This presentation is made on India under ISA project.

1. India
Universal Brother Hood

2. TOPICS
CIVILIZATION
ART STYLES
HERITAGE
GEOGRAPHY
LANGUAGE
HISTORY

3. CIVILIZATION IndusValley Civilization(IVC) wasaBronzeAge civilization (3300–1300BCE; matureperiod 2600–1900
BCE) extendingfromwhattodayis northeastAfghanistantoPakistanandnorthwestIndia(see
map).[1] Along withAncient EgyptanMesopotamia,it wasoneof threeearlycivilizationsof theOld World,
andthemost widespreadamong them,[2] covering anareaof1.25million km2.[3] It flourishedin thebasins
ofthe IndusRiver,one ofthemajor riversofAsia, andthe nowdriedupSarasvatiRiver,[4][5] which once
coursedthroughnorthwestIndiaandeasternPakistan[6] togetherwith itstributariesflowedalong a
channel,presentlyidentified asthatof theGhaggar-HakraRiveron thebasisof variousscientific studies.
 Atits peak,the IndusCivilizationmayhavehadapopulationofover fivemillion.[10] Inhabitantsofthe
ancientIndus river valley developed new techniquesin handicraft(carnelian products,seal carving) and
metallurgy(copper,bronze,lead,andtin).TheIndus citiesarenotedfortheirurbanplanning,bakedbrick
houses,elaboratedrainagesystems,watersupplysystems,andclusters oflargenon-residentialbuildings.

4. TheIndusValley CivilizationisalsoknownastheHarappan Civilization,afterHarappa,the firstofits sitesto
beexcavatedin the1920s,in whatwas thenthe PunjabprovinceofBritishIndia, andis nowin Pakistan.The
discoveryof Harappa,andsoonafterwards,Mohenjo-Daro,wasthe culminationofworkbeginning in 1861
withthe foundingoftheArchaeological SurveyofIndia in theBritishRaj. ExcavationofHarappansites has
been ongoing since 1920,with importantbreakthroughsoccurringas recentlyas 1999. Therewereearlier and
latercultures, oftencalled EarlyHarappanandLateHarappan,in thesameareaofthe HarappanCivilization.
The Harappancivilizationis sometimescalled theMature Harappan culturetodistinguishit fromthese
cultures.By 1999,over 1,056cities andsettlementshadbeen found,ofwhich96 havebeen
excavated,[15] mainlyin thegeneral region of theIndusandthe SarasvatiRiver[16]andtheirtributaries.Among
the settlementswerethe majorurbancentersofHarappa,Mohenjo-daro(UNESCOWorldHeritage
Site),Dholavira,Ganeriwalain CholistanandRakhigarhi.

5. INDIAN ART
• IndianArtconsistsofa varietyofartforms,including plasticarts(e.g., potteryandsculpture),visual
arts(e.g., cavepaintings),andtextilearts(e.g., woven silk). Geographically,it spansthe entireIndian
subcontinent,including whatis nowIndia,PakistanandBangladesh.A strongsense ofdesign is
characteristicofIndianartandcanbeobserved in itsmodern andtraditionalforms.
• The origin ofIndianartcanbetracedtopre-historicHominid settlementsin the3rdmillennium BC.
On itswaytomoderntimes,Indianarthashadculturalinfluences (e.g., Indus Valleyand
Hellenistic), as well as religious influences such asHinduism, Buddhism,Jainism andIslam. In spite
ofthis complexmixtureofreligious traditions,generallythe prevailing artisticstyle atanytime and
placehasbeen sharedbythe majorreligious groups.
• In historicart,sculpturein stoneandmetal,mainly religious,hassurvived theIndianclimatebetter
thanothermedia, andprovides mostofthe bestremains.Manyofthemost importantancientfinds
thatarenotin carved stonecome fromsurrounding,drierregions ratherthanIndia itself.Indian
funeralandphilosophictraditionsexcludegravegoods, whichareamain sourceofancientartin
othercultures.

