Ct Scan Research Paper

Ct Scan Research Paper
Computerized Tomography Scan is also known as CT Scans or CAT scan is an X–ray procedure that
combines a series of X–ray images taken from different angles with the aid of a computer to
generate cross–sectional views. Tomography is from the Greek word "tomos" meaning "slice" or
"section" and "graphia" meaning "describing". CT scans were invented by Godfrey Hounsfield,
British engineer and Allan Cormack, South Africa–born physicist in 1972. The original systems only
took a head imaging only, but whole body systems with larger patient openings became available in
1976.In 1980, CT Scans became widely available. They can also be converted into three–
dimensional images of the internal organs and structures of the body. A CT scan is used to define
normal and abnormal structures in the body and assist in procedures by helping to accurately guide
the placement treatments. A CT scan is conducted with a donut shaped machine. CT scans provide
more detail in the image than an original x–ray can. The field of radiology incorporates a wide range
of digital imaging and provides many different career opportunities. These opportunities are
available for people with varying levels of skill, experience and education. There are many different
types of careers that are in the radiology field. These fields include: ... Show more content on
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Then you will need to focus on radiology to complete a radiology residency program. A radiology
residency program is a program that provides one to two years of specialty, medical education and
paid on–the–job training. Once you have accomplished your clinics and on the job training, you will
receive a certificate. The certificate states that you are a certified radiologist. From there, individuals
can start their desired careers in the profession that they worked so hard to
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Imaging Research Paper
Other Imaging Methods
Hospitals, Doctor offices, and many more use lots of different imaging methods daily to check on
different parts of your body. From doing an X–ray to check on your bones, to a CT scan to check on
the brain for hemorrhages, tumors, and atrophy. To an MRI is used to image soft tissues of the body
like the heart and lungs (Timberlake, Karen p. 340). In this research paper, I will talk about 2 more
different imaging methods and come more in depth with X–rays, CT scans, and MRI's.
An X–ray are a very energetic form of electromagnetic radiation that can be used to take images of
the human body. They check for broken bones, fractures, and sprains, and pretty much anything to
do with your bones. X–rays are a form of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because they don't use any radiation it is a preferred way for doctors to check on a fetus during
pregnancy. They can look at many more things than just a fetus, like the bladder, brain in infants,
kidneys, thyroid, and many more. Ultrasound can also provide a guide to surgeons during some
procedures like biopsies (Krans, Brian).
The last imaging method I will talk about is the positron emission tomography or PET scan. A PET
scan is an imaging test that allows your doctor to check for diseases in your body. This scan does in
fact use radioactive tracers in the special dye that they inject into the veins in your arm. Your doctor
may want to do a PET scan to check blood flow, oxygen intake, and metabolism. They can also
detect cancer, heart problems, and brain disorders. Unlike a CT, or MRI a PET scan can show the
problems at a cellular level. This gives the best view for diseases like brain tumors, seizures, and
memory disorders. Whenever the scan detects cancer it can show how the cancer metabolizes,
whether its spread, or has moved to new areas. The PET scan can also show if the tumor is
responding to chemo or not (Krans, Brian).
There are a lot of different ways doctors can check on parts of your body. X–rays, CT scans, MRI's,
ultrasounds, and PET scans are just some of the most common ones. Although these imaging
methods can check on the same parts of your body each method gives a different look on it. Works
Cited
Timberlake, Karen. Chemistry: An Introduction to

