3. Frederic M. Thrasher (1927)
“gangs is an interstitial group originally formed spontaneously, and
then integrated through conflict. It is characterized by the following
types of behavior; meeting face to face, milling, movement through
space as a unit, conflict, and planning. The result of this collective
behaviour is the development of tradition, unreflective internal
structure, esprit de corps, solidarity, morale, group awarness, and
attachment to a local territory”
4. Moore (1991)
“gangs are no longer just the rowdy end of the continuum of local
adolescent groups-they are now really outside thet continuum”
Klein (1995)
“street gangs are something special, something qualitatively different
from other groups and from other categories of law breakers”.
5. Gang and Delinquency
karya : Terence P. Thornberry, Marvin D. Krohn, Alan J.
Lizotte, Carolyn A. Smith, dan Kimberly Tobin
Berisi hasil penelitian yang menguji teori para ahli sebelumnya
mengenai gang, karakteristik, struktur, anggota, dampak
keanggotaan, upaya penanggulangan
6. Keangotaan gang
Ras :
1. Afrika-Amerika
2. Hispanic
3. White (kulit putih)
Jenis kelamin :
1. Laki-laki
2. Perempuan
Durasi :
1. < 3 tahun
2. > 3 tahun
9. Motivasi bergabung :
Keluarga dan teman mereka sudah menjadi anggota
sebelumnya
Ada label perlindungan (labeled protection)
Fun / action
10. “barries in social structure limit the ability of lower cass youth to attain
the American dream” – stain theory arientation yang diadopsi Cohen
(1955) dan Cloward serta Ohin (1960)
“gangs and gang behavior are seen as natural offshoots of lower-class
culture, a long-established, distictively patterned tradition with an
integrity of its own” (Miller,1958)
“the influence of poverty inadequate educational process, population shift
and ethnic segregation” (Klein, 1995)
11. Kerugian Sosial
Lemahnya prestasi di sekolah (poor performance in school)
Early dating
Externalizing behaviors
Prior delinquency
Kejahatan/pelanggaran dipercaya meningkat angkanya
(Delinquent beliefs increase).
12. Dalam perkembangan hidup
Dikeluarkan dari sekolah
Kehamilan pada usia dini
Orang tua muda
Hidup terpisah dari salah satu orang tua
Pola pekerjaan yang tidak stabil
Hidup serumah
13. Penanggulangan
Klein and Howel (2005) : tripartite classification
1. Prevention
2. Reform
3. Suppression
Howel menggabungkan dua atau lebih dari pendekatan itu
Spergel (1995)
1. Local community organizing and mobilization
2. Social intervention
3. Suppression
4. Social and economic opportunities provision