muscles in their body
in the normal way palsy. Spastic cerebral palsy. Is the most common type of cerebral palsy,
accounting for nearly eighty percent of all cerebral palsy cases.
B)Palsy about ten percent of children with cerebral palsy have what is known a mixed–type cerebral
palsy. These children have both the tight muscle tone of spastic cerebral palsy and the involuntary
movements of athetoid cerebral

Cerebral Palsy Disability
Question 1 I have chosen Cerebral Palsy as my developmental disability to do research on. Cerebral
palsy is a motor disability. When it comes to motor disability cerebral palsy is the most common
disability in children. According to a "population–based studies from around the world report
prevalence estimates of CP ranging from 1.5 to more than 4 per 1,000 live births or children of a
defined age range" ( ). The percentages of children that are born with cerebral palsy is around 85 to
90 percent where they have had damage or abnormal development to the brain that controls
movement. There are several different things that can cause damage to the brain or cause the
development to the brain that cause CP. Damage to the white matter of the

Cerebral Palsy (CP) Essay
Overview: "Cerebral palsy (CP) is an umbrella term that refers to a group of disorders affecting a
person's ability to move" (Cerebral Palsy Alliance 2013). The disorder usually does not get any
worse; yet it is an irreversible, everlasting illness that does not subside. Cerebral palsy occurs either
during pregnancy or after pregnancy as the brain is impaired while in the process of developing. The
effects of cerebral palsy are important when factored into a person's lifestyle because it "can affect a
person's posture, balance, hearing, and ability to move, communicate, eat, sleep and learn. People
who have CP may also be prone to seizures and have intellectual impairments (Cerebral Palsy
Alliance 2013). The components of forming the word ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mixed cerebral palsy is considered to be characterized by both spastic and non–spastic.The type of
mixed cerebral palsy that is most common encompasses the extremities to be affected by both
spasticity and athetosis (My Child 2007). The research and investigation of cerebral palsy has
advanced all over the world allowing the knowledge of this disorder to be studied and the ability to
understand the concept and treatment possibilities of cerebral palsy. The majority of all children that
are affected with cerebral palsy have speech and/or language abnormalities. Factors that either
contribute or supplement in the defective speech of these children usually include visual and audible
discrepancies and reduced visual motor management (Hoberman & Hoberman 1960). "As the
problems experienced by children with a diagnosis of CP range widely, there is no single universally
appropriate form of treatment" (Pennington, Goldbart, & Marshall 2007).
Speech and CP: Poor speech impairs communication and is often interpreted as a sign of cognitive
impairment, which can be very frustrating to children with cerebral palsy, especially the majority
who have average to above average intelligence. Sensory and motor discrepancies are important
factors that need to be of concern during speech therapy (Hoberman & Hoberman 1960). Children
that

Cerebral Palsy In Children
There are several physical disabilities a child could have such as muscular dystrophy, spina bifida,
and cerebral palsy. However, the most common physical disability in children is cerebral palsy
("Facts"). Cerebral palsy is a disease that affects infants and children. It is a disorder of movement,
posture, and/or muscle tone usually caused by brain damage either before or soon after birth. There
are a variety of signs of cerebral palsy, oral problems as a result of this disease, and other interesting
facts.
Symptoms of this disease include extreme muscle variations such as the individual being too stiff or
too floppy, lack of muscle coordination, difficulty eating or speaking, as well as tremors and/or
involuntary movements. Several problems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Individuals with cerebral palsy are most likely unable to talk because of the common symptom of
having much difficulty hearing. Cerebral palsy is unfortunately also a life–long disease and, in some
cases, the disability may increase with age. In addition to this, cerebral palsy can also affect different
parts of the body such as the hemiplegia (either the left or right body half), diplegia (lower body
half), or quadriplegia (the whole body). 39% of individuals with cerebral palsy are affected in the
hemiplegia area, a close 38% are affected in the diplegia area, while 23% of them are affected
throughout their whole body. Infants that are born prematurely have a 10% chance of developing
cerebral palsy sometime during or soon after their birth while infants that were born between 28–31
weeks have a 5% chance of developing this disease

Cerebral Palsy is defined as a "group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and
posture, causing activity limitation, that are attributed to nonprogressive disturbances that occurred
in the developing fetal or infant brain" (Perry, Hockenberry, Lowdermilk, & Wilson, 2014, p. 1571).
This means that any event that causes neuromuscular compromise of movement or posture, from
conception to the child's first birthday, may be termed as cerebral palsy. The condition covers many
different disorders, all of which do not continue to cause damage or harm to the patient. It is the
most frequent childhood physical disability, as it occurs 2.4–3.6 times per 1000 live child births
(Perry et al., 2014). Damage or abnormal development of cerebral ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Spastic has the characteristics of prolonged retention of the primitive reflexes, such as Babinski,
clonus of the ankles. This may lead to atrophy and eventual contractures. One to all four extremities
may be involved, which could include movement impairment of both arms, legs, left versus right
sided affections. Generally, the more limbs that are involved increases the changes for other
muscular dysfunctions, such as the mouth, tongue, and jaw. The lower limbs are 20–30% more
prone to being affected than the upper limbs. As one would expect, gross and/or fine motor skills
may be diminished. The dyskinetic classification includes involuntary muscle movements, that
appear like jerking or worm–like movements. Classifying further, dystonia includes abnormal
postures due to slow twisting of the torso or limbs. Drooling or speech impairment is due to
pharyngeal, laryngeal, or oral muscle inclusion. Ataxic cerebral palsy is non–spastic, with a wide
gait; quick, repeated, poorly performed movements, and displaced upper body movements when
reaching for distant objects. Mixed is the final classification, where spastic and dyskinetic
classifications may be