Informative Essay On Ct Scan
The CT scan is a tool. It is a tool for doctors to use to help people all over the world. It sometimes is
key to find and illness a patient poses. Many people do not know what a CT scan is. Even more,
people do not know what "CT" stands for. For those who do not know "CT" stands for, ¨Computed
Tomography¨. There are way more frequent question people ask, such as, how does a CT scan help
diagnose illnesses? In what ways do radiation doses affect the human body from a CT? How do a
CT scan and an MRI differ? How has the CT scan evolved over time? These are all questions that
are the most frequently asked. What these people are trying to say to the confused is simple.
Basically, the CT scan is helping our doctors figure out the mysteries of the human body. When it
comes to the CT scan, many people do ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Medical X–ray Imaging." U S Home Page, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2017.(1)
Duncan, James. "Dangers of CT Scans and X–Rays – Consumer Reports." Dangers of CT Scans and
X–Rays – Consumer Reports. Consumer Reports, 2006. Web. 10 Mar. 2017.(2)
Hess, Christopher. "Exploring the Brain: Is CT Better for Brain Imaging?" UCSF Radiology.
Associate Chair for Quality and Safety, 16 Nov. 2015. Web. 09 Mar. 2017. (1)
Koman, Susan G. "CT Scan vs MRI." CT Scan vs MRI – Difference and Comparison | Diffen, n.d.
Web. 10 Mar. 2017.(1)
Pedicelli, Gabriele. "Q. What Is the Difference between a CT and a MRI?" Wooster Community
Hospital. Wooster Community Hospital, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2017.(2)
Science Museum. "Science Museum. Brought to Life: Exploring the History of Medicine." CT/CAT
Scanner. Brought to Life, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2017.(2)
Senzig, Robert. "Radiological Diagnosis 40 Years On: The Evolution of CT Imaging." GE
Healthcare The Pulse. GE Healthcare, 29 May 2015. Web. 10 Mar. 2017.(1)
Staff Mayo Clinic. "CT Scan." Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research,
n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2017.

Medical Workplace Research Paper
Medical Workplace: Clinic and Hospital Technology
The medical workplace has been around for many decades. The medical work place has allowed
hospitals and clinics to make prominent expansions all over the Missouri. While these expansions
have resulted in easier access for patients, the technology in both hospitals and clinics have helped
patients as well. Even though the advancements of technology has helped the medical field in many
ways such as going to an all–electronic charting system, advancements in radiological technology,
and many more, there are a lot of work that has gone to make these technologies available to both
the clinics and hospitals.
Hospital Setting
According to American Hospital Directory, there are a total of 89 hospitals ... Show more content on
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They can play crucial part in determining what can be wrong with a patient. The first X–ray was
discovered in 1985 by Wilhelm Roentgen, a German scientist (Cite–radiology history). X–rays are
described as "electromagnetic energy waves that act similarly to light rays, but at wavelengths
approximately 1,000 times shorter than those of list" (German scientist discovers x–rays). The first
X–ray was in use during the Balkan war. During this time in 1897, they used the X–ray to determine
if there were any bullets in the soldiers, or to find if they had any broken bones. Although the X–ray
was found very helpful, scientist later started to discover the effects that the radiation could have on
the patient. The event that caused the entire scientist community to raise concern. They realized that
the effects of X–ray could cause patients to end up with burns and possibly cancer. After several
reports of burns and the death of Clarence Dally (due to cancer form working with X–ray), these
events raised concern for many. Scientist and doctors became aware of the risk X–rays imposes, and
started to take precautions to protect them and the patients. Thanks to this discovery, many patients
and x–ray technicians now are required to wear lead aprons. These aprons help protect against the
radiation x–rays give off. The technician also have to wear a dosimeter. A dosimeter measures the
amount of radiation the technician receives while

Comparing Powaqqatsi And The Hunger Games
In a study done by the British Security Industry Authority (BSIA), it was estimated that there are
nearly 5.9 million CCTV cameras in the United Kingdom; at the maximum end of that estimate,
there is one camera for every eleven people. In a separate study by BBC, they found that there were
1,113 CCTV cameras in the London Borough of Wandsworth, which has a population of around
300,000. In comparison, the city of Dublin, Ireland with half a million people; San Francisco with
almost 900,000 people; the city of Johannesburg, South Africa with 4.5 million people; and Boston
with just over 650,000 people all combined have only 1110 CCTV cameras. Those five large cities
all have less cameras combined than one borough of London. With all the surveillance ... Show
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Instead people rely on manpower and nature. When boats are shown on the water, they aren't
massive yachts that are so popular in western culture, they are fairly small wooden boats. Also, these
boats aren't powered by a strong motor, instead getting their power from the people on the boat
rowing, or from the wind by using sails. As the film goes on however, more machines are introduced
to the landscape. What was in the beginning the job of many people to carry bags of dirt while
excavating holes, is now done by bulldozers; instead of using a donkey for work on the farm,
tractors now do the job. Once the machines begin to take over though, the attitudes of the people
living now change. With the new technology, major cities rise, and in the middle of a large city, with
vague outlines of people and cars bustling around giving the illusion that much time has passed, an
old man is seen sitting in the same place against a pole next to a street with an almost disappointing
look to him of all the bustling around. The disappointment or disgust with the new tech oriented
culture that has been introduced is also shown in The Hunger Games. In the book, when Katniss is
selected as tribute to represent District Twelve in the Hunger Games, she is taken to the Capitol,
which benefits from the resources they steal from the districts. When she is in the Capitol, it is a
major culture shock for