6. • Early Indianart
• Rockart
• Bhimbetkarockpaintingshowing manriding onhorse.
• Replicaofthe "dancinggirl of Mohenjo Daro”
• Dr.V.S.Wakankardiscovered several paintedrocksheltersin CentralIndia,situatedaroundthe
Vindhyamountainrange.Ofthese, theBhimbetkarocksheltershavebeen deemed a UNESCO
WorldHeritage Site.Thepaintingsin thesesites commonlydepictedscenes ofthehumanlife
alongsideanimals,andhuntswith stoneimplements.Theirstylevaried withregion andage,butthe
mostcommon characteristicwasared washmadeusing a powderedmineral called geru, which is a
formofIronOxide(Hematite).

7. GEOGRAPHY OF
INDIA
The "GeographyofIndia"describes thegeographic featuresofIndia, acountryin SouthAsia. Indialies
largely onthe IndianPlate,the northernportionofthe Indo-AustralianPlate,whosecontinentalcrust
formstheIndian subcontinent.Thecountryis situatednorthofthe equatorbetween 8°4' and37°6'
northlatitudeand68°7' and97°25' eastlongitude.It is theseventh-largestcountryin theworld,witha
totalareaof3,166,414squarekilometers (1,222,559sqmi).India measures3,214 km (1,997mi) from
northtosouthand2,933km(1,822 mi) fromeasttowest.Ithas alandfrontierof15,200 km
(9,445mi) anda coastlineof7,517 km(4,671 mi).
• On thesouth,Indiaprojectsinto andis boundedbythe IndianOcean– in particular,bythe Arabian
Seaon thesouthwest,the LaccadiveSeato thesouth,andtheBayofBengal onthe southeast.

8. • TheNorthern Mountains
• Mapof thehilly regions in India.
• A greatarcof mountains,consistingof theHimalayas,Hindu Kush,andPatakirangesdefinethe northern
Indiansubcontinent.Thesewereformedbythe ongoing tectoniccollision of theIndianandEurasianplates.
The mountainsin theserangesincludesome oftheworld'stallestmountainswhichactas anaturalbarrier
tocoldpolarwinds.Theyalsofacilitatethemonsoonwindswhich in turninfluencetheclimatein India.
Riversoriginatingin thesemountains,flowthroughthefertileIndo–Gangeticplains.Thesemountainsare
recognised bybiogeographersas theboundarybetween twoofthe Earth'sgreat ecozones:thetemperate
Palearcticthatcovers mostofEurasiaandthe tropicalandsubtropicalIndomalayaecozonewhich includes
the Indiansubcontinent,SoutheastAsia andIndonesia.akbaroncevisited herein 1575.

9. HISTORY
• TheHistory of Indiabegins with evidence of humanactivityof Anatomicallymodernhumans,
as longas 75,000years ago, orwith earlier hominidsincluding Homoerectusfrom about
500,000years ago.
• TheIndusValley Civilization,whichspreadandflourished inthe northwestern part ofthe
Indiansubcontinentfrom c.3300to 1300BCEin present-day Pakistanandnorthwest India,
wasthe first major civilizationinSouthAsia.A sophisticatedandtechnologicallyadvanced
urbanculturedeveloped intheMature Harappa period, from 2600to1900BCE.This
civilizationcollapsed at thestart of thesecondmillennium BCEand waslater followed by
theIronAgeVedic Civilization,whichextended over muchof theIndo-Geneticplainand
whichwitness therise of majorpolities knownas theMahajanapadas.In oneof these
kingdoms,Magadha,MahaviraandGautamaBuddhapropagatedtheir Shramanic
philosophies during thefifth andsixth century BCE.

10. • Most ofthesubcontinentwas conqueredbytheMauryaEmpireduringthe 4thand3rdcenturies
BCE.From the3rdcenturyBC onwardsPrakritandPali literaturein thenorthandthe Sangam
literaturein southernIndiastartedtoflourish.ThefamousWootzsteeloriginatedin southIndiain
the 3rdcenturyBC andwasalsoexportedto foreigncountries.Further,variouspartsof Indiawere
ruled bynumerousMiddlekingdoms forthe next1,500years,amongwhich theGuptaEmpire
standout.This period,witnessing aHindu religious andintellectual resurgence, isknownasthe
classical or"Golden Age ofIndia".Duringthis period,aspectsofIndiancivilization,administration,
culture,andreligion (Hinduism andBuddhism)spreadtomuch ofAsia,while kingdomsin
southernIndia hadmaritimebusiness linkswith theRomanEmpirefromaround77 CE.During this
periodIndianculturalinfluencespreadover manypartsofSoutheastAsia whichled tothe
establishmentofIndianizedkingdoms in SoutheastAsia (GreaterIndia).

