This compilation was aimed to record for rare geological outcrops which were gradually diminished by infrastructural and construction projects. Sharing information among fellow geologists working in Singapore and abroad.

1. SOME GEOLOGICAL OUTCROPS AND
THEIR BRIEF DESCRIPTION
OF SINGAPORE
KYI KHIN & KHIN LATT
August, 2016
Kyi Khin & Khin Latt. All Rights Reserved. 1st Edition_August 2016

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Regional Geology
• Little Guilin Park, Bukit Gombak (LG)
• SLE Flyover-Upper Thomson Road Exit (SL)
• Sungei Tengah Road, Lim Chu Kang (ST)
• Bukit Batok (BB)
• Kent Ridge Park, South Bouna Vista Road (KR)
• Labrador Park (LB)
• Henderson Road (HR) and Mt. Faber Park (MF)
• Kusu Island and St. John Island (KS)
• Punggol Way (PW)
 Summary
 Discussion on Future Researches
 Acknowledgements
 References

3. Introduction
• This compilation was aimed to record for rare
geological outcrops which were gradually diminished
by infrastructural and construction projects.
• Sharing information among fellow geologists working
in Singapore and abroad.
• Wish for more new findings, contributions and
researches on Geology of Singapore, in future.

4. LGST
KR
LB
KS
HR
MF
PW
Locations of outcrops: LG: Little Guilin Park; SL: SLE Flyover; ST: Sungei Tengah Road; BB: Bukit Batok; KR: Kent Ridge Park;
LB: Labrador Park; HR: Henderson Road; MF: Mt. Faber Park; KS: Kusu Island & St. John Island; PW: Punggol Way
BB
SL

5. Regional Geology
Tate et al (2008)
Geological map of Peninsular Malaysia
and Singapore
Hutchison & Tan (2009) Tate et al. (2008)

6. Geological Map of Singapore (after Lee & Zhou, 2009) showing distribution of Jurong Formation and
depositional sedimentary environments (modified after Oliver & Prave, 2013).
Queenstown F.
Rimau F.
Ayer Chawan F.

7. Little Guilin Park, Bukit Gombak (LG)
Overview of Exposure
Outcrop Location: Little Guilin Park, Bukit Gombak
Geological Exposure: Gombak Norite (GN)
Field Occurrence: Gabbro cut by Leucogranite, and cut by Granodiorite showing
intrusive relationships.
Geological Features:
Lithology: Noritic Gabbro, Diorite, Granodiorite, Leucogranite & Trachytic dykes
Dip/Strike: Joint patterns in Leucogranite; N50˚E, N30˚W & N80˚E
Sheet joints in Granodiorite; Strike N70˚W, Dip & Direction 70˚NE
Note: Different size of Gabbroic xenoliths with lack of chilled margins in Diorite
and Leucogranite.
References: Geology of Singapore (PWD, 1976; DSTA, 2009), Oliver et al, (2014)

8. LOCALITY MAPGEOLOGICAL MAP (PWD, 1976)
LEGEND
AERIAL-PHOTO
Geological map of Singapore (Lee & Zhou, 2009) showing sample locations
and result of U-Pb age dating (after Oliver et al. 2014).

9. Gabbro
Leucogranite
?
Gabbro
Leucogranite
Leucogranite
Gabbro
Intrusive patterns and cross-cutting relationship of Gombak Gabbro at Gombak Quarry, Little Guilin

10. Leucogranite
Gabbro
Gabbro
Granodiorite
Gabbro cut by Leucogranite, and cut by Granodiorite showing with intrusive relationships

11. LeucograniteGabbro
Granodiorite
Gabbro cut by Leucogranite dyke Joint patterns in Leucogranite
N50˚E
N30˚W
N80˚E
Diorite
Granodiorite
Diorite and Granodiorite relationship Sheet joints in Granodiorite
N70˚W
70˚NE

12. GabbroDiorite
Leucogranite
Diorite
Trachytic dyke
Large angular Gabbro xenolith with lack of chilled margins in LeucograniteDiorite outcrop. Note coarse grain size. Coin is 2.5cm in diameter
Diorite cut by quartz vein with sub-angular gabbro xenoliths (arrowed) Trachyte (dyke?). Note rounded leucogranite xenolith with lack of chilling