Ct Scans And Its Effects On The Human Body
Eighty million CT scans are done each year in the U.S. alone according to CBS news. CT stands for
computed tomography. CT was founded by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield and Dr. Alan Cormack more
than three decades ago. CT scans can show little tiny problems as small as a grain of rice in the
human body. Advances in computed tomography (CT) scans have made it easier for doctors to
clearly see what is wrong and where to start when a person is sick, injured or in pain. Computed
tomography scans are one of the most common tests used in doctors' offices and hospitals along
with dental offices as well. With the many types of CT scans that can be done; Doctors can
diagnosis hundreds of different problems and illnesses. They can show things in the human body
like dental problems, different types of cancer such as lung and rectal cancer, and cardiac problems
like coronary artery disease.
Computed tomography scans are used very often in dental settings. They can show things like
"impacted teeth and evaluations [sic] of their relations with adjacent teeth." (Shim et al. 333). There
are multiple different views of CT scans that doctors can use for dental scans. There are also
multiple uses for the scans. Orthodontists might use the scan to track the progression with the use of
braces on a patient. For example regular dentistry can use the scans to determine when the right time
to take out a patients wisdom teeth is. There are specific views that are more effective for dental
work like

Computed Tomography Advantages And Disadvantages
Computed Tomography (CT)
A CT scan, also called as X–ray Computed Tomography (X–ray CT) or Computerized Axial
Tomography (CAT ), makes use of computer–processed combinations of many X–ray images taken
from different angles to produce cross–sectional (tomographic) images (virtual 'slices') of specific
areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting them.
Digital geometry processing is used to generate a three–dimensional image of the inside of the
object from a large series of two–dimensional radiographic images taken around a single axis of
rotation. Most common application of X–ray CT is Medical Imaging. Its cross–sectional images are
used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various medical disciplines. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Now, we were able to view the tomographic anatomy of the human body, noninvasively.
2. Also, we were able to view density differences. But there were a few disadvantages:
1. The anatomic structures were superimposed.
2. Soft tissue couldn't be differentiated.
3. It was time consuming.
4. The resolution of the image was not very good.
Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield of EMI Laboratories and Alan M. Cormack of Tufts University were
awarded with Nobel Prize in the field of Physiology and Medicine in 1979.
A Prototype CT scanner
Generation of CT scanners
The general classification of CT scanners is based upon the arrangement of the components and the
mechanical motion required collecting the data.
The first commercially viable CT scanner was invented by Sir Godfrey Hounsfield in Hayes, United
Kingdom, at EMI Central Research Laboratories using X–rays. He conceived his idea in 1967. The
first EMI–Scanner was installed in Atkinson Morley Hospital in Wimbledon, England, and the first
patient brain–scan was done on 1 October, 1971. It was publicly announced in 1972.
First Generation = Translate – Rotate –One Detector
Second Generation = Translate – Rotate – Multiple detectors
Third Generation = Rotate –