11. HERITAGE
• Thecultureof Indiais the wayof life ofthe people ofIndia.India's languages,religions, dance,
music, architecture,food,andcustomsdifferfromplacetoplacewithinthecountry.The Indian
culture,oftenlabeledas anamalgamationofseveral cultures,spansacrosstheIndiansubcontinent
andhasbeen influenced byahistorythatis several millennia old.Manyelements ofIndia'sdiverse
cultures,such asIndianreligions, yogaandIndiancuisine, havehadaprofoundimpactacrossthe
world.
• According toa2001census ofIndia,the religion of80%ofthe people isHinduism. Islam is
practisedbyaround13%ofall Indians.Thecountryhadover 23 million Christians,over 19million
Sikhs,about8million Buddhistsandabout4 million Jains.
• Sikhism,Jainism andespecially Buddhismareinfluentialnotonlyin India butacrossthe world.
Christianity,Zoroastrianism,Judaism,andthe Bahá'íFaitharealsoinfluentialbuttheir numbersare
smaller.Atheism andagnosticsalsohavevisible influencein India, alongwitha self-ascribed
tolerancetootherpeople.

12. • Aartiritualin Hindu worship
• Close-upofa statuedepicting Maitreyaatthe ThikseMonasteryin Ladakh,India.Indianreligions,
such asHinduism andBuddhism,areindigenous toIndia.
• Main article:Religion in India
• Indiais thebirthplaceofHinduism, Buddhism,Jainism andSikhism,collectively knownas Indian
religions.Indianreligions area majorformofworldreligions alongwithAbrahamicones.Today,
Hinduism andBuddhismarethe world'sthirdandfourth-largestreligions respectively, with over 2
billion followersaltogether,andpossiblyas manyas 2.5or2.6 billion followers.
• Indiais oneofthe mostreligiously diversenationsin theworld,withsomeof themostdeeply
religious societies andcultures.Religion playsacentralanddefinitiverolein thelife of manyofits
people.

13. LANGUAGE
• LanguagesinIndiabelonging todifferentlanguage families,themajoronesbeing theIndo-Aryan
languagesspokenby 75%ofIndiansandthe Dravidianlanguagesspokenby20% ofIndians.Other
languagesspokenin Indiabelong tothe Austro-Asiatic,Tibeto-Burman,a fewminor languagefamilies
andisolates.Morethanthreemillennia oflanguage contacthasledtosignificantmutualinfluence
amongthe fourpredominantlanguage familiesin mainlandIndiaandSouthAsia.
• The ConstitutionofIndia doesnotgive anylanguage thestatusofNationalLanguage.The official
languagesoftheUnion Government ofthe RepublicofIndia areHindi in theDevanagariscriptand
English. The EighthScheduleof theIndianConstitutionlists 22languages,whichhavebeen referredto
asscheduledlanguagesandgiven recognition,statusandofficialencouragement.In addition,the
Government ofIndiahas awardedthe distinctionof classicallanguagetoTamil, Sanskrit,Telugu,
Kannada,MalayalamandOdia(formerlyknownasOriya).

14. • According toCensusofIndiaof2001,Indiahas 122majorlanguagesand1599otherlanguages.
However, figuresfromothersourcesvary,primarilydueto differencesin definitionofthe terms
"language"and"dialect".The 2001Censusrecorded30 languageswhichwerespokenbymore
thana million nativespeakersand122whichwerespokenbymorethan10,000people.Two
contactlanguageshaveplayedanimportantrolein thehistoryofIndia:PersianandEnglish.Hindi,
the mostwidelyspokenlanguagein Indiatoday.