13. SLE Flyover-Upper Thomson Road Exit (SL)
GEOLOGICAL MAP (PWD, 1976) LEGEND
CROSS-SECTION F1-F2
LOCALITY MAP
Overview of Exposure
Outcrop Location: Upper Thomson Road (towards Mandai) under SLE Flyover
Geological Exposure: Bukit Timah Granite (BT)
Field Occurrence: Granodiorite intrusive igneous rock near Nee Soon Fault striking
NW-SE.
Geological Features:
Lithology: Granodiorite and Diorite
Dip/Strike: Joint patterns in Granodiorite; 45˚SW/N10˚W
Note: Striations with chlorite coating on major Joint planes show 320˚ (NW) in
direction and exfoliations on the dome-shaped body.
References: Geology of Singapore (PWD, 1976; DSTA, 2009)

14. N10˚W
45˚SW
320˚
Typical joint set with striations and mineral coating along joint plane.
Note, striation direction showed azimuth=320˚.
Exfoliations on the surface of exposure. Note, oxidation (red coloration)
along the exfoliation planes.
Close up view of exfoliation joint showing weathering along the
plane peeling off.
Close up view of exfoliation joint showing weathering profile. Note, fresh
GRANODIORITE covered with weathered outer layer (thickness:10-20mm).

15. Sungei Tengah Road, Lim Chu Kang (ST)
Overview of Exposure
Outcrop Location: Sungei Tengha Road, Lim Chu Kang
Geological Exposure: Queenstown Facies (Jq), Jurong Formation
Field Occurrence: Sequential stacking patterns of terrestrial (Lacustrine) deposits
Geological Features:
Lithology: Multi-colored Siltstone, Shale, ferruginous gritty-conglomeratic Sandstone
Dip/Strike: Bedding Dip: 75˚-79˚SW; Strike: N82˚W
Note: 3 lithostratigraphic units showing coarsening & thickening upward trend with
basal conglomerates and load structures.
References: Geology of Singapore (PWD, 1976; DSTA, 2009); Oliver & Prave, (2013)

16. Fig. 1. Locality and Geological Maps of AMA KENG AREA
Facing towards South
LOCALITY MAPGEOLOGICAL MAP (PWD, 1976)
LEGEND

17. Fig. 2. Overall view of Outcrop
Facing towards South
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3

18. Bedding
Dip: 75˚-79˚SW; Strike: N82˚W
Joints
J1: Dip: 90˚Vertical; Strike: N40˚E
J2: Dip: 65˚dueE; Strike: N-S
J3: Dip: 30˚NE; Strike: N20˚W
Gritty – Conglomeratic Sandstone (Unit 2)

19. Load structures at lower part of Sandstone bed (Unit 2) Siltstone showing red coloration on parting planes (Unit 1)
Multi-color Siltstone (Lower Unit-Unit 1) Cross-Joints (J1) 80˚-90˚/N40˚E (Unit 2)

20. Conglomeratic Sst.
Gritty Sst.
Ferruginous materials along Cross-Joints (J1) (Unit 2) Yellowish brown sandy layers between grey Siltstone (Unit 1)
J3
J1
J2
Joint patterns in Sandstone (Unit 2)Basal conglomeratic nature in lower part of
Sandstone (Unit 2)
70˚SW N70˚W
Bedding of upper Sand/Shale (Unit 3)
Bedding
joint

21. 1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
0.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
clay/mud
silt
sand
grittysand
conglo.sand
Bluish-whitish grey, mottled purplish to yellowish brown, SILTSTONE
with thin-bedded to lenticular -shaped Sandstone layers and
localized black shale. Transitional contacts between Sand-Silt and
reddish brown colored oxidation in joint planes. Possibly terrestrial
deposit showing mottled red coloration due to paleoweathering
and/or volcanic materials under tropical condition.
Yellowish brown, gritty - conglomeratic SANDSTONE with localized
thin, fine sandstone beds. Load casts and concretional features are
found at contact between underlying mud/shale. Oxidation along
cross-joints and bed-contacts. Possible ephemeral Lacustrine deposits.
Yellowish to reddish brown, SHALE with minor sand layers in
transitional contact.
QUEENSTOWN FACIES (Jq), JURONG FORMATION
(meter)
Fig. 3. Measured Columnar Section
Unit 3
Unit 2
Unit 1
Lithostratigraphic Column Descriptions
Grain size
Reference Photos
Overall coarsening and thickening
upward sequences