Technology Enhances My Professional Life
Technology enhances my professional life in a variety of ways. Walking through a single day of
work enables a by stander to appreciate the multitude of techno–based encounters ultimately
improving patient outcomes. Requests are received through our dispatch center, an EPCR
(Electronic patient care record) is initiated. The following information is obtained: demographic,
patient past medical history, current medical status, care rendered at referring institutions and
requested continued care; i.e., Floor admission vs ICU/ER, admission may be recorded. Based on all
information gather a mode of transport is determined, if the patient is stable and within a one–hour
drive time to All Children's Hospital, a ground transport is initiated, if on the other hand the patient
is considered unstable and/or beyond the distance of one–hour, a rotor transport is chosen instead.
Fixed–wing transport is also offered for distances greater then those reached by rotor–wing.
Whichever mode is decided upon, the team on is dispatched through an IPhone linked system,
transport/patient information is sent in encrypted form to ensure the patient health information is
protective.
On a ground dispatched call, the team receives a secondary EPCR from Zoll (Zoll Medical Data
entry systems, 2015) to a laptop, encrypted as well. ZOLL Data systems is an online Patient charting
system which for our team has been modified specifically for the care of Pediatrics and Neonatal
patients. As for the ambulance, the

Liver Biopsy Research Paper
Running head: Liver biopsy 1
Liver biopsy guided by ultrasound (US) versus computed tomography (CT)
Faisal Haq
ECPI University
Abstract
Liver biopsy guided by ultrasound (US) versus computed tomography (CT)
Liver disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States with the mortality rate of
38,170 deaths annually per 100,000 population. (Kochanek, et al, 2016, 65). The group of
physicians and medical imaging technologists are playing an important role to help diagnose this
disease. Many different sectors within the field of medical imaging ... Show more content on
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It is a largest internal organ and largest gland in human body. It weighs about 3–4 lbs. Its two major
cell types are Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. The major function of liver is to produce, store and
excretion of bile. It also helps in digestion and removes poisonous substances from body. Signs and
symptoms of liver disease include but not limited to Jaundice (yellowish skin), abdominal and lower
legs swelling, dark urine, loss of appetite and vomiting. Hepatitis viruses are one of the major causes
of liver infection. Most common liver tests are serum bilirubin, serum albumin, International
normalized ratio (INR), alanine transaminase and 5`– nucleotidase test. Several liver biopsies are
also performed to obtain tissue samples. The three basic types of liver biopsies are percutaneous,
transjugular and laparoscopic. These procedures are performed with the help of medical imaging
modalities. The focus of the remaining paper will be on most common percutaneous liver biopsy.
(Lynn, 2016,

Nimrud Lens Research Paper
710 BC
Nimrud lens
The Nimrud lens – a piece of rock crystal – may have been used as a magnifying glass or as a
burning–glass to start fires by concentrating sunlight.
1000 AD
Reading stone
The first vision aid, called a reading stone, is invented. It is a glass sphere placed on top of text,
which it magnifies to aid readability.
1021 AD
Book of Optics
Muslim scholar Ibn al–Haytham writes hisBook of Optics. It eventually transforms how light and
vision are understood.
1284 AD
First eye glasses
Salvino D'Armate is credited with inventing the first wearable eye glasses.
1590 AD
Early microscope
Zacharias Janssen and his father Hans place multiple lenses in a tube. They observe that viewed
objects in front of

Why Is It Important To Get An X-Ray?
Many people receive X–rays for broken bones, before surgeries, for diagnoses, etc. But most of
these people don't think to ask; what is the X–ray? How did anyone ever discover this device and
how did it come into existence? Why it is important for me to get an X–ray today and what does it
do? These questions are always overlooked by mostly everyone that is about to receive and X–ray.
This essay is meant to answer any of the questions that may be running through your head about this
interesting subject. In my lifetime I have personal experience with X–ray type machines, there are
also many people in my family and friends that have used machines themselves. For example, I have
had multiple broken arms and for all of them I have had an X–ray performed. The X–ray was
necessary because the doctor would not have known where or how bad I had broken my arm. The
X–rays also provided my doctor with the proper info in order to diagnose the proper treatment
needed for my arm. These X–rays were practically painless when receiving and I was in little
danger. Another example of an X–ray type machine being used on my family member is when my
mother had to get an MRI. She had to receive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He discovered X–rays by taking a fluorescent light bulb tube, removing all of the air, and then
filling it with a special gas. He then passes high electric voltage through this tube making it give off
a fluorescent glow. Roentgen then covered the tube with black paper ran the same electrical current
through it. He noticed a barium coated screen across the lab glowing. Realizing that the tube was
emitting invisible light or a ray, and the ray could pass through most objects he ran more
experiments. He named with new ray "X–ray" because in math X is used to indicate an unknown
quantity. Roentgen then went on to receive the first Nobel Prize in physics in