Cerebral palsy is the term given to a general group of nonspecific neuromuscular disorders that
cause behavioral abnormalities. The condition was originally thought to be caused by asphyxia and
trauma during pregnancy; however, through extensive research many divisions of cerebral palsy
emerged. Such categories include spastic, athetoid, and ataxic cerebral palsy. Today over half a
percent of the worlds population is subject to this condition of the brain. Two to four out of a
thousand are affected in the industrialized United States; however, with the introduction of new
preventive measures the numbers of cerebral palsy victims born each year are expected to decline.
(Anee Stanford, General Information about Cerebral Palsy, page 1&2) ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Britannica.com, Cerebral Palsy, page 1) Cerebral palsy is a general name for an extensive set of
disorders caused by brain damage before or shortly after the first two years of birth. The three major
forms include spastic, athetoid, and ataxic cerebral palsy. It is also not uncommon for victims to
suffer from mixed type cerebral palsy that has variations of two or more of the other classifications.
(Grolier Encyclopedia, Cerebral Palsy, pages 1&2) Of the individuals with cerebral palsy six out of
the ten will have the spastic form. Symptoms include noticeably reduced movement caused by stiff
or permanently contracted muscles. Spastic cerebral palsy results from damaged nerve fibers that
carry impulses for voluntary motor control. Another form of cerebral palsy that accounts for about
two in ten of all the cases is the athetoid type. Symptoms include uncontrolled movements due to
damage to brain nerve fibers responsible for inhibition of muscle movements. Finally, the ataxic
type of cerebral palsy, which accounts for only one in a hundred cases is associated with difficulty in
coordination while walking and other limb movements. This is caused by injury to the cerebellum,
the area of the brain responsible for skeletal muscle control and balance. (James Blackman, Cerebral
Palsy, page 2)
Since

Cerebral Palsy is a neurological disorder that I've become very familiar with over the amount of 4
years. From the minimal amount of knowledge I do have on it, I understand that it is a disorder
caused by brain disfigurement that may permanently affect muscle coordination. Choosing to
surround myself with an awesome individual who suffered from Cerebral Palsy, created a very fond
bond and great interest in finding out more information on it. In 8th grade I met a girl named Elena,
who was a grade younger than me, who was diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy. Before meeting her, I
wasn't very accustomed to dealing with or being involved with people with disorders, so I never
made an attempt to approach her, thinking that I wouldn't know how to relate ... Show more content
Severe signs of Cerebral Palsy can occur immediately after childbirth, which usually involves
trouble swallowing, sucking, a frail cry, stiff or very relaxed body, or in serious cases, seizures.
Some infants may also experience Jaundice, which is yellowing of skin or eyes, strokes caused by
clogged blood vessels, and infections of the brain, such a Meningitis or Encephalitis. Though these
symptoms may appear at birth, they may not start to have full effect on infant until 1 to 3 years old.
Problems relating to Cerebral Palsy may become more distinct over a period of time or may develop
as child grows, which then calls for a diagnosis, but does come to a cease of progression. The most
common symptoms of patients diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy is problems affecting motor skills and
epilepsy, which is recurring episodes of sensory disturbance or loss of consciousness. Studies show
that these symptoms occur in about half of the cases involving Cerebral Palsy. Though, symptoms
involving CP does differ from child to child, while one may have signs of mental retardation while
another may be completely respondent and intelligent. Motor skills affected by this disorder include
inability to keep correct posture or balance, move smoothly or swiftly, with stand leg and arm
coordination, joint stiffness, and limited range of movement. Some patients who

Cerebral Palsy–How to Help Your Child Lead a Healthy Life
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a term that encompasses several neurological disorders that permanently
affect balance, muscle coordination, and movement. Typically contracted before birth, it affects
every part of a child's ability to function and interact with others. Some infants display only mild
forms of CP and are able to function fairly well, attend school and make friends among their peer
age group. A diagnosis of CP can have a devastating effect on the parents and siblings, including
feelings of guilt over potential causes, and due to sibling frustration over the attention required by a
child with CP.
Causes
There is no definitive cause with most children who have CP. Contributing factors include ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Certain illnesses, such as meningitis, can affect and damage the brain as well as cause CP.
Diagnosis and Symptoms
Diagnosing CP involves motor skills testing, neurological testing and obtaining a complete history
and genetic background from the parents. Symptoms and manifestations of CP include, but are not
limited to, the following examples.
Floppiness/stiffness – Lack of muscle tone makes holding the head up or sitting straight very
difficult to do. The opposite may occur, with rigid muscle tone making their extremities stiff and
hard to move. It is important to note that this is not a muscle disorder, but rather a result of signals
sent from the brain that muscles interpret.
Feeding problems – there may be nutritional issues when the baby's ability to coordinate sucking
and swallowing is impaired.
Movement coordination difficulty – the toddler may exhibit what appears to be clumsiness, in their
inability to control arm and leg movements, or coordinate these movements.
Developmental delays – the child may not crawl, sit, stand or walk at the same age as most

Cerebral Palsy Definition

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