22. Bukit Batok (BB)
LEGENDLOCALITY MAP GEOLOGICAL MAP (PWD, 1976)
Outcrop-1
Outcrop-2
Overview of Exposure
Outcrop Location: Bukit Batok Road, Bukit Batok West (Outcrop-1), Bukit Batok East
(Outcrop-2)
Geological Exposure: Queenstown Facies (Jq), and Tengah Facies (Jt), Jurong Formation
Field Occurrence: Contact between Queenstown Facies and Tengah facies
Geological Features:
Lithology: Medium bedded ferruginous Sandstone (Jq) and thick white-grey Shale (Jt)
Dip/Strike: Bedding Dip: 35˚-45˚SW; Strike: N45˚W (Outcrop-1) & Dip:70˚NE-78˚SW
(anticline); Strike: N30˚-40˚W (Outcrop-2).
Note: Queenstown Facies (Jq) overlying by Tengah Facies (Jt)
References: Geology of Singapore (PWD, 1976; DSTA, 2009)

23. 40°SW
Tengah F. (Jt)
Queenstown F. (Jq)
Queenstown F. (Jq)
45°SW
Contact between Queenstown F. (Left) and Tengah F. (Right) Thick greyish white Shale of Lower part of Tengah F.
Medium bedded reddish brown Sandstone of Queenstown F. Sandstone and Shale alternation sequence of Queenstown F.
35°SW
Outcrop-1

24. Queenstown F.
Tengah F.
Outcrop-2
Cross-bedded Sandstone of Tengah F.
78°SW
Contact between Queenstown F. (Right) and Tengah F. (Left)
Thin bedded Purple Sandy SILTSTONE of Queenstown F.
70°NE
Massive reddish brown Silty MUDSTONE of Queenstown F.
70°NE
Cross beddings

25. Kent Ridge Park, South Bouna Vista Road (KR)
Overview of Exposure
Outcrop Location: Kent Ridge Park, South Bouna Vista Road
Geological Exposure: Queenstown Facies (Jq), Ayer Chawan Facies (Jac), Rimau facies
(Jr) and Tengah Facies (Jt), Jurong Formation
Field Occurrence: Hard rocks form the ridge and central part of the anticline. Minor
faults and bedding-slip faults with sheared zone and fault gauges.
Geological Features:
Lithology: Ferruginous Conlomeratic Sandstone & Shale (Jq), Tuffaceous Sandstone,
Grey-purplish Sandstone & Siltstone (Jac), Semi-consolidated Sandstone (Jt), Yellowish
brown Conglomerate & Gritty Sandstone (Jr)
Dip/Strike: Bedding Dip: 12˚-75˚SW-NE; Strike: NW-SE
Note: Vertical Facies changes: Terrestrial »» Fluvial »» Deltaic
References: Geology of Singapore (PWD, 1976; DSTA, 2009); Oliver & Prave (2013)

26. Fig. 1. Locality and Geological Maps of Kent Ridge Area
LEGEND
LOCALITY MAP AERIAL-PHOTO
GEOLOGICAL MAP (PWD, 1976)

27. J3
J4
J1J2
B
A
45
48
5
70
60
55
48
25
20
45
60
50
80
35
70
70
vv
v
J2
J2
J3J4
A B
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF KENT RIDGE PARK AREA
Scale: 1:2000 at A3
21
3
4
8
5
7
6
9
50
65
8
8 Location of outcrop photo
Zaw Soe Oo and Kyi Khin
(2014)