Richardson-Dushman Theory Of Thermionic Emission
Use the Richardson–Dushman theory of thermionic emission to determine the emission current
density for a tungsten filament at a temperature of 2600K
Thermionic emission is the process by which free electrons are emitted from a metal when an
external energy is applied towards the metal. When a smaller proportionate heat energy is applied to
the metal, the valence electron will gain enough energy and break the bond from the parent atom.
Once broken free, the free electrons in the metal may have some kinetic energy. However, there is
not enough to escape the metal. The process of Thermionic emission is widely used as a source of
electron in electron tubes, the heat supplies some electrons with at least the minimal energy required
to overcome the attractive force holding them in structure of the metal. (Encyclopedia Britannica,
2017)
Richardson–Dushman's equation relates to the theory of thermionic expulsion, which determines
that 'thermionic emission, discharge of an electron from heated materials.' This theory is widely used
as a source of electrons in conventional electron tubes.
Thermionic emission is a process of emission of charge particles (known as thermion) from the
surface of a heated metal (Simion.com, 2017)
Js=A×T^2 e^(((–W)/kT) )
Where
"Js" is the current density of the emission (mA/mm2)
"A" is richardson's constant. A = 4*πmek2/h3 ~ 1202 mA/mm2K2, m is the mass of electron, e is
elementary charge, h is Plank's constant
"T" is temperature (K)
"W" is the work

Diagnosing and Treating Illness with the Imaging...
The study of radiology involves the use of imaging technology to diagnose and treat an illness. The
method most commonly used to diagnose is projection radiography which produces radiographs by
transmitting X–Rays through the patient to create an image. Other forms of radiology that are used
to diagnose include CT scanning, Ultrasounds, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Fluoroscopy, and
Nuclear Medicine. The story of radiology started in 1895 when Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen made the
discovery in November of 1895. While working with his Cathode Ray generator Röntgen noticed
the ability to view an image using electromagnetic radiation. To test his discovery Röntgen
performed an X–Ray on his wife's hand which revealed that the ray could pass through human tissue
leaving the bones and metals to show. In December of 1895 Röntgen published his manuscript "On
a New Kind of Ray" to the Wurzburg Physical Medical Institute. His discovery was quickly
transmitted throughout the world and his experiment was easily repeated due to the fact that many
places had the Cathode Ray readily available. As the results began to improve and become more
accurate, so did the technology allowing the radiographs that were made on glass photographic
plates be replaced by film; a contribution made my George Eastman in 1918.The first radiology
department of the world opened up at Glasgow Royal Infirmary in 1896 and in the same year came
the first diagnosis by Dr. Hall–Edwards. Growing knowledge made it

How has Technology Changed the field of Radiology? Essay
What would Wilhelm Roentgen, the father of X–ray, say about the technological discoveries in
radiology today? Since the start of X–rays in 1895 significant advancements have revolutionized the
field of radiology. One illustrates how different scanners have improved, in addition how picture
archiving communication system can assist doctors, and finally the outlook on the future of
radiology.
To begin with, how has technology changed the field of radiology? Since the discovery of X–
radiation there has been a need and desire for studying the human body and the diseases without
actually any intervention. Over the past fifty years there has been a revolution in the field of
radiology affecting medicine profoundly. "The ability to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This permitted continuous rotation of the X–ray tube around the patient as the couch slides the
patient through the gantry. This advancement enables the radiographer to acquire entire anatomic
regions in twenty to thirty seconds. The reason for the speed of image acquisition is because the
computers can acquire sixteen, thirty–two, or 126 slices at a time. Spiral computed tomography is
now the primary choice of testing for chest, lungs, and abdomen because of its quick acquisition
reducing respiratory motion. The advancements of spiral computed tomography has led to a broader
range of non–invasive imaging where acquisition is less with greater patient comfort. Such
technique as virtual reality and advanced 3D computed tomography has brought non–invasive
medicine into the twenty–first century. The 3D technology has helped develop a technique known as
virtual endoscopy to assist the physician in diagnosing colon abnormalities. Conventionally,
endoscopy uses a thin tube with a camera at the end to visualize the inside of certain organs, such as
the colon. Virtual endoscopy using spiral computed tomography allows the visualization of the
colon without placing a tube into the body. Magnetic resonance imaging is based on the physics of
radio frequency, atoms and magnetic fields. Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell discovered (NMR)
nuclear magnetic resonance. Their scientific investigation

