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Introduction to OS
Most popular Operating Systems
Windows
Linux
MAC
What is Linux?
History of linux
Features o linux
How Linux Work(conceptual fig)
Linux Distributions
Content
Definitions
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Introduction to OS
Is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides
common
services for computer programs. (From Wikipedia)
An operating system (OS) is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a
boot
program, manages all the other programs in a computer(techtarget.com)
software that controls the operation of a computer and directs the processing of programs (as by
assigning
storage space in memory and controlling input and output functions) (merriam-webster.com)
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Most popular Operating Systems
Windows
With almost 90% of the operating system market share
Windows, having been introduced in 1985, is a very mature and complete piece of software.
Pros:
Compatibility: Almost every application, driver or game will work on Windows.
Technical support: Having so many users, you can always find someone (either online or offline)
Huge quantity of function: When you get to know Windows well, you'll find out that there are so
many
functions that you can do almost anything quite easily.
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Cons:
Viruses: You may need to buy an antivirus program, although free ones exist.
Slow: Windows, especially Vista and 7, requires a lot of computer resources (memory, processor, disk
space),
and thus, runs slower.
Price: It easily costs over a hundred dollars.
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(MAC)Macintosh
Apple's Macintosh OS is even older than Windows.
It is the first ever successful graphical-based operating system, being released one year before it's
Microsoft
counterpart.
Pros:
Viruses: Apple Macs get almost no viruses. This is mostly due to Window's superior market share.
Reliability: Macs only run on Apple computers, and are thus less prone to hardware and software
crashing.
Looks: Let's face it, most of the time, Mac just looks better than Windows.
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Cons:
Expensive: Mac costs even more than Windows.
Only available on Apple computers: If you already have a computer, you cannot install MAC on it
unless it's
an Apple. Otherwise, you must buy a new computer.
Compatibility: Only a few programs will run on Mac, and almost no games.
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Linux
Linux is GNU's answer to Mac and Windows.
this means that Linux is FREE! By free, you can download, modify and redistribute it without
spending a dime! .
Linux is a younger player in the OS world, having been written in 1991, and is optimized for modern
use (well,
more than Windows and Mac).
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Pros:
Price: Linux is F-R-E-E. You can download it, install it, use it, modify it... All for a whooping 0$.
Variety: Linux is not a full operating system. It is just a kernel.
- To use the kernel, additional software needs to be bundled with Linux.
- Several hundreds of these bundles (called "distributions" or simply "distros") exist.
- The most popular ones include Ubuntu, Mint and Fedora.
- The good thing is, with so many different flavours of Linux, there is always one to suit your
needs!
Viruses: Although being more vulnerable to viruses than Mac (because it is open source), Linux
still has
very, very, very few viruses.
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Cons:
Complicated: Although some distros are quite easy to use, most of them will required a good
deal of
computer knowledge in order to get them to work.
Compatibility: Like Mac, representing only a few percents of the market share, Linux does not
have as
many programs and games as Windows.
Vendors: You won't find a lot of vendors selling Linux computers. Usually, you'll just end up having
to buy
Windows computer, reformatting the hard drive, and installing Linux yourself.
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conclusion
In conclusion, no operating system is really better, the choice is up to you.
If you're a gamer, then you have no choice, go for Windows.
Programmers might prefer Linux and video/graphics producers will probably tend towards
Mac.
The best thing to do is probably to try each OS and see which is best for you!
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What is Linux?
Linux : - is a free and open-source operating system.
- first developed by Linus Torvalds and friends that was first announced August 25, 1991.
- The Linux runs on numerous different platforms.(cross-platform)
Linux is open source software.
- This means that anyone can use, copy, study and change the software in any way they
chose so long
as the source code is openly shared with others.
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History of Linux
Multics
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service)
is an influential early time-sharing operating system, based
around the concept of a single-level memory.
Virtually all modern operating systems are heavily influenced by
Multics; often through Unix, either directly (Linux, macOS) or
indirectly (Microsoft Windows NT).
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Unix
UNIX development was started in 1969 at Bell
Laboratories in New Jersey.
Bell Laboratories was (1964–1968) involved on the
development of a multi-user, time-sharing operating
system called Multics (Multiplexed Information and
Computing System).
Multics was a failure. In early 1969, Bell Labs withdrew
from the Multics project.
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Minix was a mini-OS originally developed by Andrew
Tanenbaum to teach of the fundamentals of
operating system design and published in his book
Operating Systems Design and Implementation
published by Prentice Hall in 1987.
Minix was the major teaching OS during 1989-1991
before 386 CPUs became widely available. Here is
the relevant information from Minix timeline:
MINIX
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Linux
In 1991, while studying computer science at University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds began a project that
later
became the Linux kernel.
Development was done on MINIX using the GNU C compiler. The GNU C Compiler is still the main
choice for
compiling Linux today. The code however, can be built with other compilers, such as the Intel C
Compiler.
Torvalds first published the Linux kernel under its own licence, which had a restriction on commercial
activity.
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The software to use with the kernel was software developed as part of the GNU project licensed under
the
GNU General Public License, a free software license.
The first release of the Linux kernel, Linux 0.01, included a binary of GNU's Bash shell.[
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Some Features of Linux
Portable − Portability means software can works on different types of hardware in same way.
Open Source − Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project.
Hierarchical File System − Linux provides a standard file structure in which system files/ user files are
arranged.
Shell − Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute commands of the operating system.
Security − Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection/
controlled
access to specific files/ encryption of data.
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Basic Components of Linux (conceptual fig)
The OS is comprised of a number of pieces:
The Kernel is the heart of the UNIX OS. It is a software application that
provides the interface between the hardware and the user. It handles the
process, memory, file, device and network management for the operating
system.
The Shell: The shell is the program that sits between the user and the
kernel. It is the interpreter that translates the commands that are typed into
the terminal session.
Utilities and Application:
The final layer of the LinuxOS is the Utilities and Applications layer. This
layer includes the commands, word processors, graphic programs and
database management programs. Traditionally, these programs were
accessed by typing the commands to start the program on the command
line. They can still be accessed in this way, but they can now also be
accessed through the GUI.