28. • The map shows an anticlinal axis running from NW-SE approximately following the ridge line. A
parallel synclinal axis has been mapped about 400m to the SW. The synclinal trough is partly
occupied by an inlier of younger Kallang Formation sediments.
• Rimau Facies, Ayer Chawan Facies, and Queenstown Facies rocks form the ridge and central part of
the anticline, with not strongly lithified Tengah Facies rocks forming the lower and generally less
steeply sloping ground on the NE and SW flanks. Ayer Chawan Facies rocks are restricted mainly to
the NE limb, while Rimau Facies rocks are restricted mainly to the SW limb. Queenstown Facies
rocks occupy a narrow and discontinuous lens-shaped outcrop on the SW limb apparently lying
between Rimau Facies and Tengah Facies rocks.
• The outcrop patterns suggest significant lateral facies changes are present, this being a well-known
and widespread feature of the Jurong Formation.
• Four major lithological facies (units) were identified as follows:
1. Map Unit J1: Grey to purplish Conglomeratic SANDSTONE, assigned to Ayer Chawan Facies (Jac)
2. Map Unit J2: Reddish brown to yellowish brown Conglomeratic SANDSTONE and CONGLOMERATE, assigned to Rimau Facies (Jr)
3. Map Unit J3: Reddish brown to purplish SILTSTONE, SANDSTONE and SHALE interbeds, assigned to Queenstown Facies (Jq)
4. Map Unit J4: Yellowish brown Conglomeratic SANDSTONE, assigned to Tengah Facies (Jt)
Geology of Kent Ridge Park Area

29. Fault gauge
Fault gauge (reddish brown brecciated Clayey Silt) in Queenstown F.
Note sheared hard Sandstone band dipping parallel to the bedding.
plane.
W
E
50˚S
1 2 Minor anticline in Queenstown F. beside of South Bouna Vista Road.
Note, bedding plane orientation showing SW plunging (Left).
70˚S
W
E
60˚SW
N70˚E
3 Reddish brown, laminated Silty Sandstone with cross-joints of
Queenstown F.
4 Brecciated, sheared, reddish brown, Silty Clay with lenticular sandy
patches in Queenstown F.
N20˚W
60˚SW
N80˚W

30. 5 Grey-yellowish brown, Conglomeratic Sandstone of Rimau F.
Note, low angle dipping near anticlinal crest part.
N15˚E
8˚SW
Whitish to Grey, Tuffaceous Sandstone of Ayer Chawan F.6
5˚SW
N20˚W
7 Purplish to greyish, gritty Sandstone with Chert nodules (arrows) in Rimau F.
12˚NE
S82˚W

31. 9 Loose, steeply dipping & creeping, yellowish Sandstone of Tengah F.
70˚N
EW
Faulted contact between Tengah F. (Left) and Queenstown F. (Right).10
8 Medium bedded, yellowish brown Sandstone of Tengah F.
N25˚W
60˚NE
70˚N
EW
EW
Tengah F.
Queenstown F.
50˚S
9
Fault Gauge
Queenstown F.
11
11 Closed-up view of fault described
in Photo 10
50˚S