Benefits of Purchasing a CT Scanner
Benefits and Costs of Purchasing A CT Scanner: A Comprehensive Evaluation "Each year, buyers of
CT scanners faced much–improved choice sets; the question is how valuable those improvements
were," and thus this is a review to explore whether or not the acquisition of CT scanners are actually
worth a hospital committing to such an expensive effort (Ellickson et al. 2001 p 544). Overall, the
health benefits of CT scans are often extremely positive to patient care. Still, the machines and
organizational costs tied to their maintenance are often costly to both the organization and the
patients. Yet, the purchase of such technology does provide greater quality and efficiency within
patient care strategies, from a health and organizational perspective. In such, it is clear that the
positives of purchasing such technology would then outweigh any potential negatives. CT scanners
are an impressive testament to the evolution of modern medical technologies. Computed–
tomography (CT) was invented by the Nobel Prize winning Godfrey Hounsfield and was first
installed in a hospital in England in 1971 (Beutel et al. 2000). This technology proves so impressive
because it creates a three dimensional image of the internal workings of the body. In fact, CT "is the
term generally used to characterize the imaging technique in which transmission measurements of a
narrow beam of x rays, made at several different angles or projections around a given object, may be
used with an appropriate computer

Stelilyagi Movie Counterculture
I was surprisingly pleased with the 2008 film Stilyagi. Shattering the dystopian Soviet era film I
came to expect, this musical comedy is brimming with saturated filming, jazzy music, and
ostentatiously bright clothing. This often unseen view is symbolic of the counterculture of which the
film is named. The film is set in 1955, a mere two years after Stalin's death, in the start of the
Khrushchev thaw. The resulting relaxation of censorship, allowed youths were able to explore their
interests. Through the film Stilyagi, I aim to explore the stilyagi subculture during the thaw of
Russian culture. Throughout the movie, the main conflict is between the stilyagi and Soviet society.
The first differentiation of the groups is shown through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This coupled with Western fashion and pop–culture brought back from the war inspired a counter
culture to appear. The stilyagi received their American influences from, "trophy films, the war,
music records and journals, brought by those few of the elite who could travel abroad, and,
importantly, jazz broadcasts on shortwave radio" (Rekhter, 2012, p. 132). Rather than a political
motive, they were simply kids enjoying the modern way of life without pressures of their Soviet
society. After Stalin's death, their dance parties and loud dress were technically legal, but the
Communist Party disliked the ever growing dissonant group. As such, the media began a slander
campaign labeling them as clowns and cartoons. The Komsomol would go so far as to publicly cut
stilyagi members hair and clothes when their parties were busted. In the opening scene, a similar
raid draws the protagonist Mells to the stilyagi. He becomes infatuated with a girl and then falls
from his monochromatic Komsomol life, to a vibrant new world of opportunity. He buys flamboyant
clothing from a secret dealer, gels his hair and, hits "Broadway"(the nickname for the streets of
Moscow) with the other brightly clad