32. v v v v v v v v v
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 (m)
TengahFaciesRimauFacies
Queenstown
ChawanF.
Ayer
Loose, weak, Yellowish brown to yellow, SANDSTONE,
GRITTY SANDSTONE and minor SILTSTONE with
SHALE. Parallel Laminations and Fining up-ward
sequences with medium to thick bedded nature (individual
bed thickness: 0.2 to 1.0m). Locally, thin bedded,
SANDSTONE and SHALE interbeds.
Reddish brown to purplish SILTSTONE and SANDSTONE
and SHALE interbeds consisting predominantly of thinly
bedded, highly jointed, red and purple mudstone with some
red to purple shale and sandstone (bed thickness 0.05 to
0.1m). Massive red to purple mudstone and siltstone which
are closely jointed or sheared and brecciated.
Grey to Purplish, Conglomeratic SANDSTONE containing
rounded to subangular pebbles and inter-layered with
yellowish brown, SILTSTONE. Generally, foreset Cross-
laminations are occurred in SANDSTONE BEDS (Bed
thickness=0.15 to 0.3m). LIMESTONE, Tuffaceous
SANDSTONE and TUFFITE are occurred in deeper parts of
boreholes but not exposed as outcrops.
IDEALIZED COMPOSITE COLUMNAR SECTION (KENT RIDGE, SINGAPORE)
DescriptionsLithostratigraphic Column Depositional Environment &
Sequence Stratigraphy
Rapid deposition like flysch-like
deposition in near shore marine
environment with intermittent storm
periods.
Shallow water with medium to
high engery current velocity at
near-shore, probably deltaic
environment close to the
Sub-aerial terrestrial deposit with low
energy current velocity representing
ephemeral lacustrine or alluvial
deposits
Medium to high-energy current
velocity with recycling of older
sedimentary rocks in the shallow
water brakish coastal environments
where nearby Volcanic activities
UPPERTRIASSIC
Redish brown to Yellowish Conglomeratic SANSTONE and
CONGLOMERATE with bedding thickness 0.15 to 1.5m.
This facies contains well lithified ferruginous hard layers and
as such form the backbone of the prominent NW-SE
trending ridges of this area. CONGLOMERATE contains
angular to sub-angular quartzs and other lithic fragments
(Chert, Mudstones, etc.) usually less than 5cm in diameter
showing fining up-ward and thinning upward sequences with
parallel laminations and cross laminations
ConglSsSiltMud
LSW
TR
LPW
SMW
LSW = Low-stand wedge; TR = Transgression; HS = High-stand; LPW = Low-stand Progression; SMW = Shelf-margin Wedge
TR
Facies
HS
v v v v v v v v v
V V
V
KYI KHIN (2011)
100
200
300
0
TB
FRB
TB
RB
RB
PSB
PSB
Sea
TB: Transgressive Boundary RB: Regressive Boundary FRB: Forced Regressive Boundary PSB: Para-Sequence Boundary

34. Labrador Park (LB)
Overview of Exposure
Outcrop Location: Labrador park, Pasir Panjang
Geological Exposure: Queenstown Facies (Jq), Rimau facies (Jr), Jurong Formation
Field Occurrence: Sequential stacking pattern and contact between Queenstown
Facies (Jq) and Rimau Facies (Jr).
Geological Features:
Lithology: Ferruginous Conlomeratic Sandstone & Shale (Jq), Yellowish brown
Conglomerate & Gritty Sandstone (Jr)
Dip/Strike: Bedding Dip: 70˚-80˚SW-NE; Strike: N20˚W (Jq); S55˚E (Jr)
Note: Primary and Syn-sedimentary structures, Minor fault and Fold
Vertical Facies changes: Fluvio-lacustrine »» Delta Front
References: Geology of Singapore (PWD, 1976; DSTA, 2009); Oliver & Prave (2013)

35. LEGEND
LOCALITY MAP
AERIAL-PHOTO
GEOLOGICAL MAP (PWD, 1976)
Fig. 1. Locality and Geological Maps of Labrador Park Area

36. S55˚E
70˚NE
70˚
S55˚E
S55˚E
80˚NE
Wavy-Hummocky cross-stratifications in Pebbly Gritty Sandstone bed
of Rimau F.
Close-up view of Hummocky cross-stratifications and pebbly gritty
sandstone (inset photo) of Rimau F.
Pebble-Grit Sand Mud
Fining-upward nature in Pebbly Gritty Sandstone bed of Rimau F.
30˚NE
S65˚E
Channel-shaped Pebbly gritty Sandstone body (PGS) capped with
mud-drape layer (MD) of Queenstown F.
Pebble
Mud
MD

37. Reddish-pinkish Gritty Sandstone of Queenstown F. showing
bi-directional cross laminations.
Trough cross-laminations
Angular cross-laminations
Parallel to low angle cross-laminations
Trough cross-laminations
Parallel to low angle cross-laminations
Reddish-pinkish Gritty Sandstone of Queenstown F. showing
bi-directional cross laminations. (Fluvial Channel).
Reddish-pinkish Gritty Sandstone/Shale alternations of Queenstown F.
(Flood plain/Overbank).
Bedding plane of Reddish-pinkish Gritty Sandstone of Queenstown F.
showing different joint patterns and oxidation along joints.
75°SW

38. N70˚E
80˚NW
N20˚W
80˚SW
Syn-sedimentary Faults filled with secondary calcite (white),
Queenstown F.
Minor Fault with highly brecciated Fault Zone in Queenstown F.
Minor Fault showing high angle dipping of beds in Queenstown F.

39. Lithostratigraphic Column
0m
5
10
15
20
25 clay/mud
sand
grittysand
silt
conglo.sand
Descriptions
Reddish brown to purplish grey, Gritty Sandstones with
Sandstone-Mudstone alternations members. Bi-directional
planar to trough cross-laminations in medium to thick bedded
Sandstone and Gritty Sandstone units. Small- to medium-
scaled syn-sedimentary folds/faults and localized scoured
surfaces at below bounding surface of sandstone beds.
Yellowish brown to grey, Conglomerates, Gritty Sandstones,
with minor Siltstones and Sandstones alternations members.
Wavy-Hummocky Cross-stratifications in medium to thick
bedded Sandstone and Gritty Sandstone units. Angular to sub-
rounded Pebbly and Gritty layers are present at the base of
the Sandstone and Conglomerates units.
Sedimentary Environment
Fluvio-lacustrine
Delta Front
(Transitional-Marine)
Land
Sea
Fig. 2. Composite columnar section with Sedimentological Interpretation
Grain size

40. Henderson Road (HR) and Mt. Faber Park (MF)
Overview of Exposure
Outcrop Location: Henderson road and Mount Faber Park
Geological Exposure: Queenstown Facies (Jq), Ayer Chawan Facies (Jac), Rimau facies
(Jr), Jurong Formation
Field Occurrence: Sequential stacking pattern and contact between Ayer Chawan
Facies (Jac) and Rimau Facies (Jr). Overturned feature of steep dipping Queenstown
Facies (Jq).
Geological Features:
Lithology: Reddish brown Sandstone & Shale (Jq), Yellowish brown Conglomeratic,
Gritty Sandstone/Shale alternations (Jr), Reddish brown Mudstone and
Sandstone/Shale alternations (Jac)
Dip/Strike: Bedding Dip: 50˚SW, Strike: N40˚W (Jac); Dip: 80˚SW, Strike: N70˚-80˚W(Jq)
Note: Coarsening and thickening Upward Sequences, and minor faults and folds
References: Geology of Singapore (PWD, 1976; DSTA, 2009)

41. Henderson Road (HR)
Outcrop
GEOLOGICAL MAP (PWD, 1976) LOCALITY MAP
AERIAL-PHOTOLEGEND
Outcrop

42. Unit A
Unit B
Unit C
Unit D
Ayer Chawan F. outcrop left side of Henderson Road (towards Telok Blangah Rd.) near
Henderson wave bridge pier. Note. Showing overturn folding in Ayer Chawan F. and
contact with Rimau F.
Unit A: Thick to massive Mudstone; Unit B: Laminated Siltstone; Unit C: Thin-Medium
bedded Sandstone and Shale alternations; Unit D: Thick bedded Sandstone.
Overall Thickening and Coarsening Upward sequence.
Rimau F. Unit I: Laminated Siltstone; Unit II: Thinning upward, medium bedded
Sandstone/Shale and mudstone.
Jln Bukit Merah Telok Blangah Rd.
1.0m
Ayer Chawan F. Rimau F.
Unit II
Unit I
F
F
Contact
50˚SW
N40˚W
LEFT SIDE of Henderson Rd. (towards Telok Blangah Rd.)

43. Jln Bukit MerahTelok Blangah Rd.
80˚SW
N70˚W
RIGHT SIDE of Henderson Rd. (towards Bukit Merah Rd.)
N80˚W
85˚SW
Queenstown Facies: Reddish brown to brown Sandstone and shale alternation
steeply dipping with minor overturn folding.

44. Outcrop
Outcrop
GEOLOGICAL MAP (PWD, 1976) LOCALITY MAP
Mount Faber Park (MF)
LEGEND AERIAL-PHOTO
Outcrop

45. N40˚W
50˚SW
SW dipping pebbly gritty Sandstone of Rimau F. Gently dipping with thinning upward nature of Sandstone.
35˚SW
30˚SW
N30˚W
N30˚W
S50˚W
Gritty Sandstone with trough cross-laminations showing towards
S50˚W in current direction.
Localized Conglomerate bed composed with rounded quartz
pebbles, and other rock fragments. Coin is 2.5cm in diameter.