C-Reactive Drug Case Study
NONCONVENTIONAL RISK MARKERS C–Reactive Protein (CRP) One of the best–studied
biomarker of inflammation process is the acute–phase reactant CRP. Some studies found that cells
within human coronary arteries can also elaborate CRP. Many trial showed that CRP, predicts risk of
cerebrovascular, CAD, peripheral arterial disease among apparently healthy persons, even if LDL
cholesterol levels are not high.38 individuals with high CRP levels and low levels of LDL–C
actually have higher absolute vascular risk than those with high levels of LDL–C but low levels of
CRP.39 Diet, smoking cessation and exercise are the first–line interventions for those with elevated
CRP. The use of statin therapy to reduce vascular risk among individuals with high ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Elevated NLR, is a strong predictor of stable coronary artery disease (CAD), its development,
progression and mortality.52,53,54,55 The predictive superiority of NLR may be due to the fact that
NLR is a ratio integrating the deleterious effects of Ns, which are responsible for innate immunity
and lymphopenia, which is a marker of poor general condition.56 Coronary artery anatomy: Left
Main Coronary Artery The left main coronary artery (LMCA) arises from the left aortic coronary
sinus ranging in diameter from 3 to 6 mm and up to 10 to 15 mm length. It courses behind the right
ventricular outflow tract and usually bifurcates into the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and
left circumflex (LCx) branches. Rarely, the LMCA artery is absent, and the LAD and LCx arteries
arises from separate ostia. In some patients, the LMCA trifurcates into the LAD, LCx and the ramus
intermedius which arises between the LAD and the LCx arteries. Left Anterior Descending Artery
The left anterior descending (LAD) artery passes along the surface of interventricular groove
anteriorly toward the cardiac apex. It gives several septal perforators and diagonal branches. Most
patients have one to three diagonal branches. In most patients the LAD rounds along the left
ventricular apex and ends at the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle.

Hausman, Autocorrelation Test and Heteroscedasticity,...
Hausman test
Hausman test which usually accepted method of selecting between random and fixed effects which
is running on regression equation. Hausman (1978) provided a tectonic change in interpretation
related to the specification of econometric models. The seminal insight that one could compare two
models which were both consistent under the null spawned a test which was both simple and
powerful. The so–called 'Hausman test' has been applied and extended theoretically in a variety of
econometric domains. We focus on the construction of the Hausman test in a variety of panel data
settings, and in particular, the recent adaptation of the Hausman test to semi–parametric and
nonparametric panel data models. A formal application of the Hausman test is given focusing on
testing between fixed and random effects within a panel data model. Mostly fixed effects are
accepted way to run with panel data as they always present consistent outcomes but may not be the
most effective way to implement. On the other hand, random effects usually provide to the
researcher better P–values as it considered to be a more active estimator, so researcher can study
random effects if it is reasonable to do so. Moreover, Hausman test choose a more effective model
compared to a less efficient as consistent model should presents robust estimates and consistent
results owing to the more efficient model.
Autocorrelation test
Another terms sometimes used for describe Autocorrelation these are "lagged

How Did Godfrey Hounsfield Impact The Medical Field
August 28th, 1919 is when the man who would impact the lives of millions of people for years and
years to come. His name was Godfrey Hounsfield, born in Newark, United Kingdom and he was the
engineer, along with a few others responsible for coming up with the CAT scan machine. Mr.
Hounsfield wasn't actually a doctor or physician or anything, he was an English electrical engineer
he physically made the machine, but even with him not being a doctor he was still able to make an
impact in the medical field because he was able to make the machine physically so the doctors could
use it to diagnose people. He started off as studying electronics and radars as someone in the Royal
Air Force in World War II. Later, he went to study at an electrical

The Technology And The Medical Field During The 20th...
The World Innovations of Science and Technology in the Medical Field During the 20th century
Medical Innovation in the 20th century was geared around prolonging and enhancing the quality of
people 's lives. With the emergence of Epidemiology came understanding the relationship between
the world around us and the effects it has on our health. With some many diseases already reaching
epidemic status, Immunizations were a significant innovation in the 20th century, effectively
eradicating many diseases. The technology was another major advance in the 20th century with the
development of several life changing machines that could keep a person alive during surgery as well
as prolong a person lives. Pharmacological advances in medicine changed how everyone in the
world thought about a cold or the Flu, as well as treated life–threatening disorders. However, with
all these advances in public health there was bound to be consequences, like the rise of health care
cost and the emergence of new resistant strains of disease become a new problem, where is medicine
to turn next?
Vaccinations and Immunizations started in the 18th century, with the Smallpox Vaccination, created
by Edward Jenner from Berkeley, England. "The control of communicable disease has been the
major advance of the 20th century in scientific medicine. It reflects the combination of improved
environmental conditions and public health together with the development of immunization,
antimicrobial chemotherapy, and

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