46. Kusu Island & St. John Island (KS)
Kusu Island
Geological Map (DSTA, 2009)
Jsj
Jr
Jq
Jr Jq
St. John Island
Overview of Exposure
Outcrop Location: Kusu Island and St. John Island, south of Singapore
Geological Exposure: Queenstown Facies (Jq), Rimau facies (Jr), Jurong Formation
Field Occurrence: Sequential stacking pattern and contact between Queenstown
Facies (Jq) and Rimau Facies (Jr).
Geological Features:
Lithology: Ferruginous Conlomeratic Sandstone & Shale (Jq), Yellowish brown
Conglomerate & Gritty Sandstone (Jr)
Dip/Strike: Bedding Dip: 40˚SW-55˚NE; Strike: N30˚W (Jr) at St John Island anticline
Bedding Dip: 40˚-45˚SW; Strike: N45˚W at Kusu Island
Note: Primary sedimentary structures. Anticlinal fold structure at St. John Island.
References: Geology of Singapore (PWD, 1976; DSTA, 2009); Oliver & Prave (2013)

47. Unit -1
Unit -2
Unit -3
42
2
4
1
Stacking patterns of Rimau and Queenstown F. Queenstown: Thinly
Laminated Sandstone; Rimau: Unit-1: Medium bedded Sandstone
with minor Shale drapes; Unit-2: Wavy-to-trough cross bedded
Sandstone; Unit-3: Wavy laminated Sandstone with Shale intervals.
Unit-1: Medium bedded Sandstone with minor Shale drapes (arrowed)
Thinly Laminated Sandstone of Queenstown F. showing thinning-
upward sequences.
Queenstown F.
Rimau F.
Nodular Load-casts at lower bedding surface of Rimau sandstone.
Possibly due to mass rapid deposition on soft muddy substrate.
3
3
Kusu Island
N45˚W
40˚SW

48. St. John Island
Anticlinal structure in Rimau F. (Axis trend: NW-SE) at southeast tip of Island.
55˚NE
40˚SW
Sequence boundary between thick lenticular shaped Sandstone beds (lower) and medium-bedded Sandstone/Shale (Upper) of Rimau F. (Jr)

49. Punggol Way (PW)
Overview of Exposure
Outcrop Location: Punggol Way, Punggol
Geological Exposure: Old Alluvium (OA)
Field Occurrence: Loose, quartzo-feldspathic conglomeratic Sand and Silt with
ferruginous hard lateritic bands and some primary sedimentary structures such as
wavy to parallel laminations.
Geological Features:
Lithology: Un-cemented loose coarse sand and silt with hard laterite layers
Dip/Strike: Nearly horizontal
Note: Purplish-pinkish coloration possibly due to paleo-weathering and formed as
lateritic paleosol in tropical terrestrial environment.
References: Geology of Singapore (PWD, 1976; DSTA, 2009)

50. LEGEND
AERIAL-PHOTO
GEOLOGICAL MAP (PWD, 1976) LOCALITY MAP
Outcrop
Outcrop
Outcrop

51. Conglomerate layer
Parallel laminated, Silt
Lateritic ferruginous hard band
Massive silty Sand
Unconsolidated, multi-layered Silt and Sand with localized conglomerate layers in Old Alluvium (OA). Purplish-pinkish coloration
possibly due to paleo-weathering and formed as lateritic paleosol in tropical terrestrial environment.
Massive silty Sand
Conglomerate layer
Parallel laminated, Silt
Unconsolidated yellow coarse Sand and purple
Silt alternations.
Lateritic ferruginous cemented hard band
between un-cemented loose conglomeritic
sand and silt layers.

52. Summary
 Biotite and biotite–hornblende bearing diorite, granodiorite, granite and leucogranite intrude olivine
gabbro in the Little Guilin Park. There are no chilled margins and it might be expected that the
gabbro–granite is a cogenetic suite and suggesting that host gabbroic magma was still hot during
granitic intrusion.
 The Jurong Formation is a Carnian to Norian (i.e. Upper Triassic) shallow marine sedimentary facies
occurring with an fluvio-lacustrine continental red bed facies and volcanicalstic intervals. The
occurrence of acid and basic volcanics in the Queenstown, Jong and Ayer Chawan Facies suggest
bimodal volcanism concomitant with an extensional tectonic regime in the back-arc region.
 Along the Labrador Park beach, geologic boundary between Queenstown Facies (Lower) and Rimau
Facies (Upper) can be observed. Litho-Facies and Paleo-sedimentary environment changes from the
near shore deltaic to slightly deeper near-shore Pro-delta stormy environment could be recognized
from the outcrop study based on the short-range geological traverses.
 The overall thickening and coarsening-upward facies trend of Jurong Formation indicates that the
system was progradational: finer-grained alluvial to fluvio-lacustrine systems were replaced by
coarser, higher-energy deltaic to transitional marine systems interrupted by episodic transgressions.
High sediment supply and loading associated with basinward down-faulting accommodate the Jurong
Formation sediments within the extending Central Belt of Malay Peninsula during late Triassic times.
 Plio-Pleistocene sands and gravels of the Old Alluvium overlies the granite in the east and north-
west. Purple to pink coloration and localized iron-oxide cemented hard bands are occurred as lateritic
paleosol layers in warm alluvial environment.

53. Discussion on Future Researches
 Petrogenesis and Geochronologic studies on different types of Acidic and Basic dyke
rocks intruded in Bukit Timah Granites.
 Resolution on the geological age of Volcaniclastic Rocks in Jurong Formation with their
genesis and episodic activities related with basin evolution and regional tectonics.
 Lateral and vertical Facies changes with sequence stratigraphic approach on Jurong
Formation.
 Provenance study on Siliciclastic rocks of Jurong Formation and sediments of Old
Alluvium with aspects of paleo-volcanism, paleo-climate change, basin analysis, and
regional tectonics.
 Discontinuity patterns and their relationships with geological structures in Jurong
Formation and intrusive types in Bukit Timah Granites.
 Engineering properties of fractured and fault zones associated with dyke intrusions in
Igneous Rocks.
 To establish Rockmass Classification (Q, RMR, GSI) catalogues between different rock
types of Jurong Formation and Bukit Timah Granites.
 Hydrogeological studies in Bukit Timah Granites, Jurong Formation, Old Alluvium and
paleo-drainage study in fluvial Kallang Formation.
 To maintain as GEOPARKS for geological exposures in land scarce Singapore.

54. Acknowledgements
o This small attempt was initiated from the short field
trips around City State with the helps and sharing
information by former colleagues who worked
together in previous projects.
o We sincerely wish to record our gratitude to those
who helped in field trips and gave valuable
comments during preparation of this monograph.

55. References
1. DSTA, 2009. Geology of Singapore, 2nd edition, 90p.
2. Hutchison, C.S. and Tan, D.N.K., 2009. Geology of Peninsular Malaysia. University of Malaya and the
Geological Society of Malaysia, 479p.
3. Lee, K.W. and Zhou, Y., 2009. Geology of Singapore, 2nd edition, DSTA, Singapore, 90p.
4. Oliver, G.J.H., Prave, A., 2013. Palaeogeography of Late Triassic red-beds from Singapore
and the Indosinian Orogeny. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 76, 214-224.
5. Oliver, G., Khin Zaw, Hotson, M., Meffre, S. and Manaka, T., 2014. U–Pb zircon geochronology of Early
Permian to Late Triassic rocks from Singapore and Johor: A plate tectonic reinterpretation. Gondwana
Research 26, 132-143.
6. PWD, 1976. Geological Maps of Singapore, Scale, 1:25,000. Public Work Department.
7. Tate, R.B., Tan, D.K. and Ng, T.F., 2008. Geological Map of Peninsular Malaysia. In Hutchinson, C.S. and
Tan, N.K. (eds.) Geology of Peninsular Malaysia, Geological Society of Malaysia, 479p.
8. Zaw Soe Oo and Kyi Khin, 2014. Engineering Geology in Underground Construction Works: Some
International Case Histories. Abstracts with Program, 7th AUN/SEED-Net, Geological Engineering
Conference (AGEC), University of Yangon, Myanmar, September 29, 2014.

56. Thank You